Construção e validação de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovensa / Construcción y validación de un instrumento de evaluación sociológica y comportamental asociado con la infección por VIH en jóvenes / Construction and validity of an instrument for sociological and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young peoplea

RESUMO Objetivo construir e validar conteúdo de instrumento para avaliação socioestrutural e comportamental associado à infecção pelo HIV em jovens. Método estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em duas etapas: elaboração do instrumento; e validação de conteúdo. Os itens que compuseram o instrumento foram selecionados através de revisão literária, tendo como referencial os domínios multiníveis do Modelo Social Ecológico Modificado, categorizados em componentes socioestruturais e comportamentais. O conteúdo foi avaliado por especialistas em duas rodadas conduzidas pela técnica Delphi, admitindo-se um índice de concordância de, no mínimo, 80%. Resultados a primeira versão do instrumento continha 52 itens, distribuídos em três domínios. Na primeira rodada, 19 itens (36,5%) obtiveram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo inferior a 0,80, dois itens foram excluídos e os demais foram reformulados. Na segunda rodada, 2 itens foram excluídos e 3 foram incorporados como subitem, totalizando 45 itens. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo do Instrumento foi de 95%. Conclusão e implicações para a prática as recomendações dos especialistas contribuíram para a qualificação do instrumento Avaliação Socioestrutural e Comportamental-HIV, possibilitando a reorganização do conteúdo. O instrumento é válido para a identificação de fatores socioestruturais e comportamentais associados à infecção pelo HIV em jovens, com potencial para constituir planejamento de cuidados preventivos.

RESUMEN Objetivo construir y validar el contenido de un instrumento de evaluación socioestructural y conductual asociada a la infección por VIH en jóvenes. Método estudio metodológico, desarrollado en dos etapas: elaboración del instrumento; y validación de contenido. Los ítems que conformaron el instrumento fueron seleccionados a través de una revisión literaria, tomando como referencia los dominios multinivel del Modelo Ecológico Social Modificado, categorizados en componentes socioestructurales y conductuales. El contenido fue evaluado por expertos en dos rondas realizadas mediante la técnica Delphi, suponiendo una tasa de acuerdo de al menos el 80%. Resultados la primera versión del instrumento contuvo 52 ítems, distribuidos en tres dominios. En la primera ronda, 19 ítems (36,5%) tuvieron un Índice de Validez de Contenido inferior a 0,80, dos ítems fueron excluidos y el resto fueron reformulados. En la segunda ronda, se excluyeron 2 ítems y se incorporaron 3 como subítems, totalizando 45 ítems. El Índice de Validez de Contenido del Instrumento fue del 95%. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica las recomendaciones de los expertos contribuyeron para la calificación del instrumento Evaluación Socioestructural y del Comportamiento-VIH, permitiendo la reorganización del contenido. El instrumento es válido para identificar factores socioestructurales y conductuales asociados a la infección por VIH en jóvenes, con potencial para constituir una planificación de atención preventiva.

ABSTRACT Objective to construct and validate the content of an instrument for sociostructural and behavioral assessment associated with HIV infection in young people. Method a methodological study developed in two steps: instrument elaboration; and content validity. The items that made up the instrument were selected through a literary review using the Modified Social Ecological Model multilevel domains as a reference, categorized into sociostructural and behavioral components. Content was assessed by experts in two rounds conducted using the Delphi technique, assuming an agreement rate of at least 80%. Results the first version of the instrument contained 52 items, distributed across three domains. In the first round, 19 items (36.5%) had a Content Validity Index lower than 0.80, two items were excluded and the rest were reformulated. In the second round, 2 items were excluded and 3 were incorporated as subitems, totaling 45 items. The Instrument Content Validity Index was 95%. Conclusion and implications for practice experts' recommendations contributed qualifying the Sociostructural and Behavioral Assessment-HIV instrument, enabling content reorganization. The instrument is valid for identifying socio-structural and behavioral factors associated with HIV infection in young people, with the potential to constitute preventive care planning.

Estratégias educativas em saúde para pessoas vivendo com HIV: revisão de escopo / Estrategias educativas en salud para personas que viven con el VIH: revisión de alcance / Health educational strategies for people living with HIV: scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Mapear a produção científica sobre as estratégias educativas e os conteúdos abordados na educação de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos Esta é uma revisão de escopo em que a seleção dos artigos foi realizada em abril de 2021 e atualizada em outubro de 2022 em dez fontes de dados; a revisão seguiu os pressupostos estabelecidos pelo Joanna Briggs Institute e o checklist dos Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Os resultados foram analisados descritivamente e sintetizados em um quadro. Resultados Foram selecionados 17 estudos com publicação predominante em 2017; Estados Unidos da América e Brasil foram os países com a maior quantidade de produções. A maioria dos estudos buscou avaliar o impacto e a eficácia das estratégias e desenvolver ou validar instrumentos de educação em saúde e atividades de prevenção. Em relação ao conteúdo abordado pelas estratégias, foram formadas cinco categorias: orientação inicial sobre HIV/AIDS, cuidados gerais, vida saudável, saúde sexual e suporte emocional. As estratégias educativas que se destacaram em relação à maior adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento estão relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de sistemas, programas e multimídia. As cartilhas promoveram empoderamento e autonomia de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Conclusão Foram mapeadas as principais estratégias educativas, com destaque para cartilhas, material impresso, recursos multimídia, sistemas, formulários e oficinas/workshops, abordando orientação inicial sobre HIV/AIDS, tratamento farmacológico, cuidados gerais, vida saudável, saúde sexual e suportes social e emocional.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear la producción científica sobre las estrategias educativas y los contenidos abordados en la educación de personas que viven con el VIH. Métodos Esta es una revisión de alcance, cuya selección de artículos se realizó en abril de 2021 y se actualizó en octubre de 2022 en diez fuentes de datos. La revisión siguió las premisas establecidas por el Joanna Briggs Institute y la checklist de los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Los resultados fueron analizados descriptivamente y sintetizados en un cuadro. Resultados Se seleccionaron 17 estudios con publicación predominante en 2017. Estados Unidos de América y Brasil fueron los países con mayor cantidad de producciones. La mayoría de los estudios buscó evaluar el impacto y la eficacia de las estrategias y elaborar o validar instrumentos de educación para la salud y actividades de prevención. Con relación al contenido abordado por las estrategias, se formaron cinco categorías: instrucciones iniciales sobre VIH/SIDA, cuidados generales, vida saludable, salud sexual y apoyo emocional. Las estrategias educativas que se destacaron con relación a una mayor adhesión de los pacientes al tratamiento están relacionadas con el desarrollo de sistemas, programas y multimedia. Las cartillas promovieron empoderamiento y autonomía de personas que viven con el VIH. Conclusión Se mapearon las principales estrategias educativas, con énfasis en cartillas, material impreso, recursos multimedia, sistemas, formularios y talleres/workshops, que abordaron instrucciones iniciales sobre VIH/SIDA, tratamiento farmacológico, cuidados generales, vida saludable, salud sexual y apoyo social y emocional. Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/754uk/?view_only=6491865a3d12424d81af2c4099c112c3

Abstract Objective To map the scientific production on educational strategies and the content covered in the education of people living with HIV. Methods This is a scoping review in which the selection of articles was carried out in April 2021 and updated in October 2022 in ten data sources; the review followed the assumptions established by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the checklist of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The results were descriptively analyzed and summarized in a chart. Results A total of 17 studies were selected, predominantly published in 2017; The USA and Brazil were the countries with the largest number of productions. Most studies sought to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of strategies and develop or validate health education instruments and prevention activities. Concerning the content covered by the strategies, five categories were formed: initial guidance on HIV/AIDS, general care, healthy living, sexual health, and emotional support. The educational strategies that stood out concerning greater patient adherence to treatment are related to the development of systems, programs, and multimedia. The booklets promoted empowerment and autonomy for people living with HIV. Conclusion The main educational strategies were mapped, with emphasis on booklets, printed material, multimedia resources, systems, forms, and workshops, covering initial guidance on HIV/AIDS, pharmacological treatment, general care, healthy living, sexual health, and social and emotional support. Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/754uk/?view_only=6491865a3d12424d81af2c4099c112c3

State of HIV costing in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic literature review / Estado actual de la información sobre los costos de la infección por el VIH en América Latina y el Caribe: Revisión bibliográfica sistemática / Cálculo do custo do HIV na América Latina e no Caribe: revisão sistemática da literatura

ABSTRACT Objectives. To summarize available data on unit costs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, prevention, and care interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. We conducted a systematic literature review of costing studies published between 2012 and 2024, and selected those reporting empirically measured costing data. The available data were categorized according to predefined intervention categories and compared by time and place. We also explored variations in unit costs by intervention type. Results. Of 1 746 studies identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria, which provided 103 unique unit cost estimates from nine countries. About 50% of the included studies were published between 2019 and 2021. Antiretroviral therapy services had the most cost data available (39% of unit costs), followed by inpatient care (27%) and HIV testing (24%). Considerable cost variations were observed both within and between interventions. Conclusions. Our analysis underscores the need for accurate and reliable cost data to support HIV budgeting and decision-making efforts. We identified several gaps in the availability of cost data and emphasize the importance of presenting results more effectively by incorporating key contextual variables. Given the challenges of shrinking budgets and sustainability risks, robust evidence is indispensable to inform priority setting and budget allocation for HIV services.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Resumir los datos disponibles sobre los costos unitarios de las intervenciones en materia de pruebas de detección, prevención y atención de salud relacionadas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de los estudios sobre costos publicados entre el 2012 y el 2024, y se seleccionaron los estudios que presentaban datos de costos determinados de manera empírica. Los datos disponibles se clasificaron en categorías de intervención predefinidas y se compararon en función del tiempo y el lugar. También se examinaron las variaciones en los costos unitarios según el tipo de intervención. Resultados. De los 1746 estudios encontrados, 22 cumplían los criterios de inclusión; y en ellos se obtuvieron 103 estimaciones distintas de costos unitarios procedentes de nueve países. Alrededor del 50% de los estudios incluidos se publicaron entre el 2019 y el 2021. Los servicios de tratamiento antirretroviral eran los que disponían de más datos sobre costos (39% de los costos unitarios), seguidos de los de atención hospitalaria (27%) y los de pruebas de detección del VIH (24%). Se observaron variaciones considerables en los costos en una misma intervención y entre distintas intervenciones. Conclusiones. En este análisis se subraya la necesidad de disponer de datos de costos exactos y fiables para brindar apoyo a los esfuerzos de elaboración de presupuestos y la toma de decisiones en materia de infección por el VIH. Detectamos varias brechas en cuanto a la disponibilidad de datos sobre costos y hacemos hincapié en la importancia de presentar los resultados de manera más eficaz mediante la incorporación de variables contextuales clave. Ante los desafíos que plantean la reducción presupuestaria y los riesgos para su sostenibilidad, es indispensable contar con evidencia sólida para fundamentar la determinación de prioridades y la asignación de presupuestos a los servicios relacionados con la infección por el VIH.

RESUMO Objetivos. Sintetizar os dados disponíveis sobre os custos unitários de testagem, prevenção e intervenções de saúde relacionados ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) na América Latina e Caribe. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura de estudos de custeio publicados entre 2012 e 2024, com a seleção de estudos que apresentavam dados de custeio medidos empiricamente. Os dados foram classificados em categorias predefinidas de intervenção e comparados por tempo e lugar. Variações nos custos unitários por tipo de intervenção também foram examinadas. Resultados. Dos 1746 estudos identificados, 22 preencheram os critérios de inclusão, fornecendo 103 estimativas de custos unitários em nove países. Cerca de 50% dos estudos incluídos na análise foram publicados entre 2019 e 2021. A maior parte dos dados de custo se referiam a serviços de terapia antirretroviral (39% dos custos unitários), serviços de atenção hospitalar (27%) e serviços de testagem de HIV (24%). Foram observadas variações de custo consideráveis para uma mesma intervenção e entre diferentes intervenções. Conclusões. Esta análise aponta a necessidade de se dispor de dados de custo exatos e confiáveis para apoiar o processo decisório e a alocação de recursos orçamentários relacionados ao HIV. Foram identificadas várias lacunas na disponibilidade de dados de custo. Enfatiza-se a importância de apresentar os resultados com mais eficiência, incorporando as principais variáveis contextuais. Diante dos desafios impostos pela retração orçamentária e pelos riscos à sustentabilidade, é imprescindível dispor de evidências robustas para subsidiar o processo de estabelecimento de prioridades e alocação de recursos orçamentários para serviços de HIV.

Recent HIV infections and estimated HIV incidence among adolescents from key populations

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To identify recent HIV-1 infection and estimate HIV incidence among adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and transgender women (ATGW) in Brazil. METHODS: From January to December 2020, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted with baseline data from the PrEP1519 study, an HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration cohort in Brazil among sexually active AMSM/ATGW aged 15-19. For enrollment, participants were screened with a fourth-generation HIV rapid test. The recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) included a recency assay in blood specimens, viral load, and CD4 cell count prior to antiretroviral treatment use. Among these participants, RITA-based HIV incidence was estimated using a mean duration of recency infection of 214 days and a false-recent rate of 0.02. RESULTS: Out of the 494 participants screened, 21 tested positive for HIV. Following RITA, five adolescents had a recent HIV infection, 14 had long-term infections, and two did not have blood specimens available. We classified these two participants as long-term infection cases due to CD4 cell counts and previous use of antiretroviral treatment. Among those who tested positive, all but one were AMSM (94.7%), 73.6% were aged 18-19, and 76.2% were non-White. The HIV prevalence was 4.2%, and the estimated HIV incidence was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated incidence highlights the need for targeted HIV prevention interventions, such as PrEP, for sexual minority adolescents. Integrating RITA into routine HIV testing services for this population provides valuable information on the current HIV epidemic. This strategy can aid in monitoring the effectiveness of prevention efforts and improving early entry to HIV care.

El cuidado de Enfermería desde la percepción de las personas con VIH/sida / Nursing Care from the Perception of People with HIV/Aids

Introducción: Las personas con VIH/sida enfrentan el estigma de la discriminación, sufrimiento, sensación de culpa, miedo y muerte. Por ello, necesitan que el personal de Enfermería brinde cuidados humanizados; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios cualitativos al respecto. Objetivo: Explorar el cuidado de Enfermería desde la percepción de las personas con VIH/sida. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa descriptiva, de octubre a diciembre del 2021. La población fue de 60 personas con VIH/sida, que acuden al Centro de rehabilitación de enfermedades de transmisión sexual del Centro de Salud José Olaya en Chiclayo, Perú. La muestra fue de 12 personas, elegidas por conveniencia. Los datos se recolectaron a través de una entrevista semiestructurada aplicada de manera asincrónica a través de la plataforma zoom y llamadas telefónicas, registradas con una grabadora de voz, la información se procesó con el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dos categorías: I) Dimensiones del cuidado humano: Amabilidad, interés, comunicación, seguridad, espiritualidad, II) Indicios de cuidado deshumanizado: Indiferencia, insensibilidad y discriminación. Conclusiones: La mayoría de personas con VIH/sida perciben que, durante el cuidado enfermero, son tratados con cariño y afecto, con muestras de interés en su recuperación, ante lo cual se sienten cómodos y seguros, les explican los procedimientos; además, les dan esperanza a través de la fe. Sin embargo, otras personas perciben que son tratados con indiferencia e insensibilidad, incluso reportan ausencia de trato cordial y escucha activa, catalogan al cuidado como no empático y deshumanizado(AU)

Introduction: People with HIV/AIDS face the stigma of discrimination, suffering, guilt, fear and death. Therefore, they need the nursing personnel to provide humanized care; however, there are few qualitative studies in this regard. Objective: To explore nursing care from the perception of people with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A descriptive and qualitative research was conducted from October to December 2021. The population was 60 people with HIV/AIDS who attended the rehabilitation center for sexually transmitted diseases of Centro de Salud José Olaya, in Chiclayo, Peru. The sample was 12 people, chosen by convenience. The data were collected through a semistructured interview applied asynchronously through the Zoom platform and telephone calls, recorded with a voice recorder. The information was processed using thematic content analysis. Results: Two categories were obtained: I) dimensions of human care: kindness, interest, communication, security, spirituality; II) indications of dehumanized care: indifference, insensitivity and discrimination. Conclusions: Most people with HIV/AIDS perceive that, during nursing care, they are treated with kindness and affection, with signs of interest in their recovery, in which circumstances they feel comfortable and safe, as well as are explained procedures; in addition, they are given hope through faith. However, others perceive that they are treated with indifference and insensitivity, and even report an absence of cordial treatment and active listening; they categorize such care as apathetic and dehumanized(AU)

Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay technique on detecting urinary Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis in Argentina / Evaluación de una técnica de inmunoensayo enzimático para la detección del antígeno urinario de Histoplasma capsulatum en el diagnóstico de histoplasmosis diseminada en Argentina

Abstract Introduction : Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis of universal distribution, highly endemic in the Americas. It is caused by a dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. It affects both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals where progressive and disseminated forms are observed. A very important risk factor is HIV infection/AIDS, with a mortality rate of 20-40% in Latin America. The diagnosis of this mycosis is made by conventional and molecular methods or by antigen and antibody detection. Methods : In this retrospective, longitudinal and ana lytical study, carried out over a period of 2 years, the sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) of a commercial kit for the detection of Histoplasma antigen by EIA technique (HC-Ag) was evaluated in 50 patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis. In addition, its performance was compared with that of other diagnostic techniques routinely used in our laboratory. Results : HC-Ag had a S of 94%, E 96%, positive likeli hood coefficient (CVP): 20.68 and negative likelihood coefficient (CVN): 0.06. The delay time of the results was 4 days, similar to that of antibody detection and n-PCR and much less than that of blood cultures. The combination of methods improved S to 100%; with simi lar values in E. Conclusion : The HC-Ag method demonstrated its usefulness in the diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis and the combination of methods is a good option to increase sensitivity and decrease the time to reach the diagnosis of certainty. This allows improv ing the strategy in the management of the disease and decreasing its case-fatality rate.

Resumen Introducción : La histoplasmosis es una micosis sis témica de distribución universal, altamente endémica en las Américas. Es causada por un hongo dimórfico: Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. Afecta tanto a inmunocompetentes como a inmunocomprometidos, se observan formas progresivas y diseminadas. Un factor de riesgo muy importante es la infección por HIV/sida, con una tasa de mortalidad del 20-40% en América Latina. El diagnóstico de esta micosis se realiza por métodos convencionales y moleculares o por detección de antígenos y anticuerpos. Métodos : En este estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal y analítico, realizado en un periodo de 2 años, se evaluó la sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) de un kit comercial para la detección de antígeno de Histoplasma por técnica de EIA (HC-Ag) en 50 pacientes con histoplasmosis aso ciada a sida. Además, se comparó su rendimiento con el de otras técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas habitualmente en nuestro laboratorio. Resultados : HC-Ag tuvo una S del 94%, E del 96%, coeficiente de verosimilitud positiva (CVP) de 20.68 y coeficiente de verosimilitud negativa (CVN) de 0.06. El tiempo de demora de los resultados fue de 4 días, simi lar al de la detección de anticuerpos y n-PCR y mucho menor que el de los hemocultivos. La combinación de métodos mejoró la S a 100%; con valores similares en E. Conclusión : El método HC-Ag demostró su utilidad en el diagnóstico de histoplasmosis diseminada progresiva y la combinación de métodos es una buena opción para aumentar la sensibilidad y disminuir el tiempo para llegar al diagnóstico de certeza. Esto permite mejorar la estrategia en el manejo de la enfermedad y reducir su tasa de letalidad.

Asociación entre el miedo al COVID-19 y la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en personas con VIH-SIDA

Introducción. Una de las consecuencias psicológicas más frecuentes del COVID-19 es el miedo. Éste podría ocasionar una adherencia terapéutica no óptima y permitir la progresión de la enfermedad en personas con VIH. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre el miedo a contraer COVID-19 y la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en personas con VIH entre la tercera y cuarta ola epidémica de COVID-19 en el Perú. Métodos. Estudio transversal analítico en adultos con VIH del centro especializado Vía Libre enrolados por muestreo no probabilístico. Se empleó la escala Fear of COVID-19 Scale para medir el miedo a contraer COVID-19, y el cuestionario SMAQ para evaluar la adherencia terapéutica. Los resultados se presentaron de forma descriptiva, usando chi cuadrado para el análisis bivariado y modelos lineales generalizados familia Poisson para estimar razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RPa). Resultados. Entre febrero - julio del 2022, se enrolaron 149 personas con una mediana de edad de 35 años, el 91,3% fueron varones, y el 75,2% con carga viral indetectable. No se halló asociación entre el miedo a contraer COVID-19 y la adherencia terapéutica (RPa: 0,99; IC95%: 0,97 a 1,02). Adicionalmente, encontramos que las personas que presentaban alguna comorbilidad fueron 89% más adherentes que los que no las presentaban (RPa: 1,89; IC95%: 1,52 a 2,35). Conclusión. El miedo a contraer COVID-19 no se asoció a la adherencia al TARGA durante la tercera ola de pandemia en el Perú. Sin embargo, el presentar alguna comorbilidad se asoció a una adherencia terapéutica óptima. Se debe poner énfasis en los posibles factores que afecten la adherencia en personas con VIH durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

Introduction. One of the most frequent psychological consequences of COVID-19 is fear, which could lead to non-optimal therapeutic adherence and, therefore, to the disease progression. Objectives. To evaluate the possible association between the fear of contracting COVID-19 and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in persons with HIV during the period between the third and fourth epidemic wave of COVID-19 in Peru. Methods. Analytical cross-sectional study in adults with HIV from the specialized center "Vía Libre" enrolled by non-probabilistic sampling. The validated "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" was used to measure the fear of getting sick from COVID-19, and the "SMAQ" questionnaire to assess therapeutic adherence. Results were presented descriptively, using chi-square for bivariate analysis and generalized linear models, Poisson family to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR). Results. Between February and July of 2022, 149 adults with a median age of 35 years were enrolled, 91.3% being male, and 75,2% had undetectable viral load levels. No association was found between fear of contracting COVID-19 and HAART adherence (aPR: 0,99; 95% CI 0,97 to 1,02). Persons with a comorbidity were 89% more adherent than persons withoutcomorbidities (RPa: 1,89; 95% CI 1,52 to 2,35). Conclusion. The fear of contracting COVID-19 was not associated with adherence to HAART during the third wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. However, presenting a comorbidity was associated with optimal HAART adherence. Emphasis should be placed on potential factors affecting medication adherence in people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Survival of patients living with HIV and cancer in Cali, Colombia

Background: People living with HIV have an increased risk of cancer compared to the general population. However, with the increase in life expectancy and advances in antiretroviral therapy, the survival of patients with cancer and HIV has changed. Objective: To determine the survival of patients living with HIV and cancer in Cali, Colombia Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia. Data from the HIV database was crossed with data from the hospital and population-based cancer registries between 2011-2019. Patients <18 years, limited available clinical information on the diagnosis and treatment of HIV and cancer, and non-oncological tumor diagnosis were excluded. Results: A total of 173 patients were included. The frequencies of AIDS-defining neoplasms were: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (42.8%), Kaposi sarcoma (27.8%), and cervical cancer (4.6%). Overall survival was 76.4% (95% CI 68.9-82.3) at five years. Poorer survival was found in patients with AIDS-defining infections (56.9% vs. 77.8%, p=0.027) and non-AIDS-defining infections (57.8% vs. 84.2%, p=0.013), while there was better survival in patients who received antiretroviral therapy (65.9% vs. 17.9%, p=0.021) and oncological treatment (66.7% vs. 35.4%, p<0.001). The presence of non-AIDS-defining infections increases the risk of dying (HR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.05-5.46, p=0.038), while oncological treatment decreases it (HR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.80, p=0.014). Conclusions: In people living with HIV, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma are the most common neoplasms. Factors such as AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated infections have been identified as determinants of survival. Cancer treatment seems to improve survival.

Antecedentes: Las personas que viven con VIH tienen un riesgo mayor de cáncer en comparación con la población general. Sin embargo, con el aumento de la esperanza de vida y los avances en la terapia antirretroviral, la supervivencia de los pacientes con cáncer y VIH ha cambiado. Objetivo: Determinar la supervivencia de los pacientes que viven con VIH y cáncer en Cali, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en la Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia. Los datos de la base de datos de VIH se cruzaron con los datos de los registros de cáncer de base hospitalaria y poblacional entre 2011-2019. Se excluyeron los pacientes <18 años, con información clínica limitada disponible sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del VIH y el cáncer y los casos con diagnóstico de tumor no oncológico. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 173 pacientes. Las frecuencias de neoplasias definitorias de SIDA fueron: linfoma no Hodgkin (42.8%), sarcoma de Kaposi (27.8%) y cáncer cervical (4.6%). La supervivencia global fue del 76.4% (IC 95% 68.9-82.3) a los cinco años. Se encontró una peor supervivencia en pacientes con infecciones definitorias de SIDA (56.9% vs. 77.8%, p=0.027) e infecciones no definitorias de SIDA (57.8% vs. 84.2%, p=0.013), mientras que hubo una mejor supervivencia en pacientes que recibieron terapia antirretroviral (65.9% vs. 17.9%, p=0.021) y tratamiento oncológico (66.7% vs. 35.4%, p<0.001). La presencia de infecciones no definitorias de SIDA aumentó el riesgo de morir (HR = 2.39, IC 95% 1.05-5.46, p=0.038), mientras que el tratamiento oncológico lo disminuyó (HR = 0.33, IC 95% 0.14-0.80, p=0.014). Conclusiones: En las personas que viven con VIH, el linfoma no Hodgkin y el sarcoma de Kaposi son las neoplasias más comunes. Se han identificado factores como las infecciones asociadas al SIDA y las infecciones no asociadas al SIDA como determinantes de la supervivencia. El tratamiento del cáncer parece mejorar la supervivencia.

Relación entre ansiedad, depresión y linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en un hospital general de Lima* / Relationship between anxiety, depression and CD4+ T lymphocytes in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a general hospital in Lima

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre ansiedad, depresión y recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ en una muestra de personas portadoras del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Metodología: Estudio observacional y analítico. Se evaluó a 144 pacientes con VIH en un hospital general de Lima, Perú. Se utilizó la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria (HADS). Resultados: La edad media de los sujetos de estudio fue de 41 años. La mayoría estuvo constituida por varones (71,5 %), solteros (86,1 %) y con grado de instrucción secundaria (57,6 %). La duración promedio de la enfermedad fue 7,7 años; el 11,1 % presentó alguna comorbilidad; y el 95,1 % utilizó tenofovir como tratamiento. El 34 % y el 16,7 % presentaron algún nivel de ansiedad y depresión, respectivamente. Los pacientes que se encontraban en estadio de sida presentaron mayores niveles de ansiedad (p < 0,001) y depresión (p < 0,001). Los pacientes con VIH y comorbilidades médicas presentaron mayores niveles de depresión (p = 0,044). Los niveles de ansiedad (ρ = -0,516, p = 0,01) y depresión (ρ = -0,509; p = 0,01) estuvieron relacionados con el recuento de linfocitos T CD4+. Conclusión: Se encontraron mayores niveles de depresión en pacientes con comorbilidades y estadio de sida, así como mayores niveles de ansiedad en pacientes en estadio de sida. Se comprobó, además, una relación indirecta y significativa entre los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y el recuento de linfocitos T CD4+. Se recomienda capacitar a los profesionales de salud en el tamizaje de ansiedad y depresión, a fin de mejorar la salud mental de pacientes con VIH.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the relationship between anxiety, depression and CD4+ T lymphocyte count in a sample of people carrying the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methodology: Observational and analytical study. A total of 144 HIV-positive patients were evaluated. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used. Results: The sample's mean age was 41 years. Most of the probands were male (71.5%), single (86.1%) and with secondary education (57.6%). The average length of the disease was 7.7 years, 11.1% presented some comorbidity, and 95.1% used tenofovir as treatment. Thirty-four and 16.7% presented some level of anxiety and depression, respectively. Patients at the AIDS stage presented higher levels of anxiety (p < 0.001) and depression (p < 0.001). Patients with HIV and medical comorbidities had higher levels of depression (p = 0.044). Anxiety (ρ = -0.516, p = 0.01) and depression (ρ = -0.509; p = 0.01) levels were related to CD4+ T lymphocyte count. Conclusion: Higher levels of depression were found in patients with comorbidities and AIDS stage, and higher levels of anxiety were found in patients at the AIDS stage. In addition, a significant indirect relationship was found between anxiety and depression levels and the CD4+ T cell count. Training healthcare professionals to screen for anxiety and depression in order to improve the mental health of HIV patients, is highly recommended.

Análise espaçotemporal das internações por sífilis e HIV/aids nas Regiões de Saúde da Bahia / Spatiotemporal analysis of hospitalizations due to syphilis and HIV/aids in the Health Regions of Bahia / Análisis espaciotemporal de las hospitalizaciones por sífilis y VIH/sida en las Regiones de Salud de Bahía

A sífilis e a infecção causada pelo vírus HIV constituem importantes problemas de saúde pública, em razão das altas taxas de morbimortalidade e do impacto que causam aos programas e às políticas públicas de saúde, tanto de forma isolada quanto no caso de coinfecção. Mesmo a sífilis sendo uma doença curável, e o HIV/aids uma doença que possui tratamento, ambas têm atingido milhões de pessoas no mundo, inclusive no Brasil, onde o estado da Bahia se destaca pelos elevados índices de infecção. Esse quadro se intensifica quando se observam as notificações conforme a raça/cor da pele, havendo um grande número de casos entre jovens negros. Esta dissertação pretende analisar a dinâmica espaçotemporal das taxas de internação por sífilis e HIV/aids em adultos, nas Regiões de Saúde da Bahia, no período de 2000 a 2020. Os dados são provenientes do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH), disponibilizado pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), enquanto os dados populacionais e de raça/cor da pele são do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As análises envolveram tanto medidas descritivas quanto tendência temporal, autocorrelação e correlação cruzada. Nesse ínterim, foram utilizados o método detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), para caracterizar a autocorrelação e identificar a persistência na série temporal; o coeficiente de correlação cruzada ρDCCA, para mensurar a correlação cruzada entre as séries; e a média móvel, para caracterizar a tendência. Também foi realizada a análise descritiva, com a estimativa da tendência temporal por meio do modelo de regressão linear, com correção de Prais-Winsten. No período de 2000 a 2020, foram registradas 16.454 internações, sendo 3,2% por sífilis e 96,8% por HIV/aids. Quanto ao estudo de base temporal, foi identificado um comportamento persistente (αDFA > 0,50) e uma correlação negativa fraca (< 0,20) tanto entre as taxas de sífilis quanto entre as de HIV/aids, sendo estatisticamente significante somente a autocorrelação da sífilis. Os jovens negros constituíram a maioria dos sujeitos hospitalizados, com média geral de idade de 39,2 anos, prevalência do sexo feminino para sífilis (60,5%) e do sexo masculino para HIV/aids (61,8%). As maiores taxas de sífilis foram encontradas nas regiões de saúde de Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso e Salvador. O comportamento da sífilis foi estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05), com variação percentual anual (VPA) de 14,1% (ß1 > 0 e p < 0,05), o que denota uma tendência crescente. Para os casos de HIV/aids, as maiores taxas foram observadas nas regiões de Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas e Seabra. Não houve significância estatística para HIV/aids (p > 0,05), sendo o VPA de 1,6% (ß1 > 0 e p < 0,05), o que também indica uma tendência crescente. Espera-se que, com esta pesquisa, seja possível contribuir não somente para a atualização do conhecimento sobre infecção por sífilis e HIV/aids em adultos, mas principalmente para a construção de indicadores e para o planejamento e fortalecimento das políticas públicas de saúde, com ênfase nos sistemas de vigilância do estado da Bahia.

Syphilis and the infection by the HIV virus are important public health problems, due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality and the impact they cause to public health programs and policies, both in isolation and in cases of co-infection. Even though syphilis is a curable disease, and HIV/AIDS is a disease that has treatment, both have reached millions of people around the world, including Brazil, where the state of Bahia stands out for its high infection rates. This picture is intensified when the notifications according to race/skin color are observed, since there is a large number of cases among young black people. This dissertation intends to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of hospitalization rates for syphilis and HIV/AIDS in adults, in the Health Regions of Bahia, from 2000 to 2020. The data came from the Hospital Information System (SIH), made available by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), and the population and race/skin color data came from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Analyzes involved both descriptive measures and temporal trend, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation. In the meantime, the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) method was used to characterize this autocorrelation and identify the persistence in the time series; the cross-correlation coefficient ρDCCA, to measure the cross-correlation between the series; and the moving average, to characterize the trend. Descriptive analysis was also performed, with the estimation of the temporal trend by the linear regression model, with Prais-Winsten (PW) correction. In the period from 2000 to 2020, 16,454 hospitalizations were registered, with 3.2% for syphilis and 96.8% for HIV/AIDS. Regarding the time-based study, a persistent behavior (αDFA > 0.50) and a weak negative correlation (< 0.20) were identified between both the syphilis and the HIV/AIDS rates, and only the autocorrelation for syphilis was statistically significant. Young black people constituted most hospitalized subjects, with a general mean age of 39.2 years, with a female prevalence for syphilis (60.5%) and a male for HIV/AIDS (61.8%). The highest rates of syphilis were found in the health regions of Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso, and Salvador. The behavior of syphilis was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of 14.1% (ß1 > 0 and p-value < 0.05), which denotes an increasing trend. For HIV/AIDS cases, the highest rates were observed in the regions of Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas, and Seabra. There was no statistical significance for HIV/AIDS (p-value > 0.05), with an AAPC of 1.6% (ß1 > 0 and p-value < 0.05), which also indicates an increasing trend. We hope that, with this research, it will be possible to contribute not only to the updating of knowledge about syphilis and HIV/AIDS infection in adults, but mainly to constructing indicators, and planning and strengthening public health policies, with an emphasis on surveillance systems of the state of Bahia.

La sífilis y la infección por el virus del VIH son importantes problemas de salud pública, dadas las altas tasas de morbimortalidad y el impacto que llevan a los programas y políticas de salud pública, tanto de forma aislada como en relación con la coinfección. Si bien la sífilis es una enfermedad curable y el VIH/sida, una enfermedad tratable, ambas han afectado a millones de personas en el mundo, y en Brasil destaca el estado de Bahía por sus altas tasas de infección. Este cuadro se intensifica aún más cuando se observan las notificaciones según raza/color de piel, en que hay un gran número de casos entre jóvenes negros. Esta tesis pretende analizar la dinámica espaciotemporal de las tasas de hospitalización por sífilis y VIH/sida en adultos, en las regiones de salud de Bahía (Brasil), en el período de 2000 a 2020. Los datos provienen del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH) que dispone el Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS); mientras que los datos de población y raza/color de piel se obtuvieron del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE). Los análisis incluyeron medidas descriptivas y tendencias temporales, autocorrelación y correlación cruzada. Por su parte, se realizó el método detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) para caracterizar esta autocorrelación e identificar la persistencia en la serie temporal; el coeficiente de correlación cruzada ρDCCA para medir la correlación cruzada entre las series, así como la media móvil para caracterizar la tendencia. También se realizó un análisis descriptivo, con la estimación de la tendencia temporal mediante el modelo de regresión lineal, con corrección de Prais-Winsten (PW). De 2000 a 2020 se registraron 16.454 hospitalizaciones, el 3,2% por sífilis y el 96,8% por VIH/sida. En cuanto al estudio de base temporal, se identificó un comportamiento persistente (αDFA > 0,50) y una correlación negativa débil (< 0,20) tanto entre las tasas de sífilis como de VIH/sida, y solo es estadísticamente significativa la autocorrelación por sífilis. Los jóvenes negros son mayoría entre los individuos hospitalizados, cuyo promedio general de edad es de 39,8 años, con predominancia de mujeres con sífilis (60,5%) y de varones con VIH/sida (61,8%). Las mayores tasas de sífilis se encontraron en las regiones sanitarias de Itabuna, Ilhéus, Paulo Afonso y Salvador. El comportamiento de la sífilis fue estadísticamente significativo (p-valor < 0,05), con una variación porcentual anual (VPA) del 14,1% (ß1 > 0 y p-valor < 0,05), lo que apunta a una tendencia creciente. Para los casos de VIH/sida, las tasas más altas se observaron en las regiones de Salvador, Camaçari, Teixeira de Freitas y Seabra. No hubo significación estadística para el VIH/sida (p-valor > 0,05), con un VPA del 1,6% (ß1 > 0 y p-valor < 0,05), lo que también indica una tendencia creciente. Se espera que con esta investigación se pueda contribuir no solo a la actualización de conocimientos sobre la infección por sífilis y VIH/sida en adultos, sino principalmente a la construcción de indicadores, planificación y fortalecimiento de políticas públicas de salud, con énfasis en los sistemas de vigilancia en el estado de Bahía.

Ações de enfermagem para prevençãodo hiv em adolescentes: uma revisão integrativa / Nursing Actions For Hiv Prevention In Adolescents: An Integrative Review

Objetivo: identificar como os enfermeiros desenvolvem a prevenção do HIV em adolescentes. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura, por meio de estudos selecionados em bases eletrônicas: Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus e Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), a busca dos estudos foi realizada nos meses de outubro a novembro de 2022. Resultados: Foram selecionados quatro artigos, sendo todos publicados em periódicos internacionais. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o estudo apontou os facilitadores e as dificuldades em profissionais da enfermagem ao realizar cuidados preventivos de HIV junto a adolescentes. (AU)

Objective: to identify how nurses develop HIV prevention in adolescents. Method: this is an integrative literature review, through selected studies in electronic databases: Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the search for studies was carried out in the October to November 2022. Results: Four articles were selected, all of which were published in international journals. Conclusion: It is concluded that the study pointed out the facilitators and difficulties for nursing professionals when performing HIV preventive care with adolescents.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar cómo los enfermeros desarrollan la prevención del VIH en adolescentes. Método: se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, a través de estudios seleccionados en bases de datos electrónicas: Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus y Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), la búsqueda de estudios se realizó en los meses de octubre a noviembre. 2022. Resultados: Se seleccionaron cuatro artículos, todos publicados en revistas internacionales. Conclusión: Se concluye que el estudio apuntó facilitadores y dificultades para los profesionales de enfermería en la realización de cuidados preventivos del VIH con adolescentes.(AU)

Características clínicas, demográficas, y problemas relacionados a la medicación en pacientes de 50 años o más con diagnóstico reciente de VIH en Medellín, Colombia / Clinical and demographic characteristics, and problems related to medication in patients with 50 or more years with recent diagnosis of HIV in Medellín, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la multimorbilidad, polifarmacia, y los problemas relacionados con la medicación son frecuentes tanto en las personas que envejecen con VIH como en los que se diagnostica en edades avanzadas. Objetivo: describir las características demográficas, clínicas y los problemas relacionados con la medicación en pacientes ≥ 50 años con nuevo diagnóstico de infección por VIH. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se incluyen pacientes ≥ 50 años con nuevo diagnóstico de infección por VIH, quienes ingresan a cuatro centros de atención de VIH de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, entre enero 2013 y diciembre 2016. Resultados: se analizaron 493 pacientes. 62,7 % (n=309) de pacientes se encontraban en estadio 3 de la OMS y 49,5 % (n=244) tenían alguna condición definitoria de SIDA, siendo las más frecuente el síndrome de desgaste 23,7 % (n=117) y la tuberculosis 16,8 % (n=82). Al momento del diagnóstico, la mediana de CD4 fue 176 células/mL (RIQ 59-352) y carga viral 117.323 copias/mL (RIQ, 28.237411.139). Un 59 % (n=291) tenían comorbilidades no infecciosas, las más comunes hipertensión arterial 22,3 % (n=110) y dislipidemia 14,2 % (n=70). Se encontraron 66,1 % (n=326) pacientes con problemas relacionados con la medicación, siendo los más frecuentes: interacciones medicamentosas 61,1 % (301), polifarmacia con ARV 53,1 % (262), medicación potencialmente inapropiada 7,9 % (39), y alto riesgo anticolinérgico en el 2,4 % (12). Conclusión: al momento del diagnóstico, los adultos mayores VIH positivos presentan de manera frecuente multimorbilidad, polifarmacia e interacciones medicamentosas. El diagnóstico de VIH en esta población es más tardío y la presencia de enfermedades oportunistas es frecuente.

Abstract Introduction: multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and problems related to medication are common both, in aging people with HIV and in those diagnosed in advanced ages. Objective: To describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, and problems related to medication in patients ≥ 50 years old with new diagnosis of HIV. Methods: A descriptive transversal study. This study included patients ≥ 50-year-old, with new diagnosis of infection with HIV, who attended four HIV healthcare programs in the city of Medellín, Colombia, between January 2013 and December 2016. Results: 493 patients were analyzed. 62.7% (n=309) were in WHO clinical stage 3. 49.5% (n=244) had at least one definitory condition of AIDS, with wasting syndrome (23.7%, n=117) and tuberculosis (16.8%, n=82) being the most frequent ones. At the time of diagnosis, the median of CD4 and viral load was 176 cells/mL (IQR 59-352) and 117,323 copies/mL (IQR 28,237411,139), respectively. 59% (n=291) had non-infectious comorbidities, with the two most common being arterial hypertension (22.3%, n=110) and dyslipidemia (14.2%, n=70). 66.1% (n=326) of patients had problems related to medication, being the most frequent: drug interactions (61.1%, n=301), polypharmacy with ARV drugs (53.1%), potentially inappropriate medication (7.9%, n=39), and high anticholinergic risk (2.4%, n=12). Conclusion: at the time of diagnosis, HIV-positive older adults frequently have multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and drug interactions. The diagnosis of HIV in this population is very delayed and the presence of opportunistic infections is frequent.

Missed and Lost to Follow-up Cases in HIV Positive Patients and the Impact of Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic on Adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy at ART Center, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for HIV has changed a highly fatal disease to a chronic manageable condition. National technical guidelines by NACO say that adherence of >95%(optimal) is required for optimal viral load suppression which is a challenge both for the patient and the health system. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the reasons for missed and lost to follow-up (LFU) cases and to assess the impact of the COVID pandemic on ART adherence. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study conducted at ART center, Jhansi. Methods and Material: 357 patients were administered a self-designed questionnaire after taking informed consent to enquire about the reasons for missing doses and LFU and whether they missed treatment during the lockdown. Statistical analysis used: the results were expressed in frequencies and percentages and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Results: 72% HIV patients had optimal adherence and 6.7% were on second-line treatment. Out of 357 patients, 56 had missed treatment and 10 were LFU. The main reasons for the missing were run out of pills, busy with other things and being away from home. The number of episodes of missed and LFU increased during the pandemic. The main problems faced were lack of transport (24), fear of catching the disease (7), no money to hire a vehicle (5). Conclusions: Constant monitoring and handholding of those with suboptimal adherence is required. Travel allowance to such patients and regular counseling will help to ensure adherence. Long-term solutions include vocational rehabilitation and awareness programs to reduce stigma and discrimination.

Reconstrucción perianal con colgajo V-Y por tumor de Büschke-Löwenstein

Introducción: El condiloma acuminado gigante es una rara enfermedad que se manifiesta en el 0,1 % de las personas con vida sexual activa, su tratamiento es variable; la cirugía es el más radical y definitivo, aunque la recurrencia no es despreciable. Ante grandes defectos de la región perianal luego de la resección es útil la rotación de colgajos para recubrir el defecto. Objetivos: Exponer el tratamiento quirúrgico reconstructivo realizado a un paciente con tumor de Büschke-Löwenstein perianal. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 47 años, afroamericano, con antecedentes de infección por el VIH, diagnosticado 8 meses antes de la consulta por el cuadro actual; en tratamiento con antirretrovirales. Acude a consulta con una lesión anal en forma de coliflor, que ocupa un diámetro de aproximadamente 10 cm; se le realizó un procedimiento quirúrgico para tratamiento definitivo, mediante escisión y anoplastia con colgajo en V-Y y se extirpó a lesión vegetante sobre el borde interno del glúteo derecho, cuya área formó parte del colgajo V-Y. Conclusiones: Las técnicas reconstructivas en la región perianal se deben individualizar en cada caso, en dependencia del tipo de defecto, su topografía y las condiciones locales; aunque pudiese existir la preferencia de una sobre otras, la literatura científica no aporta suficiente evidencia al respecto. La técnica reconstructiva realizada al paciente demostró que, aun con altas tasas de recurrencia y complicaciones, resultó efectiva para el paciente pese a tener comorbilidades que pudieron influir en una evolución tórpida.

Introduction: The giant condyloma acuminata is a rare disease that manifests itself in 0.1% of people with an active sexual life, its treatment is variable, surgery being the most radical and definitive, although recurrence is not negligible. In case of large defects in the perianal region after resection, flap rotation is useful to cover the defect. Objectives: To expose the reconstructive surgical treatment performed on a patient with perianal Büschke-Löwenstein tumor. Clinical case: A 47-year-old African American male patient with a history of HIV infection diagnosed 8 months prior to the current consultation, in treatment with antiretrovirals. Who came to the clinic with an anal lesion in the shape of a cauliflower, which occupies a diameter of approximately 10 cm, a surgical procedure was performed as a definitive treatment through excision and anoplasty with a V-Y flap, and the vegetative lesion on the edge was excised, internal of the right gluteus whose area was part of the V-Y flap. Conclusions: Reconstructive techniques in the perianal region must be individualized in each case, depending on the type of defect, its topography, and local conditions, and although there may be a preference for one over others, the scientific literature does not provide sufficient evidence in this regard. The reconstructive technique performed on the patient showed that even with high rates of recurrence and complications, it was effective for the patient despite having comorbidities that could influence a torpid evolution.

Knowledge on post-exposure prophylaxis, sexual behavior, and vulnerabilities to HIV and other STIs among young adults in Brazil

Introduction: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the use of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection after potential risk exposure. ARV-based interventions are recommended as part of combination HIV prevention, especially for key populations. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure knowledge about PEP among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on university students from the Health, Education, Exact, and Human Sciences Departments of the State University of Bahia, Brazil. Sociodemographic data, information on sexual behavior, and knowledge of PEP were collected through a standardized self-applied questionnaire. Results: We analyzed 1580 questionnaires, of which 66.7% (1024/1536) were from females, with a mean age of 23.9 (±6.5) years, and 35.4% (448/1264) reported irregular use of condoms and regular use was not associated with being students from the health area (p=0.44, OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.69­1.17). Regarding PEP, 28.5% (449/1578) had known about it and their knowledge was statistically associated with men who have sex with men (MSM) (p<0.01, OR 3.92, 95%CI 2.45­6.28). It was noted that 94.0% (1485/1579) did not know the time limit for starting PEP, 95.1% (1500/1578) did not know the duration of prophylaxis, and 91.1% (1437/1577) did not know where to get PEP. Finally, 0.4% (7/1578) referred to previous use and 96.6% (1488/1540) would not change their sexual behavior after knowing about PEP. Conclusion: PEP is a prevention strategy available for decades and is safe, effective, and cost-effective. However, it is underutilized and a lack of knowledge on PEP is one of the main obstacles to access. Among university students, there is a limited knowledge about PEP acting as a barrier in preventing new infections, which shows the need for interventions based on sexual-health education, stimulating the reduction of risk behaviors and disseminating information about combination prevention.

Introdução: A Profilaxia Pós-Exposição (PEP) é o uso de medicamentos antirretrovirais (ARVs) para reduzir o risco de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) após uma potencial exposição. Intervenções baseadas em ARV são recomendadas como parte da prevenção combinada do HIV, especialmente para populações-chave. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o conhecimento sobre PEP entre estudantes universitários. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre universitários dos Departamentos de Saúde, Educação, Ciências Exatas e Humanas da Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Dados sociodemográficos, informações sobre comportamento sexual e conhecimento sobre PEP foram coletados por meio de um questionário autoaplicável padronizado. Resultados: Foram analisados 1.580 questionários, 66,7% (1024/1536) do sexo feminino, idade média de 23,9 (±6,5) anos, 35,4% (448/1264) relatam uso irregular de preservativo, e o uso regular não foi associado ao fato de ser estudante da área da saúde (p=0,44, OR 0,90, IC95% 0,69-1,17). Em relação à PEP, 28,5% (449/1578) já tinham ouvido falar, e seu conhecimento foi estatisticamente associado a homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) (p<0,01, OR 3,92, IC95% 2,45­6,28). Destaca-se que 94,0% (1485/1579) não sabiam o tempo limite para iniciar o PEP, 95,1% (1500/1578) não sabiam o tempo de duração da profilaxia e 91,1% (1437/1577) não sabiam onde conseguir o PEP. Por fim, 0,4% (7/1578) referiu uso anterior e 96,6% (1488/1540) não mudaria seu comportamento sexual após saber da PEP. Conclusão: A PEP é uma estratégia de prevenção disponível há décadas, segura, eficaz e de baixo custo, porém, é subutilizada e seu desconhecimento é um dos principais obstáculos ao acesso. Há um conhecimento limitado sobre PEP entre universitários, destacando-se como uma barreira na prevenção de novas infecções, o que evidencia a necessidade de intervenções baseadas na educação em saúde sexual, estimulando a redução de comportamentos de risco e disseminando informações sobre prevenção combinada.

Epidemiological characteristics and secular trend of the HIV/AIDS cases among 15-24 years old population in Hefei from 2004 to 2022 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases among 15-24 year old population reported in Hefei from 2004 to 2022, so as to provide insights into AIDS control among adolescents.@*Methods@#The epidemiological data regarding HIV/AIDS cases between 15 and 24 years old reported in Hefei from 2004 to 2022 were captured from the AIDS comprehensive prevention and control information system of Chinese disease prevention and control information system, and data regarding temporal distribution, population distribution, and routes of infections and detection were descriptively analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods.@*Results@#From 2004 to 2022, 865 cases of HIV/AIDS were reported in Hefei among 15-24 years old youth, accounting for 21.80% of the total reported cases. Among the HIV/AIDS patients, males accounted for 92.60%(801 cases), the unmarried ones accounted for 93.41% (808 cases)，those with college degree or above accounted for 60.12% (520 cases)，and 25.78%(223 cases) of them were students. The proportion of student cases increased annually( χ 2 trends =47.67, P <0.01). Homosexual transmission accounted for 81.39%, both showed an increasing trend( χ 2 trends =51.23, P <0.01)．Totally 55.49% of cases were found through testing and consultation, and the proportion of cases increased by year( χ 2 trends =112.18, P <0.01). In 2004-2022，the number of newly reported cases among people aged 15-24 showed a rising trend at an average rate of 24.46% by year( Z=4.92, P <0.01), which was higher than the average rate of 21.54% for the entire population( Z=12.75, P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#The epidemic of HIV/AIDS among population aged 15-24 years is serious in Hefei. Comprehensive measures for HIV education and prevention intervention are desperately needed to be reinforced among targeted students.

Discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Chengdu, China / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the discrepancy between behavioral-indicated candidacy and perceived candidacy (behavioral-perceived gap) and its associated factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to identify the focus population of PrEP interventions and to design and implement targeted interventions.@*METHODS@#We recruited a sample of 622 HIV-negative MSM who were regular clients of a community-based organization located in Chengdu, China, from November to December 2021. A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to collect the participants' information on social demographics, PrEP-related knowledge and cognitions, and risk behaviors. In this study, behaviorally eligible for PrEP was defined as performing at least one type of high-risk behavior in the past six months, including inconsistent condom use, sex with an HIV-positive partner, confirmed sexual transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, substance use, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) experience. Logistic regression models were fitted, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for social demographics.@*RESULTS@#Among the 622 eligible participants, 52.6% (327/622) were classified as behaviorally eligible for PrEP. Only 37.9% (124/327) of the participants perceived themselves as appropriate candidates for PrEP and 62.1% (203/207) had discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy. 85.9% (281/327) had heard of PrEP, and 14.2% (40/281) accessed PrEP information through health care providers. Of the 327 participants eligible for behavior-indicated PrEP use, about half (47.1%) knew how to obtain PrEP medication and 33.0% had a professional PrEP counseling experience. The majority (93.3%) had no or few friends using PrEP. 54.1% scored eight or above in PrEP knowledge level. 66.7% reported having two or more sexual partners in the past six months. After adjusting for age and recruitment channel, we found six factors that were associated with perceived candidacy for PrEP, including PEP use [adjusted odds ratio (ORA)=2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-3.63], PrEP availability (ORA=1.69; 95%CI: 1.06-2.68), a greater number of PrEP-using friends (ORA=4.92; 95%CI: 1.77-13.65), PrEP know-ledge (ORA=2.21; 95%CI: 1.38-3.56), multiple sexual partnership (ORA=1.77; 95%CI: 1.07-2.94), and perceiving a higher risk of HIV infection (ORA=4.02; 95%CI: 1.73-9.32). Substance use during sex and PrEP information channel were not statistically associated with this beha-vioral-perceived gap.@*CONCLUSION@#We observed a high discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for PrEP among Chengdu MSM in China. Future PrEP implementation efforts should be made in skills training in assessing HIV infection risk, increasing PrEP knowledge, providing professional PrEP counselling, and fostering PrEP support environment.

Prevalence and influencing factors of sleep disorder in HIV/AIDS patients before antiviral therapy / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To understand the incidence of sleep disorder in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients before antiviral therapy, and to explore its risk factors.Methods:200 newly treated HIV/AIDS patients who visited the Eighth Affiliated City Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January to June 2016 were randomly selected. According to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), they were divided into a good sleep group and a Sleep disorder group; The influencing factors of sleep disorder in HIV/AIDS patients were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.Results:The incidence of Sleep disorder in 200 HIV/AIDS patients before antiviral therapy was 22.5%(45/200); CD4 + T cell count was (414.13±202.16)/μl; 29%(58/200) of patients had CD4 + T cell counts<200/μl. There were significant differences in CD4 + T cell count and the proportion of patients with syphilis infection, comorbidity anxiety and comorbidity depression between the good sleep group and the Sleep disorder group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that syphilis infection ( OR=4.606; 95% CI: 1.973-10.752; P<0.001), comorbidity anxiety ( OR=2.496; 95% CI: 1.086-5.737; P=0.031) and comorbidity depression ( OR=2.087; 95% CI: 0.915-4.760; P=0.040) were risk factors for sleep disorder in HIV/AIDS patients before antiviral treatment. Conclusions:The incidence of Sleep disorder in HIV/AIDS patients before antiviral therapy in Guangzhou is high, especially in patients with syphilis infection, comorbidity anxiety and comorbidity depression. The sleep disorder of HIV/AIDS patients should be assessed and detected early, and multiple interventions should be taken to improve sleep quality.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated glomerulonephritis in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case report and literature review / 中华肾脏病杂志

Anti neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic disease characterized by small vessel wall inflammation and cellulose necrosis mediated by ANCA. Renal injury caused by AAV is called ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN). The paper reported a case of AAV with renal damage combined with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The patient was an elderly male with clinical manifestations of hematuria and uremia. Renal pathological examination showed AAV and renal injury. This case is the first report in China while reviewing the relevant literature, and it is still inconclusive whether this is an overlap of the two diseases or a specific pathological type of HIV-associated nephritis. We believe that AAV has the potential to occur in HIV-infected patients, so clinicians should not ignore the phenomenon of ANCA positivity in HIV-infected patients, and the follow-up of such patients needs to be enhanced. Clinical and renal pathological examinations are the main methods to diagnose HIV infection with AAV. At the same time, there are no clear guideline guidelines on how to administer immunosuppressive therapy for such patients who have immunodeficiency and are at higher risk of opportunistic infections, and in whom to make the best possible outcomes.

Fatores associados à retenção de travestis e mulheres trans vivendo com HIV em uma intervenção com navegação de pares em São Paulo, Brasil / Factores asociados con la retención de travestis y mujeres transgénero que viven con el VIH en una intervención consultada por pares en São Paulo, Brasil / Factors associated with the retention of travestis and transgender women living with HIV in a peer navigation intervention in São Paulo, Brazil

Travestis e mulheres trans (TrMT) pertencem aos grupos com mais alta prevalência do HIV no mundo, com maior probabilidade de infecção em relação à população geral e menor adesão a estratégias de prevenção e tratamento do que outros grupos vulneráveis. Considerando esses desafios, descrevemos os fatores associados à retenção de TrMT com HIV no projeto TransAmigas. O recrutamento ocorreu entre abril de 2018 e setembro de 2019, em um serviço público de saúde em São Paulo, Brasil. Foram inscritas 113 TrMT, atribuídas aleatoriamente para uma intervenção com navegadora de pares (75) ou um grupo controle (38) e seguidas durante nove meses. Para analisar a associação entre as variáveis selecionadas e o desfecho ("retenção aos nove meses" independentemente do contato aos três meses, definido pela "resposta completa ao questionário final"), foram empregados modelos de regressão logística bi e multivariados. Uma exploração qualitativa dos formulários de contato de pares foi realizada para validar e complementar a seleção prévia de variáveis do componente quantitativo. Das 113 participantes, 79 (69,9%) responderam à entrevista de nove meses, sendo 54 (72%) do grupo intervenção e 25 (66%) do grupo controle. No modelo multivariado final, o contato aos três meses (odds ratio ajustado - ORa = 6,15; intervalo de 95% de confiança - 95%CI: 2,16-17,51) e a maior escolaridade (≥ 12 anos) (ORa = 3,26; IC95%: 1,02-10,42) permaneceram associados ao desfecho, ajustados por raça/cor, idade < 35 anos e revelação do status sorológico para HIV. Pesquisas futuras com TrMT devem incluir contato em intervalos regulares, com esforços adicionais voltados a participantes com menor escolaridade.

La población de travestis y mujeres trans (TrMT) está en los grupos con mayor prevalencia de VIH en el mundo, con mayor probabilidad de infección en comparación con la población general y menor adherencia a las estrategias de prevención y tratamiento que otros grupos vulnerables. Ante estos desafíos, describimos los factores asociados a la retención de TrMT con VIH en el proyecto TransAmigas. La selección ocurrió entre abril de 2018 y septiembre de 2019, en un servicio público de salud de São Paulo, Brasil. Se inscribieron 113 TrMT, a las cuales se asignaron aleatoriamente a una intervención de navegador de pares (75) o a un grupo control (38) y se les dio seguimiento durante 9 meses. Para analizar la asociación entre las variables seleccionadas y el resultado ("retención a los nueve meses" independientemente del contacto a los 3 meses, definido por "respuesta completa al cuestionario final"), se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística bi- y multivariante. Se realizó una exploración cualitativa de los formularios de contacto de pares para validar y complementar la selección previa de las variables en el componente cuantitativo. De las 113 participantes, 79 (69,9%) respondieron a la entrevista de los 9 meses, de las cuales 54 (72%) pertenecían al grupo intervención y 25 (66%) al grupo control. En el modelo multivariante final, el contacto a los 3 meses (odds ratio ajustado - ORa = 6,15; intervalo de 95% de confianza - IC95%: 2,16-17,51) y un alto nivel de instrucción (≥ 12 años) (ORa = 3,26; IC95%: 1,02-10,42) permanecieron asociados con el resultado, ajustado por etnia/color, edad < 35 años y divulgación del estado serológico respecto al VIH. Los futuros estudios con la población TrMT deberán incluir contacto a intervalos regulares, con esfuerzos adicionales dirigidos a las participantes con menor nivel de instrucción.

Travestis and transgender women (TrTGW) constitute the groups with the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with higher probability of infection compared with the general population and lower adherence to prevention and treatment strategies than other vulnerable groups. Considering these challenges, this study describes the factors associated with the retention of TrTGW with HIV to the TransAmigas project. Participants were recruited from April 2018 to September 2019 in a public health service in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 113 TrTGW were randomly assigned to either a peer navigation intervention (75) or a control group (38) and followed up for nine months. To analyze the association between the selected variables and the outcome ("retention at nine months", regardless of contact at three months, defined by the "full completion of the final questionnaire"), bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used. Peer contact forms were qualitatively assessed to validate and complement the previous selection of quantitative component variables. Of the 113 participants, 79 (69.9%) participated in the interview after nine months, of which 54 (72%) were from the intervention group and 25 (66%) from the control group. In the final multivariate model, contact at three months (adjusted odds ratio - aOR = 6.15; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 2.16-17.51) and higher schooling level (≥ 12 years) (aOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.02-10.42) remained associated with the outcome, adjusted by race/skin color, age ≤ 35 years, and HIV serostatus disclosure. Future studies with TrTGW should include contact at regular intervals, with additional efforts aimed at participants with lower schooling level.