Lateral epicondyle sliding osteotomy in knee arthroplasties with valgus deformity / Osteotomia de deslizamento do epicôndilo lateral nas artroplastias de joelho com deformidade em valgo

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sliding osteotomy of the lateral epicondyle in correcting rigid valgus deformity in knee arthroplasty. Methods: A retrospective study of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty with lateral epicondyle sliding osteotomy between 2006 and 2018. The main outcome was the incidence of complications and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were Visual Analog Scale for Pain, varus stress test, and varus knee thrust during gait. Results: 19 knees (19 participants) were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 4.2 years. There were no cases of infection or reoperation due to instability. Two participants (10.5%) had mild or moderate knee pain (VAS pain = 4.6 ± 1.9). Two arthroplasties (10.5%) had mild varus stress. No participant presented varus thrust. Conclusion: Sliding osteotomy of the lateral epicondyle allows fast and safe ligament balance of knee valgus deformities. Level of Evidence I, Case series.

RESUMO Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da osteotomia de deslizamento do epicôndilo lateral na correção da deformidade em valgo rígida na artroplastia de joelho. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total do joelho com osteotomia de deslizamento do epicôndilo lateral entre 2006 e 2018. O principal desfecho foi a incidência de complicações e eventos adversos. Os desfechos secundários foram escala visual analógica para dor, teste de estresse em varo e flambagem em varo do joelho durante a marcha. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 19 joelhos (19 participantes). O seguimento médio foi de 4,2 anos. Não houve nenhum caso de infecção ou reoperação devido à instabilidade. Dois participantes (10,5%) apresentaram algum tipo de dor leve ou moderada no joelho (EVA = 4,6 ± 1,9). Duas artroplastias (10,5%) apresentaram estresse em varo leve. Nenhum participante apresentou flambagem em varo. Conclusão: A osteotomia de deslizamento do epicôndilo lateral possibilitou o balanço ligamentar das deformidades em valgo do joelho de forma rápida e segura. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Tratamiento para deformidades angulares en fémur distal con sistema LCP / Treatment of angular deformities in distal femur with LCP system

Las deformidades angulares en fémur distal son frecuentes en la consulta de ortopedia. Dependiendo del tipo de deformidad y la edad del paciente existen diferentes técnicas de corrección quirúrgica para mejorar la biomecánica de la rodilla, evitar el dolor y prevenir el daño del aparato extensor, la artrosis temprana y degeneración tardía de la articulación de la rodilla. Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal haciendo uso del Sistema LCP como tratamiento de las deformidades angulares en Fémur Distal en pacientes con madurez esquelética alcanzada tratados en el Hospital Ortopédico Infantil durante el periodo 2012 ­ 2022. Se incluyeron un total de 17 pacientes que representan 23 rodillas; predominó el género femenino con un 76% respecto al masculino con solo 24%. La edad media de intervención quirúrgica de fue de 15±1,66 años y la edad de evaluación final de 16±1,7años. Al comparar los promedios de la evaluación radiológica pre y postoperatoria, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas <0,05 en cuanto a la corrección de la Desviación del Eje Mecánico (MAD), Ángulo Femoral Distal Lateral mecánico (LDFAm) y ángulo Femoro Tibial (AFT). El tiempo de consolidación promedio fue de 11,3±1,4 semanas, no se presentaron complicaciones inherentes al acto quirúrgico ni postoperatorias. Existen varias modalidades de tratamiento para deformidades angulares en fémur distal y el escoger una depende de la preferencia, entrenamiento del cirujano, su equipo y recursos disponibles(AU)

Angular deformities in distal femur are frequently in the orthopedic clinic, the most common of which is valgus and is characterized by an alteration of the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (<85º). Depending of the type of deformity and the patient age at which it occurs, there are different surgical techniques correction to improve the biomechanics of the knee, avoid pain and prevent damage to the extensor apparatus, early osteoarthritis and late degeneration of the knee joint. An observational, descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out using the LCP System as a treatment for angular deformities in the Distal Femur in patients with reached skeletal maturity treated at the Hospital Ortopédico Infantil during the period 2012-2022. A total of 17 patients were included, representing 23 knees; the female predominated with 76% compared to the male with only 24%. The average age of surgical intervention was 15±1.66 years and the age of the final evaluation was 16±1.7 years. When comparing the averages of the pre and postoperative radiological evaluation, statistically significant differences <0.05 were found in terms of the correction of the Mechanical Axis Deviation (MAD), mechanical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (LDFAm) and Femoro-Tibial angle ( AFT). The average consolidation time was 11.3 ± 1.4 weeks and there were no complications inherent to the surgical act or postoperative. There are several treatment modalities of angular deformities of the distal femur and the choice one depends of the preference and training of the surgeon, his team and the resources available(AU)

Review on the origin of knee valgus deformity / 中华骨科杂志

The sources of common knee valgus deformities were classified in order to better plan the orthopedic methods, matching prostheses and soft tissue repair of knee valgus deformities.Based on the analysis of typical clinical cases and the operability of classification standards in practical clinical practice, it is of great significance to establish a reasonable morphological classification of knee valgus deformity, in order to grasp the characteristics and patterns of the onset of valgus deformity. According to the origin of the deformity and the tension of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the classification of the genu valgus deformity can be divided into the classification of the traditional Genu valgum deformity origin and the classification of the new Genu valgum deformity origin. Although both of them highlight the skeletal characteristics and soft tissue conditions of the valgus deformity, they are quite different. Traditional classification is based on femoral tibial angle, valgus angle, etc; The new classification is divided into mechanical angle, anatomical angle, distal condylar angle, etc. The origin of Genu valgum deformity is generally complex. The traditional classification cannot fully reflect the origin of valgus deformity and the tension state of soft tissue. The new classification, especially based on the classification of anatomical angle valgus deformity, can not only reflect the morphological and anatomical details of knee valgus deformity, but also reflect the tension state of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments and local soft tissue stress state that determine the stability of the knee joint. At present, the commonly used surgical methods for valgus deformity of the knee include periarticular osteotomy of the knee and total knee Joint replacement. The former focuses on correcting extraarticular deformity without over repairing ligaments, and the latter focuses on force line correction, which is the final treatment for terminal valgus deformity. The application of digital technology in clinical orthopedics can improve the accuracy of implant placement. Implant placement needs to be based on the patient's bone characteristics and degree of deformity. For patients with severe deformity, the application of digital technology can improve the accuracy of implant placement and assist in the treatment of knee valgus deformity.

Clinical application of distal femoral osteotomy combined with arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of valgus knee / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of distal femoral osteotomy combined with arthroscopy in the treatment of valgus knee.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 24 patients (25 knees) with valgus knee osteoarthritis admitted to the First Hospital of Jiaxing from January 2017 to December 2020 who underwent distal femoral osteotomy combined with arthroscopic surgery and were fixed with domestically produced distal femoral locking plates. The changes in hip knee ankle angle (HKA), distal lateral femoral angle (LDFA), knee joint range of motion (ROM), and knee joint function score (HSS) of the American Special Surgery Hospital before and after surgery were statistically analyzed.Resultsl:A total of 24 patients (25 knees) were followed up for (15.6±2.3)months. HKA increased from (171.22±2.51)° before surgery to (179.24±1.86)° at the last follow-up; LDFA increased from (82.17±2.03)° before surgery to (88.57±1.53)° at the last follow-up; The differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The HSS score improved from preoperative (60.27±6.04) to the last follow-up (87.80±5.50), with a statistically significant difference (all P<0.05). One out of 25 knees experienced loss of osteotomy angle, without insufficient or excessive correction, infection, and non union of fractures. Conclusions:The use of distal femoral osteotomy combined with arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of valgus knee osteoarthritis is a safe and reliable method. Retaining the lateral bone hinge during osteotomy is an important factor in maintaining the osteotomy angle and fracture healing.

Coronal plane growth modulation for genu valgum in skeletal dysplasia / Modulação do crescimento do plano coronal para genu valgum na displasia esquelética

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the efficiency and rates of correction by hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plate to manage genu valgum deformity in children with skeletal dysplasia. Methods: Eleven children with skeletal dysplasia (three female, eight male; mean age = 10.5 years; age range = 7-13) who underwent temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plates for genu valgum deformity were retrospectively reviewed. There were nine bilateral cases and two unilateral cases. The mean follow-up time from the index surgery to the final follow-up was 45 (ranging from 24 to 72) months. Radiographical assessment including preoperative and final follow-up measurements of joint orientation angles and mechanical axis deviation (MAD) were conducted. Results: Deformities were completely corrected in nine lower extremities (45%) and partially corrected in seven extremities (35%). In four extremities of two children with Morquio syndrome, MAD worsened. The correction rate of MAD was 1.25 ± 1.62 mm/mo. Conclusion: Though hemiepiphysiodesis using 8-plate requires a longer treatment period, it seems to be an effective treatment for correction of genu valgum in children with skeletal dysplasia. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a eficiência e as taxas de correção da hemiepifisiodese usando placa-8 no tratamento da deformidade de geno valgo em crianças com displasia esquelética. Métodos: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente 11 crianças com displasia esquelética (três meninas e oito meninos; idade média = 10,5 anos; faixa etária = 7-13) que foram submetidas à hemiepifisiodese temporária com placa-8 devido à deformidade do geno valgo. Havia nove casos bilaterais e dois casos unilaterais. O acompanhamento médio desde a cirurgia de implante até o acompanhamento final foi de 45 (variação de 24 a 72) meses. Foi feita avaliação radiográfica incluindo medidas de acompanhamento pré e pós-operatórias dos ângulos de orientação da articulação e desvio mecânico do eixo (MAD). Resultados: As deformidades foram completamente corrigidas em nove extremidades inferiores (45%) e parcialmente corrigidas em sete (35%). Em quatro extremidades de duas crianças com síndrome de Morquio, o MAD piorou. A taxa de correção do MAD foi de 1,25 ± 1,62 mm/mês. Conclusão: Embora a hemiepifisiodese com placa-8 necessite de um período de tratamento mais longo, a técnica parece ser um tratamento eficaz para a correção do geno valgo em crianças com displasia esquelética. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Genu valgo artrósico severo: Prótesis de estabilidad aumentada en artroplastia primaria / The severe valgus knee: Total knee arthroplasty with a constrained prosthesis

Objetivo El genu valgo artrósico severo (> 20°) puede presentar distintos grados de insuficiencia del ligamento colateral medial e inestabilidad articular. El objetivo de este trabajo retrospectivo evalúa nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento del genu valgo severo con prótesis de estabilidad aumentada y propone un método para la evaluación y clasificación del genu valgo artrósico. Material y métodos A 27 pacientes (28 rodillas) con genu valgo artrósico severo se les realizó una artroplastia total de rodilla primaria con un implante de estabilidad aumentada, y un seguimiento promedio de 6.2 años. Se confeccionó una nueva clasificación del genu valgo artrósico que contempla la suficiencia ligamentaria y por lo tanto relaciona el tipo de rodilla con el tipo de implante necesario. Resultados Se utilizó una prótesis constreñida en 17 pacientes con un eje promedio de 22,7° y el ligamento colateral medial atenuado. En 11 casos con un eje promedio de 28,1°, LCM incompetente y/o recurvatum, se optó por bisagras rotatorias. Se confeccionó una nueva clasificación del genu valgo artrósico que considera el desgaste y estabilidad articular, el grado de deformidad de la rodilla y la suficiencia ligamentaria. Discusión Las prótesis constreñidas deben utilizarse en pacientes que presenten inestabilidad exclusivamente en el plano coronal, aún en genu valgo severo, con LCM atenuado. Debe reservarse el uso de bisagras rotatorias a aquellos pacientes que presentan incompetencia ligamentaria, inestabilidad combinada (recurvatum) y/o déficit neuro-muscular severo.

Purpose This retrospective level 2 analysis evaluates the prosthesis type selected in our department for the treatment of the severe valgus knee and proposes a new classification for the valgus knee osteoarthritis. Material and methods A total knee arthroplasty with a constrained or hinged knee prosthesis was performed in 28 valgus knees. The average follow-up was 6.2 years. A new classification that considerates the ligament sufficiency status was developed in order to relate the different knee types with the different type of eventually needed implants. Results Constrained prosthesis was used in 17 patients with an attenuated medial collateral ligament, and a rotating hinge in 11 patients with incompetent medial collateral ligament and/or recurvatum. The postoperatory Knee Society Score was of 85 points. The valgus knee was classified in 5 types considering the knee valgus deformity, the ligament sufficiency and joint stability and wear. Discussion The classification proposed clearly defines the ligament status and valgus knee types, and it seems to be a comprehensive tool to select the appropriate prosthesis. Constrained prosthesis must be used on patients who present coronal instability with attenuated medial collateral ligament. Rotating hinges must be reserved for those patients who have medial collateral ligament incompetence, recurvatum, combined instability and/or severe muscular deficiency.

Proportion of Genu Valgum and Genu Varum in Students Aged 19-25 Years

Background:Knee joint mal alignments are divided into genu valgum and genu varum. The presence of these mal-alignments leads to complications like tibio-femoral osteoarthritis, compensatory changes in ankle/foot, etc.Taking a community of physiotherapy students, the proportion ofgenu varum, genu valgumand its association with body mass index (BMI) and foot posture index (FPI) was investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the proportion of genu valgum and genu varum in subjects aged 19 -25 years.Materials and Methods: The data was collected from D.Y. Patil University, Navi Mumbai. A consent form and a validated proforma was used. Age, BMI, FPI, IKD (Inter-knee distance), IMD (Inter-malleolar distance) and Q-angle was recorded, and the data was statistically analysed.Results: 45 out of 100 females had genu valgum which was found to be associated with higher BMI and pronated feet. 9 out of 100 females had genu varum which was found to be associated with lower BMI. Chi-square test was done to find out these associations.Conclusion: Awareness of the proportion of angular mal-alignment in knee would increase the recognition of this problem among the individuals and doctors for better execution of strategies that can help avoid these mal-alignments.

From garrincha's legs to neymar's legs: the genu varum and valgum in soccer. historical overview and update / Das pernas de garrincha às de neymar: os genu varum e valgum no futebol. panorama histórico e atualização

ABSTRACT The presence of abnormalities in knee alignment (genu varum and genu valgum) is extremely common in soccer. It can occur in the junior league / youth academy and perpetuate itself throughout the professional career. The consequences of years of high-level sports practice in players with genu varum / genu valgum can be harmful to the knees. By observing football matches of the present and the past, the authors of the article noted that great Brazilian soccer players were, or are, affected by the malalignment of the knees: Garrincha (the most famous), Leandro, Dunga, Romário, Rivaldo and Neymar. This study aims to discuss the relationship between high-performance sport and the development of these orthopedic deformities, serving as a tool for updating the trauma-orthopedic knee subspecialty. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO A presença de anormalidades no alinhamento dos joelhos (geno varo e geno valgo) é extremamente comum no futebol. Seu aparecimento pode ocorrer quando os jogadores estão nas categorias de base e se perpetuar durante a carreira profissional. As consequências de anos de prática esportiva em alto nível em jogadores com geno varo/geno valgo podem ser deletérias aos joelhos. A partir da observação de jogos de futebol do presente e do passado, os autores do artigo notaram que grandes nomes brasileiros deste esporte foram ou são acometidos pelo desalinhamento dos joelhos: Garrincha - o mais famoso -, Leandro, Dunga, Romário, Rivaldo e Neymar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo discutir a relação entre o esporte de alto rendimento e o desenvolvimento dessas deformidades ortopédicas, servindo como ferramenta de atualização da subespecialidade traumato-ortopédica do joelho. Nível III de Evidência, Estudo Retrospectivo Comparativo.

Crecimiento guiado en extremidades inferiores / Guided growth in lower extremities

El crecimiento guiado es una opción quirúrgica de uso creciente para la corrección de las deformidades angulares de extremidades inferiores en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros. Es posible de realizar en múltiples planos o segmentos, con excelentes resultados. Su uso más frecuente es en deformidades del plano coronal alrededor de la rodilla. La epifisiodesis permanente se puede realizar en pacientes dentro de los dos años previos al término del crecimiento longitudinal del segmento a tratar, considerando la epifisiodesis temporal para los pacientes con más de 2 años de crecimiento restante.En casos leves a moderados las tasas de éxito llegan incluso al 100% en algunas series, en tanto, pacientes con enfermedad de Blount, obesidad, edad esquelética avanzada o deformidades severas, tienen menos posibilidades de lograr una corrección completa.Independientemente de la técnica quirúrgica, es necesario una adecuada planificación preoperatoria, educación familiar y un seguimiento estricto para así minimizar las complicaciones y permitir una excelente corrección de la deformidad con una morbilidad mínima.

Guided Growth is a surgical option of increasing use for the correction of angular deformities of the lower extremities in skeletally immature patients. It is possible to perform in multiple planes or segments, with excellent results. Its most frequent use is in deformities of the coronal plane around the knee. Permanent epiphysiodesis can be performed in patients within 2 years before the end of longitudinal growth of the segment to be treated, considering temporary epiphysiodesis for patients with more than 2 years of remaining growth.In mild to moderate cases, the success rates reach even 100% in some series, while patients with Blount's disease, obesity, advanced skeletal age or severe deformities are less likely to achieve a complete correction.Regardless of the surgical technique, adequate preoperative planning, family education and strict follow-up are necessary to minimize complications and allow excellent correction of the deformity with minimal morbidity

Dynamic Knee Alignment and Pelvic Balance: Comparison Regarding Gender in Young Soccer Athletes / Alinhamento dinâmico do joelho e equilíbrio pélvico: Comparação entre os sexos em atletas de futebol de base

Abstract Objective To evaluate knee alignment in the frontal plane and pelvic balance during the step-down test in female and male soccer players. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out with male and female soccer players from under-15 and under-17 teams of a professional club in Southern Brazil. The step-down test was performed, filmed with a video camera, and evaluated according to the angular measurements obtained during movement using the Kinovea software (open source), version 0.8.24. Results The sample consisted of 38 individuals, 19 males and 19 females. Female athletes had a greater varus angle (9.42º ± 1.65º) compared to male athletes (3.91º ± 2.0º; p = 0.04). There was no difference regarding the unilateral pelvic drop between the groups. In addition, the association between the hip-related pelvic drop and the projection angle on the frontal plane of the knee was weak in both genders. Conclusion Even though the pelvic drop was observed in both genders, young female athletes had greater varus knee angles on the step-down test, which require greater attention to minimize the risk of injury.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o alinhamento do joelho no plano frontal e o equilíbrio pélvico durante a descida de um degrau comparando atletas de futebol feminino e masculino. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado com atletas de futebol das categorias sub-15 e sub-17, de ambos os sexos, de um clube profissional do Sul do Brasil. Foi realizado o teste de descida de um degrau, o qual foi filmado por uma câmera de vídeo, e, em sua avaliação, traçaram-se as medidas angulares durante o movimento por meio do software Kinovea (código aberto), versão 0.8.24. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 38 indivíduos, 19 do sexo masculino e 19 do sexo feminino. As atletas do sexo feminino apresentaram maior ângulo em varo (9,42º ± 1,65º) quando comparadas com os atletas masculinos (3,91º ± 2,0º; p = 0,04). Não houve diferença em relação à queda unilateral da pelve (drop pélvico) entre os grupos, e a associação entre o drop pélvico do quadril e o ângulo de projeção no plano frontal do joelho foi fraca em ambos os sexos. Conclusão Apesar de ambos os sexos terem apresentado queda pélvica, as atletas de base do sexo feminino apresentaram maior angulação do joelho em varo no teste de descida do degrau, e necessitam maior atenção para minimizar o risco de lesão.

Angular Deformities of the Knee in Children Treated with Guided Growth

@#Introduction: The guided growth technique is an alternative to corrective osteotomy for treating angular deformities of the extremities. It has the advantage of being minimally invasive and is effective in a growing child. This study reports on the outcome of guided growth technique using a plate in correcting knee angular deformities. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective study of children with angular deformity of the knee treated by the guided growth technique from January 2010 to December 2015 in a tertiary centre. The guided growth technique was done using either the flexible titanium plate (8-plate) or the 2- hole reconstruction plate. Correction of deformity was assessed on radiographs by evaluating the mechanical axis deviation and tibiofemoral angle. The implants were removed once deformity correction was achieved. Results: A total of 17 patients (27 knees) were evaluated. Twenty-two knees (81.5%) achieved complete correction of the deformity. The median age was 4.0 (interquartile range 3.0-6.0) years and the median Body Mass Index (BMI) was 26.0 (25.0-28.0). There were 7 unilateral and 10 bilateral deformities with different pathologies (14 tibia vara, 3 genu valgus). The median rate of correction was 0.71° per month. One patient (1 knee) had screw pull-out and two patients (4 knees) had broken screws in the proximal tibia. Three patients (5 knees) failed to achieve complete correction and were subsequently treated with corrective osteotomies. Out of five patients (8 knees) who were followed-up for at least 12 months after removal of hardware, two had rebound deformities. No permanent growth retardation occurred in our patients. Conclusion: Our outcome for guided growth to correct knee angular deformity was similar to other studies. Guided growth is safe to perform in children below 12 years old and has good outcome in idiopathic genu valgus and Langeskiold II for tibia vara. Patients should be observed for recurrence until skeletal maturity following implant removal.

Feasibility study of correcting distal femoral valgus deformity with fixator-assisted plating technique in adolescent / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:Comparing with the external fixator technique, investigate the clinical effect of fixator-assisted plating technique for treatment distal femoral valgus deformity in adolescent.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the relevant data of 22 patients (25 limbs) with acute correction of distal femoral valgus deformities from July 2015 to June 2019, according to the difference of the final fixation, they were divided two groups. The fixator-assisted plating group, including 8 patients (9 limbs), 5 boys and 3 girls, 5 left and 2 right, 1 bilateral, the physis were closed in 4 cases and opened in 4 cases, age 14.04±1.99 years (11.7-18 years). The external fixator group, including 14 patients (16 limbs), 6 boys and 8 girls, 8 left and 4 right, 2 bilateral, the physis were closed in 9 cases and opened in 5 cases, age 13.33±1.88 years (10.1-16.5 years). Measuring the mechanical axis deviation (MAD) and the mechanical lateral distal femur angle (mLDFA) in full length standing AP view X-ray of the lower limb pre and post operation. Recording the changed of limb length discrepancy (LLD) before and after surgery and the knee range of motion at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and the last follow up post operation. The Kolcaba comfort status scale was used to evaluate the comfort of two groups at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and the last follow up. Meanwhile recorded the healing time of osteotomy sites and the complications.Results:The difference in general information between the two groups was not statistically significant. The fixator-assisted plating group followed up mean 26 months (range, 12-40 months), the healing time were 4.00±0.66 months, the mLDFA mean 73.33°±4.12° before surgery and 87.89°±1.69° after surgery and there was significant difference ( t=10.582, P<0.05). The external fixator group followed up mean 36 months (range, 22-42 months), the healing time were 4.00±0.66 months, the mLDFA mean 73.31°±3.95° before surgery and 87.31°±1.54° after surgery and there was significant difference ( t=14.118, P<0.05). The MAD were in the normal range in all patients after surgery, and there were no significant difference about healing time of the osteotomy sites and postoperative mLDFA between the two groups ( t=1.514, P=0.150; t=0.845, P=0.411). Comparing with the knee function, the fixator-assisted plating group was better at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months after surgery but there was no difference at the last follow up. Also, the fixator-assisted plating group felt more comfortable at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and there was no difference at the last follow up. All the patients with external fixator have mild pin sites infection and there were no obvious complications in patients with plate. Conclusion:The fixator-assisted plating technique can accurately correct the valgus deformity with satisfactory healing of the osteotomy in distal femoral compare with the external fixator technique, but the patients feel more comfortable and the knee joint function recovers faster and no risk of pin site infection, the clinical results was satisfactory with fewer complication.

Síndrome de Ellis Van Creveld / Ellis Van Creveld syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Ellis van Creveld es un trastorno autosómico recesivo, caracterizado por mutaciones en los genes ECV y ECV2, los cuales son importantes para el desarrollo osteocondral. A nivel mundial, se han reportado aproximadamente 300 casos ,presentándose con mayor frecuencia en poblaciones endogámicas. Se caracteriza por distrofias óseas, displasias ectodérmicas y malformaciones cardíacas. El diagnóstico clínico puede ser confirmado mediante pruebas moleculares. A continuación, se presenta el caso de una paciente diagnosticada con el síndrome, la cual fue evaluada de manera interdisciplinaria. Esta revisión permitió dar a conocer un nuevo caso de la patología, relacionar las manifestaciones clínicas de la paciente con la literatura y describir nuevos hallazgos que pueden correlacionarse con el síndrome.

Abstract Ellis Van Creveld syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by mutations of the genes ECV and ECV2, which are very important in the osteochondral development. Worldwide, there have been reported around 300 cases that are commonly evidenced in populations where endogamy is typical. It is clinically characterized by bone dystrophies, ectodermal dysplasias, and congenital heart defects; the diagnosis can be confirmed by molecular tests. In the lines below, a case of a patient that suffers from this syndrome, and that was examined in an interdisciplinary way will be presented. This review allows us to show a new case of this pathology, to relate the clinical symptoms of the patient with the existing literature, and to describe new findings that can be correlated with the Ellis Van Creveld condition.

Hemiepiphysiodesis using eight-plate versus blount staple to correct genu valgum and genu varum / Hemiepifisiodese com placa em oito versus grampo de blount para correção do geno valgo e geno varo

ABSTRACT Objective: Our objective is to evaluate whether the use of guided growth with eight-plates is more effective than the use of Blount staples for the correction of the idiopathic genu varum or idiopathic genu valgum. Methods: A systematic review (SR) was carried out according to the appropriate methodology for randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We searched seven databases through a previously defined methodology, and we included RCTs, regardless of language, period of publication and status of publication. Results: Resulted in 6830 articles retrieved. Of theses, we identified 14 potential eligible studies. but just one RCT was included for the SR. The included RCT compares the eight-plate and the Blount staple and showed no statistically significant difference for the outcomes of time to correct the deformity, postoperative pain after 24 hours and postoperative pain after 72 hours. The study is of low or very low level of evidence to determine the most effective technique. We didn't find a RCT that compared the correction of the genu varum. Conclusion: Good quality randomized clinical trials comparing Blount staples versus eight-plaque must be performed to determine which technique is superior for coronal plane corrections. Level of Evidence I, Systematic review of Level RCTs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se o uso do crescimento guiado com placas em oito é mais eficaz que os grampos de Blount na correção do geno varo idiopático ou geno valgo idiopático. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática (RS), de acordo com a metodologia apropriada para busca de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR). Pesquisamos em sete bancos de dados por meio de uma metodologia definida anteriormente e incluímos ECR, independentemente do idioma, período ou status da publicação. Resultados: Foram recuperados 6830 artigos. Destes, 14 estudos possivelmente elegíveis foram encontrados, mas apenas um ECR foi incluído para a RS. O ECR incluído compara placas em oito e grampos de Blount, não mostrando diferença estatisticamente significante para os resultados de tempo na correção da deformidade, dor pós-operatória após 24 horas e dor pós-operatória após 72 horas. O estudo é de nível baixo ou muito baixo de evidência para determinar a técnica mais eficaz. Não encontramos um ECR que comparasse a correção do geno varo. Conclusão: Ensaios clínicos randomizados de boa qualidade comparando grampos de Blount com oito placas devem ser realizados para determinar qual técnica é superior para correções do plano coronal. Nível de Evidência I, Revisão sistemática de ECRC.

Closing-Wedge Distal Femoral Osteotomies- Retrospective Study / Osteotomias femorais distais com cunha de fechamento medial-estudo retrospectivo

Abstract Objective To describe the surgical technique of distal closing-wedge femoral osteotomy and a cases series submitted to this technique. Methods A total of 26 patients submitted to medial closing-wedge distal femoral osteotomy from 2002 to 2013 were evaluated. All of the patients had their medical files and imaging exams reviewed to evaluate the degree of correction and their current state. Results Out of the 26 patients, 12 weremale and 14 were female. Their mean age was 47.15 years old. In all of the cases, a neutral alignment related to the anatomical axis was achieved. Most of the patients presented bone healing at 6 weeks. There were no cases of bleeding during the surgery. One patient presented with delayed bone healing. One patient complained of plaque-related discomfort, requiring the removal of the device. One patient had a superficial infection, but no osteotomy revision was needed. Therewere no cases of deep venous thrombosis or of pulmonary thromboembolism. To date, there has been no conversion to total knee replacement. Conclusion Treatment with medial closing-wedge distal femoral osteotomy sustained the proposed correction in patients with up to 15 years of follow-up.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever a técnica cirúrgica da osteotomia femoral com cunha de fechamento medial e uma série de casos submetidos a essa técnica. Métodos Foram avaliados 26 pacientes submetidos a osteotomia femoral distal com cunha de fechamento medial de 2002 a 2013. Os prontuários e exames de imagem de todos os pacientes foram revisados para avaliação do grau de correção e estado atual. Resultados Dos 26 pacientes operados, 12 eramdo sexomasculino e 14 do feminino. A idade média foi de 47,15 anos. Em todos os casos, obteve-se alinhamento neutro em relação ao eixo anatômico. A maioria dos pacientes alcançou a consolidação óssea da osteotomia com seis semanas. Não foram observados casos de sangramentos durante a cirurgia. Um paciente apresentou retardo da consolidação óssea. Um paciente apresentou desconforto sobre a placa, foi necessária sua retirada. Um paciente apresentou infecção superficial sem necessidade de revisão da osteotomia. Não foram observados casos de trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar. Até o momento não houve conversão para artroplastia total de joelho. Conclusão O tratamento com osteotomia femoral distal com cunha de fechamento medial manteve a correção proposta em pacientes com seguimento de até 15 anos.

Correction of deformities around the knee joint using external fixator-assisted internal fixation / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes and correction accuracy of deformities around the knee joint using external fixator-assisted internal fixation (FAIF).Methods From January 2014 to March 2018,data of 15 patients (17 bone segments) with deformities around the knee joint who had been corrected with external fixator-assisted internal fixation were retrospectively analyzed.There were 6 males and 9 females,with an average age of 39 years (range,21-60 years).There were 9 patients with genu varus and 6 with genu valgus.All the 15 patients had shortening ranging from 5 to 22 mm,with an average of 12 mm.Unilateral external fixator was used to stabilize the osteotomy site intraoperatively until the satisfied mechanical axis was acquired.Then the plate or Intramedullary nail was inserted and fixed,the external fixator was removed after internal fixation.Results Femur osteotomy was done in 7 patients and tibia osteotomy was done in 6 patients,while 2 patients had osteotomy in both tibia and femur.Intramedullary nailing was used in 2 bone segments,and plate was used in 15 bone segments.The correction of angle ranged from 7° to 22°,with an average of 12.5°.The correction of the 9 cases of genua varus ranged from 10° to 22°,with an average of 17.6°.The correction of the 6 cases of genu valgum ranged from 7° to 13°,with an average of 10.4°.The mean time to achieve union of the osteotomy sites was 3.5 months (range,2.5-5.0 months).All the 15 patients were followed up for 8-48 months (average,23 months).The mechanical axis deviation (MAD) was 5.93 mm (range,0-15 mm) after operation which was 34.8 mm (range,8-55 mm) before operation.The mean post-operative mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA) was 87.5° (range,84°-90°) which was 76.1° (range,66°-82°) before operation.The mean medial proximal tibia angle (MPTA) was 87.8° (range,86°-89°) which was 76.8° (range,68°-80°) before operation.There were no deep infection and neurovascular injury.Conclusion The FAIF not only has the advantage of minimal invasiveness and easy adjustment,but also can avoid uncomfortableness and complications of long-term of wearing the external fixator.It is an accurate and safe method to correct the deformities around the knee joint.

Artroplastia total de rodilla con defecto angular extraarticular. Reporte de caso / Total knee arthroplasty with extra-articular angular deformity. Case report

Establecer cuales deformidades angulares en el fémur deben ser tratadas con resección ósea intraarticular inusual más artroplastia total de rodilla en artrosis tricompartimental de rodilla es uno de los retos mayores que se enfrenta en cirugía ortopédica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 67 años de edad, con antecedente de fractura diafisaria de fémur hace 30 años tratada en forma conservadora con dolor en la rodilla izquierda de 2 años de evolución con un diagnóstico de artrosis tricompartimental de la rodilla asociada a genu valgum de 20° y consolidación viciosa en diáfisis femoral izquierda con valgo femoral de 10°. El tratamiento quirúrgico realizado fue utilizando cortes intraarticulares inusuales y artroplastia total de rodilla. De acuerdo a la escala propuesta por la Knee Society Score el paciente obtuvo 89 al año de la cirugía. Ante deformidades femorales de hasta 20°, suele ser suficiente realizar la corrección con los cortes óseos intraarticulares (inusuales) evitando afectar las inserciones ligamentarias femorales.

To establish the angular deformities in the femur that should be treated with unusual intra-articular bone resection plus total knee arthroplasty in tricompartmental arthrosis of the knee is one of the major challenges faced in orthopaedic surgery. The case is presented of a 67 year-old male patient with a history of diaphyseal fracture of the left femur (30 years ago) treated conservatively with malunion in left femoral diaphysis with 10° femoral valgus and left knee pain of 2 years onset. He was diagnosed with tricompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee associated with genu valgum of 20°. Surgical treatment was performed using intra articular «unusual¼ bone cuts and total knee arthroplasty. According to the scale proposed by the Knee Society Score, the patient obtained a score of 89 one year after surgery. In femoral deformities of up to 20°, it is usually sufficient to perform the correction with intra articular «unusual¼ bone cuts, and avoiding affecting the femoral ligament insertions.

Corrección del genu valgum con osteotomía varizante supracondílea única en fémur. Reporte de casos clínicos / Correction of genu valgum with isolated femoral supracondylar varisation osteotomy. Case report

Se describen los casos clínicos de dos pacientes adolescentes que son valorados en nuestro centro hospitalario con antecedente traumático previo en la rodilla afecta, uno de los cuales presentó fractura en la meseta tibial, y que presentan dolor, desviación progresiva en valgo de la rodilla, acompañado de acortamiento de la extremidad involucrada y, por ende, cojera a la marcha. En nuestro trabajo se describen el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y el manejo posterior a la cirugía del paciente, usando la escala KSS en donde valoramos la funcionalidad y la estabilidad de la rodilla afectada.

The clinical cases are described of two adolescent patients, assessed in this hospital with a previous traumatic history in the affected knee, one of whom had a fracture in the tibial plateau. The other present with pain, progressive deviation in valgus of the knee, accompanied by shortening of the limb involved, and therefore a limp to the gait. In this article, a description is presented on the diagnosis, treatment and post-surgery management of the patients, using the Knee Society Scale (KSS) to assess the functionality and stability of the affected knee.

Análise biomecânica de membros inferiores em mulheres acometidas com dores articulares no joelho / Biomechanical analysis of inferior limbs in women affected with articular pains in the knee

Objetivo: analisar a biomecânica de membros inferiores em mulheres acometidas com dores articulares no joelho. Me-todologia: Estudo observacional analítico e descritivo do tipo transversal, com 40 mulheres entre 18 a 60 anos com dor no joelho. Utilizou-se ficha de avaliação contendo as variáveis antropométricas e postural, concomitante avaliação estática e dinâmica do joelho. Analisou-se os dados pelo software BioEstat 5.0 com nível α de significância de 5% (p≤0,05). Resultados: Foram coletadas 40 mulheres (idade: 45,2±14,7 anos, peso: 70,3±12,3 kg, altura: 1,60±0,05 cm, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC): 27,27±4,6, e tamanho do pé: 36,5±1,5cm), onde o joelho direito foi o mais acometido por lesão (70%). Observou-se que o comprimento do membro inferior direito (MID) foi 83,5±5,86 cm, membro inferior esquerdo (MIE) 83,4±5,89 cm, ângulo Q do MID 25,2±6,09 graus, ângulo Q do MIE 25,3±6,57 graus e inclinação pélvica de 1,20±0,89 cm, onde 25 mulheres (62,5%) apresentaram inclinação a esquerda. Para avaliação dinâmica houve positividade do teste Step Down de forma significativa apenas para o MID (77,5%; p=0,0009). Na associação das va-riáveis estudadas com teste de Step Down, houve significância estatística para peso (MID: p=0,05 e MIE: p=0,007), bem como tamanho do pé do MID (p=0,04), para o IMC apenas o MIE (p=0,01). E, na relação dos dados posturais houve significância estatística para o comprimento do MID (p=0,01). Conclusão: As variáveis peso, IMC, tamanho do pé e comprimento do membro inferior tiveram relação sobre o quadril e os MMII, sugerindo valgo dinâmico e/ou predisposição do agravamento de dores no joelho em mulheres.

Objective: to analyze the biomechanics of lower limbs in women with joint pain in the knee. Methodology: Observational descrip-tive and cross-sectional study with 40 women between 18 and 60 years with knee pain. An evaluation form containing the anthropometric and postural variables, concomitant static and dynamic evaluation of the knee was used. Data was analyzed by BioEstat 5.0 software with an α level of significance of 5% (p≤0.05). Results: A total of 40 women were gathered (age: 45.2 ± 14.7 years, weight: 70.3 ± 12.3 kg, height: 1.60 ± 0.05 cm, Body Mass Index (BMI): 27.27 ± 4.6, and foot size: 36.5 ± 1.5 cm), where the right knee was the most affected by injury (70%). It was observed that the length of the right lower limb (RLL) was 83.5 ± 5.86 cm, left lower limb (LLL) 83.4 ± 5.89 cm, Q angle of the RLL 25.2 ± 6.09 degrees , LLL Q angle of 25.3 ± 6.57 degrees and pelvic tilt of 1.20 ± 0.89 cm, where 25 women (62.5%) presented left slope. For dynamic evaluation, the Step Down test was positively significant only for the RLL (77.5%, p = 0.0009). In the association of the variables studied with the Step Down test, there was statistical significance for weight (RLL: p = 0.05 and LLL: p = 0.007), as well as foot size of the RLL (p = 0.04), for BMI only the LLL (p = 0.01). And, in the relation of the postural data there was statistical significance for the length of the RLL (p = 0.01).Conclusion: The variables weight, BMI, foot size and lower limb length had relation over the hip and LLL, suggesting dynamic valgus and / or predisposition for worsening of knee pain in women.

O ovo ou a galinha ­ genu valgum ou obesidade: o que vem primeiro? / The egg or the chicken - genu valgum or obesity: what comes first?

O alinhamento dos membros inferiores pode influenciar no engajamento de crianças e adolescentes a adotar um estilo de vida ativo. Neste sentido, esboçaremos uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre esse tão importante assunto, no sentido de compreender esse fator determinante para a prática da atividade física.