Modelos de distribución de especies y estado de conservación de murciélagos amenazados en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú / Species distribution models and conservation status of threatened bats in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Perú

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad se está perdiendo a un ritmo acelerado como resultado del cambio global. Herramientas como los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) han sido ampliamente usados para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el estado de conservación de las especies y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias de gestión para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Objetivo: Determinar cómo la distribución potencial predicha por los MDEs para ocho especies de murciélagos amenazados difiere de los mapas de distribución reportados por la UICN. También, inferir el área de distribución y estado de endemismo de cada especie, y evaluar la importancia de la región tumbesina para su conservación. Métodos: Basados en registros de presencia del rango global de las especies, usamos MDEs para evaluar el estado de conservación de estas ocho especies en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú. Resultados: Las áreas estimadas por los MDEs eran 35-78 % más pequeñas para cuatro especies (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium y Lonchophylla hesperia) y 26-1 600 % más grandes para tres especies (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni y Rhogeessa velilla) que aquellas reportadas por la UICN. Para Tomopeas ravus, el área estimada por el MDE y la UICN fue similar, pero difirió en la distribución espacial. Los MDEs coincidieron con áreas de endemismo informadas por autores previos para E. innoxius, R. velilla y T. ravus, pero fueron diferentes para A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni y L. hesperia, debido en parte a las distribuciones proyectadas para estas últimas especies en valles secos interandinos según los MDEs. Conclusiones: La región tumbesina representa una porción significativa (40-96 %) de la distribución predicha de siete de las ocho especies estudiadas, subrayando la importancia de esta región para la conservación de murciélagos. Nuestros resultados muestran las probables distribuciones para estas especies y proporcionan una base importante para identificar vacíos de investigación y desarrollar medidas de conservación para murciélagos amenazados en el punto caliente de biodiversidad de Tumbes.

Abstract Introduction: Biodiversity is being lost at an accelerating rate because of global change. Tools such as species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to improve knowledge about species' conservation status and help develop management strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss. SDMs are especially important for species with restricted distributions, such as endemic species. Objective: To determine how potential distribution predicted by SDMs for eight threatened bat species differed from the distribution maps reported by the IUCN. Also, to infer the area of distribution and state of endemism of each specie, and to evaluate the importance of the Tumbesian region for their conservation. Methods: Based on presence records across the species' entire ranges, we used SDMs to assess the conservation status of these eight species in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Peru. Results: The areas estimated by SDMs were 35-78 % smaller for four species (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium and Lonchophylla hesperia) and 26-1 600 % larger for three species (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni and Rhogeessa velilla) than those reported by the IUCN. For Tomopeas ravus, the area estimated by the SDM and IUCN was similar but differed in spatial distribution. SDMs coincided with areas of endemism reported by previous authors for E. innoxius, R. velilla, and T. ravus, but were different for A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni, and L. hesperia, due in part to projected distributions for these latter species in dry inter-Andean valleys according to the SDMs. Conclusions: The Tumbesian region represents a significant portion (40-96 %) of the predicted distribution of seven of the eight species studied, underscoring the importance of this region for bat conservation. Our results show likely distributions for these species and provide an important basis for identifying research gaps and developing conservation measures for threatened bats in the Tumbes biodiversity hotspot.

Prediction of the Potential Habitat of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province Based on the Maximum Entropy Model and Analysis on Its Ecological Characteristics / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of climate change on the geographical distribution of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province,and predict its potential habitat;To provide a theoretical basis for resource conservation of cultivation of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao.Methods Based on the distribution data of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao from field surveys,the maximum entropy model and geographic information system were used to simulate its potential habitat in Gansu Province for the current(1970-2000)and future(2041-2060)periods,and the contribution of environmental factors and the results of the knife-cut test were integrated to assess the important factors governing the distribution of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao.Results The dominant environmental variables governing the geographical distribution of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao were precipitation in the wettest month,average temperature in the wettest season,and elevation.The potential suitable area of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province under current climatic conditions was 65 902.66 km2,and the high suitable area was mainly concentrated in Dingxi District.In the future period,the suitable areas of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao under the scenarios of SSP126,SSP370 and SSP585 all showed a decreasing trend,especially the area of the high suitable areas decreased significantly.Conclusion Future climate change will lead to a significant reduction in the suitable habitat for A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao in Gansu Province.The suitable habitat will mainly move towards high-altitude mountainous areas,and the continuity of A.membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao resources can be maintained by establishing ecological protection zones.

Study on Ecological Suitability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in China Based on MaxEnt Model / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To understand the distribution of ecological suitability of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi;To screen the main ecological factors affecting its distribution;To predict its suitable planting area in China.Methods A total of 231 batches of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were collected through the fourth national survey of TCM resources.The environment information of sampling points were recorded,and 55 ecological factors were analyzed by MaxEnt model and GIS.Results Rainfall,vegetation type and soil types had a greater influence on the distribution of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.The ecological suitable areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi mainly concentrated in the eastern part of Shaanxi Province,the western part of Hebei Province and most areas of Chengde,the most part of Shanxi Province,the western part of Beijing,the western part of Liaoning Province,the central and eastern part of Shandong Province,the junction of Jiangsu and Anhui Province,the northern part of Yunnan Province,and the eastern and southern part of Sichuan Province.Conclusion The ecological suitability areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were classified in this study,and the results could provide reference for the selection of cultivation areas of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.

Study on Prediction of Potential Suitable Distribution Areas of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.in China Based on Optimal MaxEnt Model / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To predict the potential suitable growth areas of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.under current climate conditions in China;To provide basis for the sustainable utilization of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.resources and production planning.Methods Based on 267 screened species distribution data of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.and 8 environmental factors,the MaxEnt parameters were optimized by the R language kuenm package.The main environmental factors that affect the distribution of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.was analyzed and its potential distribution range was predicted.Results The omission rate of the optimal model operation results was 0.044 8,AICc=6 409.884 5,AUC=0.986,indicating a high accuracy of the model.Based on the contribution rate of environmental factors and the knife cut method,it was indicated that the key environmental factors affecting the current distribution of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.were mainly the average precipitation in July,the average highest temperature in February,the average precipitation in September,the coldest season precipitation,the coefficient of variation of precipitation,the standard deviation of seasonal temperature changes,and the warmest season precipitation.The simulation results showed that the total suitable area for Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.in China under current climate conditions was approximately 221.14×104 km2,concentrated in the central and central southern regions of China.The area of the high suitability zone was approximately 23.13×104 km2;the area of the suitable growth zone was approximately 73.78×104 km2;the area of low suitability zone was approximately 124.22×104 km2.Conclusion This study provides a basis and reference for the artificial cultivation planning and sustainable utilization of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.resources.

Maxent modeling for predicting the global potential distribution of talaromycosis marneffei / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To predict the potential distribution of talaromycosis marneffei (TSM) and analyze its driving factors, so as to provide evidence for the surveillance and prevention of this disease. Methods　The data of all laboratory-confirmed, non-duplicating TSM published in the English and Chinese literature from the first case in January 1964 to December 2018 was collected. A Maxent ecology model using environmental variables, Rhizomys distribution and HIV/AIDS epidemic was developed to forecast ecological niche of TSM worldwide, as well as identify the driving factors. Results　A total of 705 articles (477 in Chinese and 228 in English) were obtained during the study period. After excluding imported cases, a total of 100 foci information were included in the model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the model was 0.997 for the training set and 0.991 for the test set. Maxent model revealed that Rhizomys distribution, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation of wettest month, HIV/AIDS epidemic and mean temperature of driest quarter were the top 5 important variables affecting TSM distribution. In addition to identifying traditional TSM endemic areas (South of the Yangtze River in China, Southeast Asian, North and Northeast India), other potential endemic areas were also identified, including parts of the North of the Yangtze River, Central America, West Coast of Africa, East Coast of South America, the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Conclusion　Our finding has discovered hidden high-risk areas and provided insights about driving factors of TSM distribution, which will help inform surveillance strategies and improve the effectiveness of public health interventions against TM infections.

MaxEnt model-ArcGIS-based evaluation of habitat suitability of Hedysari Radix / 中成药

AIM To evaluate the habitat suitability of Hedysari Radix based on MaxEnt model and ArcGIS.METHODS Using the MaxEnt model to screen the ecological factors affecting the distribution of Hedysari Radix,an evaluation model was thus established.ArcGIS software was used to evaluate the ecological suitability of Hedysari Radix to obtain the data about the highly suitable area,the moderate suitable area,the low suitable area and non-suitable area for its growth in China.RESULTS Hedysari Radix found its 1.29×106 km2 suitable area in China,among which the highly suitable area was 5×104 km2,mainly in Gansu Province,the moderately suitable area was 3.38×105 km2,and the low-suitable area was 9×105 km2,occupying 4.03%,26.20%and 69.77%of all,respectively.The main ecological factors affecting the distribution of Hedysari Radix were determined to be altitude,precipitation in the hottest quarter,solar radiation in September and December,seasonal temperature variation deviation and basic saturation of upper soil(0-30 cm).CONCLUSION With its result complying well with the literature records,this study provides theoretical basis for the introduction and cultivation of Hedysari Radix,and sustainable utilization of resources as well.

Prediction of global potential growth areas for Panax ginseng based on GMPGIS system and MaxEnt model / 中国中药杂志

The suitable habitat for the endangered and valuable medicinal herb Panax ginseng is gradually decreasing. It is crucial to investigate its suitable growing areas in China for global protection and sustainable utilization of P. ginseng. In this study, 371 distribution points of P. ginseng were collected, and 21 environmental factors were used as ecological indicators. The geographic information system for global medicinal plants(GMPGIS) system, MaxEnt model, and Thiessen polygon method were used to analyze the potential suitable areas for P. ginseng globally. The results showed that the key environmental variables affecting P. ginseng were precipitation in the hottest quarter(Bio18) and the coefficient of temperature seasonality(Bio4). The suitable habitats for P. ginseng were mostly located in the "One Belt, One Road" countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia. The highly suitable habitats were mainly distributed along mountain ranges in southeastern Shandong, southern Shanxi and Shaanxi, northern Jiangsu, and northwestern Henan of China. Data analysis indicated that the current P. ginseng planting sites were all in high suitability zones, and the Thiessen polygon results showed that the geographic locations of P. ginseng production companies were unbalanced and urgently needed optimization. This study provides data support for P. ginseng planting site selection, scientific introduction, production layout, and long-term development planning.

Distribución geográfica de la familia de caracoles terrestres Spiraxidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) en México / Geographic distribution of the land snail family Spiraxidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Mexico

Resumen Introducción: Spiraxidae es la familia de gasterópodos terrestres más diversa de México con una distribución principalmente neotropical. Sin embargo, la influencia de las condiciones ambientales de esta región en su distribución aún es poco conocida. Objetivo: Determinar las afinidades zoogeográficas y la influencia de factores ambientales en la distribución de Spiraxidae en México. Métodos: Compilamos registros de distribución de museos y usamos modelos para establecer áreas con composición de especies, concentración de especies, afinidades y relaciones con variables ambientales similares. Resultados: Encontramos 231 especies y subespecies, 96 en el estado de Veracruz y 74 en la Sierra Madre Oriental. La principal afinidad zoogeográfica fue neotropical. El bosque mesófilo de montaña tuvo la mayor cantidad de especies y subespecies (93). Tres de los grupos zonales tienen una composición particular de especies y el 67 % de las especies son especialistas de hábitat. La presencia de especies sigue un gradiente ambiental, con la cubierta de árboles de hoja perenne de hoja ancha y la precipitación media anual como variables determinantes. Las especies del norte tuvieron mayor tolerancia a la aridez y menor cobertura de hojas. Conclusiones: Spiraxidae tiene su mayor diversidad en los estados del Sur de México; sin embargo, la zona nororiental tiene más registros de especies. Estos caracoles se encuentran principalmente en bosques mesófilos de montaña y bosques tropicales siempre verdes. Las especies del norte de México tuvieron una mayor tolerancia a los sitios con poca lluvia y menos cobertura de árboles de hoja perenne de hoja ancha que las especies del sur.

Abstract Introduction: Spiraxidae is the most diverse family of terrestrial gastropods in Mexico with a mainly neotropical distribution. However, the influence of environmental conditions in this region on its distribution is still poorly known. Objective: To determine zoogeographic affinities and the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of Spiraxidae in Mexico. Methods: We compiled museum distribution records and used models to establish areas with similar species composition, species concentration, affinities and relationship with environmental variables. Results: We found 231 species and subspecies, 96 in Veracruz state and 74 in Sierra Madre Oriental. The main zoogeographic affinity was neotropical. Mountain mesophyll forest had the most species and subspecies (93). Three of zone groups have a particular species composition and 67 % of the species are habitat specialists. Species presence follows an environmental gradient, with broadleaf evergreen tree cover and average annual precipitation as determining variables. Northern species had greater tolerance to aridity and reduced leaf cover. Conclusions: Spiraxidae has its greatest diversity in the Southern states of Mexico; however, the Northeastern zone has more species records. These snails mostly occur in mesophyll mountain forest and tropical evergreen forest. Species from Northern Mexico had greater tolerance to sites with low rainfall and less broadleaf evergreen tree cover than Southern species.

Distribution modelling of Aedes aegypti in three dengue-endemic areas in Sumatera, Indonesia

@#Ae. aegypti is a dengue virus vector and a public health threat in Indonesia. Furthermore, the Dengue Haemoragic Fever (DHF) has spread to all cities in the country, including Bandar Lampung. A species distribution model, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt), was used to predict the geographic distribution of this vector in three dengue-endemic areas, namely Sukarame, Kemiling, and Tanjung Seneng. Previously, surveillance was conducted to determine the presence of Ae. aegypti. Therefore, this study suggested that environmental variables such as rainfall, temperature, land cover, and population density have influenced the widespread of Ae. aegypti and facilitate its proliferation in the study areas. The influence of the environmental variables was analyzed using a response curve. The model performance was measured by percent contribution, the importance of permutations, and the jackknife test. This study’s evaluation indicates that the certainty models for the presence of Ae. aegypti in Sukarame, Kemiling, and Tanjung Seneng were developed extremely well, with respective values of 0.989, 0.993, and 0.969. The results showed that Ae. aegypti is widespread in the three endemic areas. The high population density and land conversion into settlements are influential environmental variables essential in determining the distribution of the vector in three areas of Bandar Lampung. Climatic factors such as rainfall and temperature are supporting aspects in maintaining the habitat of Ae. aegypti in the area. Mapping areas at risk of this dengue vector can aid in planning disease management strategies and identifying priority locations for entomological surveys to control epidemics.

Planning of ecologically suitable areas for Ligusticum chuanxiong under background of soil cadmium pollution / 中国中药杂志

Chuanxiong Rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicinal material mainly produced in Sichuan and Chongqing of China. In recent years, the cadmium content in Chuanxiong Rhizoma produced in most of the genuine producing areas has exceeded the standard, which makes Chuanxiong Rhizoma difficult to be exported. To solve the problem of excessive cadmium content in soil, this study employed the MaxEnt model to simulate the potential geographic distribution of Ligusticum chuanxiong and evaluate important environmental factors, and re-plan its ecologically suitable areas based on the mineral distribution characteristics and soil cadmium pollution status. The results showed that the places suitable for L. chuanxiong growing covered an area of 335 523.69 km~2, mainly in central and eastern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi and most parts of Chongqing. Among them, the highly suitable areas of L. chuanxiong were mainly concentrated in Chengdu, Ya'an, Deyang, and Mianyang. Solar radiation, annual precipitation, and annual range of temperature were evaluated as important variables affecting the distribution of L. chuanxiong, with the contribution rates of 62.3%, 13.3%, and 6.8%, respectively. In addition, Qionglai county, Chongqing county, Mianyang city(Youxian district and Fucheng district), Qingchuan county, and Xinjin county were classified into the first-class ecologically suitable zone, covering a total area of 2 768.87 km~2. The se-cond-class ecologically suitable zone was even wider, involving such counties as Tongjiang county, Renshou county, Jianyang county, and Nanjiang county, and the total area reached 43 616.92 km~2. The re-planning of the ecologically suitable areas for L. chuanxiong has provided strong data support for the cultivation and resource development of L. chuanxiong and also new ideas for solving the problem of excessive cadmium content in L. chuanxiong.

Resiliencia de la cobertura vegetal en el Suroeste de México ante los efectos del cambio climático / Resilience of vegetation cover in Southwest Mexico to the climate change effects

Resumen El modelado de escenarios de cambios climáticos utilizando sistemas de información geográfica para estimar la resiliencia de la cobertura vegetal es una herramienta útil para proyectar impactos futuros e implementar estrategias de conservación o manejo. En el presente trabajo asociamos espacialmente la biodiversidad de la cobertura vegetal del Suroeste de México con su capacidad para adaptarse a los efectos del cambio climático. Para analizar esta asociación se estimaron índices de riqueza y diversidad de especies, y su relación con escenarios de clima futuro. Se utilizaron los registros geográficos del Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos para ocho comunidades vegetales (arbórea, arbustiva, herbácea, palma, cactus, bejucos, helechos y xerófita) distribuidas entre Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas. La proyección climática fue al 2050, con modelos de circulación global A2 (promedio CCCMA, HADCM3 y CSIRO), 19 variables bioclimáticas y una resolución de 2.5 minutos. Los escenarios de cambio climático se modelaron con el algoritmo MaxEnt y la riqueza de especies, índice de diversidad y regresiones espaciales con el software Diva-GIS v7.5. Los modelos de regresión espacial estimaron que a mayor riqueza y diversidad de especies mayor seria la resiliencia que mostraría el ecosistema. Las comunidades vegetales cactus, palma y xerófita mostraron mayor vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. Las variaciones en la estacionalidad de la temperatura resultó ser el factor que condicionaría su distribución futura. Por lo que, las estrategias de conservación o manejo deberían considerar a la diversidad como un agente del ecosistema que amortiguaría a los efectos negativos del clima futuro.

Abstract The scenarios modeling of climate changes using geographic information systems to estimate the vegetation cover resilience is a useful tool to project future impacts and implement conservation or management strategies. We associate spatially the biodiversity of the vegetation cover of Southwest Mexico with its ability to adapt to the effects of climate change. We analysis this association estimating species richness and diversity indices, and its relationship with scenarios of future climate. Geographical records of the National Forest and Soil Inventory were obtained for eight plant communities (arboreal, shrubby, herbaceous, palm, cactus, vines, ferns, and xerophyte) distributed in Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. The climatic projection was to 2050, with global circulation A2 models (CCCMA, HADCM3 and CSIRO average), 19 bioclimatic variables and a resolution of 2.5 minutes. Climate change scenarios were modelled with the MaxEnt algorithm and species richness, diversity index, and spatial regressions with Diva-GIS v7.5 software. The spatial regression models estimated that higher richness and species diversity, the greater resilience that the ecosystem would show. The cactus, palm, and xerophytic plant communities presented greater vulnerability to climate change. Variations in temperature seasonality turned out to be the factor that would condition its future distribution. Therefore, in conservation or management strategies, diversity should be considered as an agent of the ecosystem that cushions the negative effects of future climate.

Habitat Suitability Evaluation of Polygala tenuifolia Based on MaxEnt Model and ArcGIS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:Polygalae Radix is mainly produced in Northeast，North，Northwest and Central China and Sichuan province. There are obvious differences in quality of <italic>Polygala tenuifolia</italic> from different areas. <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> cultivation areas are relatively concentrated. Currently，there are only a few studies about the suitability zoning of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> nationwide，in order to determine the suitable zoning of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> in China. This paper made a habitat suitability evaluation of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> nationwide based on analysis of ecological factors in distribution areas of sampling points. Method:MaxEnt model was used to select ecological factors that affected the distribution of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> and construct an evaluation model. ArcGIS software was used to evaluate the suitability of different habitats of<italic> P. tenuifolia</italic>. The suitable areas were classified into high，medium，low suitability areas and unsuitable area of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> nationwide. Result:The evaluation model was highly accurate，and concluded that <italic>P. tenuifolia'</italic>s suitability distribution area in China was 3.21×10⁶ km²，including 0.52×10⁶ km² of high suitability area，0.96×10⁶ km² of medium suitability area and 1.73×10⁶ km² of low suitability area. High suitability areas were mainly distributed in Shanxi province，Hebei province，Shandong province，Shaanxi province，Liaoning province and Henan province. The main ecological factors affecting the distribution of <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic> were annual average temperature change range，mean temperature of driest quarter，precipitation of wettest quarter，altitude，slope and topsoil （0-30 cm） calcium carbonate. Conclusion:The results of the study are consistent with the records in relevant literatures，and can provide a theoretical basis for protection and cultivation of Chinese medicine resource <italic>P. tenuifolia</italic>.

Ecology and Quality Suitability Regionalization of Sabia parviflora / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the potential suitable distribution area and the high-quality distribution area of <italic>Sabia parviflora</italic>. Method:Combined with the distribution information and environmental factors，the maximum entropy （MaxEnt） model and ArcGIS software were used to predict the potential suitable distribution area of <italic>S. parviflora</italic>. Based on the correlation between environmental factors and total saponins，total flavonoids，quercetin-3-<italic>O</italic>-gentiobioside，camellianoside，tsubakioside A，kaempferol-3-<italic>O</italic>-rutinoside and isobariclisin-3-<italic>O</italic>-rutinoside，the quality regionalization was conducted by using spatial interpolation method and fuzzy superposition function in ArcGIS software. Result:<italic>S. parviflora</italic> is mainly distributed in Yunnan，Guizhou，Guangxi province in China. The medium and high suitable areas accounts for about 2.88% of the national area. The precipitation in October and November，the precipitation in the warmest and driest seasons，the standard deviation of seasonal changes in temperature and altitude are the main environmental factors that affect the distribution of <italic>S. parviflora</italic>. Slope，precipitation，solar radiation and temperature change had great influence on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Based on the results of potential suitable distribution and spatial interpolation of each component，the high-quality areas of <italic>S. parviflora</italic> are mainly concentrated in the southwest of Guizhou，with Qinglong，Guanling，Zhenning，Pu'an，Xingren county and other areas as the core. Conclusion:This study provides a scientific guidance for the site selection of artificial planting and the procurement of medicinal materials for <italic>S. parviflora</italic>.

Ecological Suitability Regionalization of Ziziphus jujuba / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the main factors affecting the <italic>Ziziphus jujuba</italic> distribution and expand the understanding of its distribution and the corresponding influencing factors by comparing the distribution sites of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> predicted by models with those recorded in the literature. Method:More than 200 distribution sites of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> accompanied by 55 environmental factors were obtained from literature and specimen review. The environmental factors that affect the distribution of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> were explored by maximum entropy （MaxEnt） model， and the potential distribution areas of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> in China were analyzed by ArcGIS， followed by the verification of the main environmental factors using receiver-operating characteristic （ROC） curve and Jackknife method. Result:The area under the curve （AUC） values for the test data and training data were both greater than 0.9， which perfectly satisfied the standard， indicating that the research results were accurate and reliable. Conclusion:The annual average temperature， the average temperature in May， the average temperature in the warmest season， vegetation type， soil type， average temperature in June， average temperature in September， and average temperature in August are proved to be the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic>， which can be found almost all over China， except for Heilongjiang and Tibet. <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> is most suitable to be planted in southeastern Sichuan， Chongqing， southern Gansu， Ningxia， most areas of central Shaanxi， eastern and southwestern Shanxi， Henan， eastern and northern Hubei， northern and eastern Anhui， Shandong， Hebei， Beijing， Tianjin， western Liaoning， and Zhejiang. As revealed by literature review， the most suitable growing areas of <italic>Z. jujuba</italic> are southeastern Sichuan， central Shaanxi， southwestern Shanxi， western and northern Henan， Shandong， and southwestern and eastern Hebei.

Urbanization, habitat extension and spatial pattern, threaten a Costa Rican endemic bird / Urbanización, cantidad de hábitat y distribución espacial, amenazan un ave endémica de Costa Rica

Introduction: Migration of people from rural environments to cities has accelerated urbanization and modified the landscape as well as the ecological processes and communities in these areas. The Costa Rican endemic Cabanis´s Ground-Sparrow (Melozone cabanisi) is a species of limited distribution restricted to the "Gran Area Metropolitana", which is the biggest urban settlement of the country. This area has experimented and still experiment an ongoing fragmentation and loss of habitat used by this species (coffee plantations, shrubs, and thickets). Objective: To determine the effects of urbanization on habitat abundance and spatial pattern for the occurrence of Melozone cabanisi. Methods: We modeled the area of potentially suitable habitat for this species in Costa Rica using occurrence and bioclimatic data. Then, we estimated the actual suitable habitat using land cover type layers. Finally, we analyzed the connectivity among the actual suitable habitat patches using single-patch and multi-patch approaches. Results: From the area of potentially suitable habitat estimated by the bioclimatic model, 74 % were urban areas that are unsuitable for Melozone cabanisi. The largest suitable patches within urban areas were coffee plantations; which also were crucial for maintaining connectivity between habitat patches along the species' range. Conclusions: To preserve and protect the Melozone cabanisi, these areas must be taken into consideration by decision-makers in the present and future management plans. We recommend avoiding change shrubs and thickets to urban cover to preserve the occurrence of Melozone cabanisi, and implement a program for the payment of environmental services to landholders, supported by the local governments, to protect those habitats in urban contexts.

Introducción: La migración desde ambientes rurales hacia las ciudades ha incrementado la urbanización. Esto ha modificado el paisaje, así como los procesos ecológicos y comunidades dentro de estas áreas. El Cuatro-ojos de Jupa-roja (Melozone cabanisi) es una especie distribuida principalmente al interior del asentamiento urbano más grande de Costa Rica. Hasta el presente esta área sigue experimentando fragmentación y pérdida del hábitat utilizado por esta especie (plantaciones de café, charrales y tacotales). Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la urbanización sobre la cantidad de hábitat y su distribución espacial, basada en datos de presencia para M. cabanisi. Métodos: Modelamos el hábitat potencialmente adecuado para M. cabanisi utilizando datos bioclimáticos y de presencia. Luego estimamos el hábitat real utilizando el hábitat potencialmente adecuado y las capas de cobertura del suelo. Finalmente analizamos la conectividad entre los parches de hábitat real utilizando un enfoque multi y mono-parche. Resultados: Del área del hábitat potencialmente adecuado estimada por el modelo bioclimático, 74 % fueron áreas urbanas, lo que consideramos es un porcentaje inadecuado para M. cabanisi. Los parches más grandes de hábitat real dentro de las áreas urbanas fueron plantaciones de café, que a su vez fueron cruciales para mantener la conectividad entre los parches a lo largo del rango de distribución de la especie. Conclusiones: Para conservar y proteger a M. cabanisi, los tomadores de decisiones deben tener en cuenta los charrales, tacotales y cafetales dentro de la distribución de las especies en los planes de gestión presentes y futuros, evitando su cambio a coberturas urbanas.

Study on ecological suitability of Angelica sinensis in Gansu Province / 中草药

Objective: To study the ecological suitability of Angelica sinensis growing in Gansu Province and guide the rational cultivation. Methods: Through visiting and field investigation, 1 545 batches of Chinese angelica samples were collected from the county areas in Gansu Province. The information about the longitude, latitude, altitude of each sampling point was collected by using the GPS, combining with national environmental factor data, and using Maxent model and spatial analysis function of ArcGIS software. Results: The areas with high suitability of A. sinensis distribution are in the southeast of Gansu Province. The main ecological factors affecting the suitability distribution of A. sinensis were altitude, rainfall in March, May and December, wettest month precipitation, soil pH and other ecological factors. Conclusion: The research findings are basically consistent with the living habits of A. sinensis that cultivated in high-cold mountain areas and plateau flat pasture areas with a cool climate, moderate soil, moisture, slightly acidic to neutral fertile and loose brown sandy loam soil. This result can provide scientific basis for the reasonable distribution of A. sinensis cultivation area in Gansu Province.

Comparative study on distribution of Polygoni Multiflori Radix based on different methods / 中国中药杂志

In recent years,with deepening research on the division of traditional Chinese medicine,the application of new technologies and new methods have provided support for the division of traditional Chinese medicine. Some relevant scholars have carried out researches on the distribution of some Chinese herbal medicines based on different methods. In this paper,for the same kind of Chinese herbal medicine under different data conditions,we studied the distribution of Polygoni Multiflori Radix by different methods such as qualitative description,similar ecological environment and niche model,and compared the similarities and differences between the distribution results of the same Chinese medicine resources based on different data and methods. The results showed that with the restriction of the researcher's understanding of Chinese herbal medicines and related background data,the zoning results were also in various forms,and there might also be some differences between different zoning results. But in the macroscopic layer,they could reflect the distribution range of Chinese herbal medicines,and they have certain application values to some extent. For example,the study focused on the ancient and modern data and found that with the continuous enrichment of data and information,the understanding of the distribution of Polygoni Multiflori Radix gradually expanded from the southeast coast to the central and southwestern regions to the northwest.But the number of Polygoni Multiflori Radix in the western and northern regions is relatively small than the southeastern regions. The results of relevant zoning can provide scientific basis for carrying out the rational cultivation of Polygoni Multiflori Radix.

Geographical context of forgotten amphibians: Colombian "Data Deficient species" sensu IUCN / Contexto geográfico de los anfibios olvidados: especies colombianas con "Datos Insuficientes" según la UICN

Abstract Whereas more than 10 % of global amphibian richness is known to occur in Colombia, almost 16 % of these species are currently classified as Data Deficient according to the IUCN. These estimates suggest that the available data for a large portion of amphibians occurring in Colombia is insufficient to assess extinction risk. Here we aim to (1) review the available information on the distribution of the Colombian Data Deficient (DD hereafter) amphibians, (2) analyze their geographic distribution, and (3) evaluate the relationship between anthropogenic impact and their current conservation status. For this, we first compiled geographical records for the DD amphibian species using primary sources. Geographical records were obtained mainly from taxonomic descriptions and non-systematic surveys. We then estimated the geographical range and inferred the potential distribution for each species using letsR and MaxEnt, respectively. We quantified the human footprint for each species and tested the relationship between spatial distribution and anthropogenic change across populations. Analyses are here based on 128 of the 129 DD amphibian species that occur in Colombia. We found that most of these species were recently described and have small geographic ranges. A large proportion of these DD amphibians inhabit the Colombian Andes, and their populations have been strongly affected by human activities. Overall, the spatial clustering suggests that many of these species have faced similar environmental and anthropogenic pressures that have contributed to their rareness. We also suggest that the conservation status for several of the analyzed DD amphibians should be changed to account for the threats they face. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1272-1281. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen A pesar de que más del 10 % de la riqueza global de anfibios se encuentra en Colombia, cerca del 16 % de estas especies es actualmente clasificada con Datos Deficientes según la IUCN. Estas estimaciones sugieren que los datos disponibles para esta gran porción de anfibios que habitan en Colombia, son insuficientes para evaluar su riesgo de extinción. En este documento nosotros (1) revisamos la información disponible sobre la distribución de los anfibios colombianos con Datos Deficientes (ó DD), (2) analizamos su distribución geográfica, e (3) hipotetizamos sobre la relación entre el impacto antropogénico y su estado de conservación. Para esto, compilamos los registros geográficos para las especies de anfibios DD usando referencias primarias. Los registros geográficos fueron obtenidos principalmente a partir de descripciones taxonómicas y búsquedas no sistemáticas. Para estimar la distribución geográfica e inferir la distribución potencial de cada especie usamos letsR y MaxEnt, respectivamente. Cuantificamos la huella humana para cada especie y evaluamos la relación entre la distribución espacial y el cambio antropogénico entre poblaciones. Los análisis fueron basados en 128 de las 129 especies de anfibios que se encuentran en Colombia y actualmente son clasificadas como DD. Encontramos que la mayoría de estas especies fueron descritas recientemente, y presentan una distribución geográfica reducida. Una gran proporción de estas especies de anfibios DD habitan los Andes colombianos, y sus poblaciones han sido fuertemente afectadas por las actividades humanas. Este agrupamiento geográfico sugiere que muchas de estas especies enfrentan similares presiones ambientales y antropogénicas que contribuyen a su rareza. Sugerimos además que el estado de conservación para muchas de las especies de anfibios DD aquí analizados podría ser reevaluado para considerar las amenazas que enfrentan.

Distribución conocida y potencial de dos taxa del género Mimosa (Leguminosae) endémicos de México / Present and potential distribution of two Mimosa (Leguminosae) taxa endemic to Mexico

Resumen Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa y M. luisana son endémicas de México y consideradas plantas multipropósito, ya que ofrecen diversos servicios a los ecosistemas y pobladores en donde se establecen. Además, son valoradas por su potencial como restauradoras de ambientes tropicales, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue modelar su distribución conocida y potencial. En el año 2014, se obtuvieron registros de dos bases de datos (CONABIO y MEXU); cada resgistro fue validado taxonómica, geográfica y estadísticamente, una vez validados, se obtuvo la distribución conocida y potencial para M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa (basada en 99 registros) y M. luisana (basada en 50 registros), utilizando el algoritmo MAXENT. La distribución conocida de ambos taxa se sobreposicionó en las capas de: elevación, clima, suelo, provincias biogeográficas y cuencas hidrológicas. Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa presenta amplia distribución en México (16 estados); mientras que M. luisana se encuentra restringida a los estados de Puebla y Oaxaca. M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa se establece entre 1 900 y 2 700 msnm y M. luisana entre 500 y 1 760 msnm. Ambas se encuentran en climas áridos y semiáridos; sin embargo, M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa también se puede encontrar en climas templados y mésicos. Asimismo, ambos taxa se distribuyen en suelos de tipo regosol calcárico; aunque, M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpatambién está en regosol éutrico, vertisol crómico y feozem háplico. La distribución de M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa abarca ocho provincias biogeográficas y tres cuencas hidrológicas; mientras que M. luisana se localiza en tres provincias y dos cuencas; ambas coinciden en las provincias del Eje Volcánico y la Sierra Madre del Sur. Los modelos de distribución potencial se consideran excelentes, ya que poseen un AUC de 0.91 y 0.97, respectivamente. Los modelos indican que las condiciones de temperatura y precipitación son propicias para que ambos taxa pudieran ampliar su distribución. Igualmente, los modelos generados pueden considerarse como una aproximación al conocimiento de la distribución potencial de las mimosas mexicanas. Aunque, es importante considerar que los modelos son estáticos y no consideran a las interacciones bióticas, por lo que su relación con la realidad puede variar; por lo que se recomienda analizar los modelos mediante diferentes escenarios de cambio climático y de uso de suelo.

Abstract Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa and M. luisana are endemic to Mexico, and are considered as multipurpose plants, due to the diverse services they offer to ecosystems and to local people. Additionally, they are appreciated for their potential to restore tropical environments; hence, the objective of this study was to model the present and potential distribution of these taxa. In 2014, species registers were obtained from two databases (CONABIO and MEXU); each register was taxonomically, geographically and statistically validated. Once validated, the present and potential distribution of M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa (based on 99 registers) and M. luisana (based on 50 registers) were obtained using the MAXENT algorithm. For both taxa, the present distribution was overlapped using the layers of: elevation, climate, soil, biogeographic provinces, and hydrologic basins. Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa showed a wide distribution in Mexico (16 states); whilst M. luisana was restricted to the states of Puebla and Oaxaca. M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa establishes between 1 900 and 2 700 masl, and M. luisana between 500 and 1 760 masl. Both species were established in arid and semiarid climates; however, M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa can also be found in temperate and mesic climates. Moreover, both taxa are distributed in calcareous regosol soils; although, M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa is also found in eutric regosol, chromic vertisol and haplic phaeozem. The distribution of M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa includes eight biogeographic provinces and three hydrologic basins; whilst M. luisana was only located in three provinces and two hydrologic basins; both are present in the Eje Volcánico and Sierra Madre del Sur provinces. The potential distribution models are considered as excellent ones due to an AUC of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively; these models indicated that the temperature and precipitation conditions would be suitable for the enlargement of their distribution. Likewise, these models can be considered an approach to the potential distribution knowlegment of the Mexican mimosas. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the models are static and do not take into account any biotic interaction; therefore, their relationship with reality can vary. Thus, it is recommended to analyze the models through different climate change and land use scenarios. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 321-335. Epub 2018 March 01.

Estimation of reserves of wild Dipsacus chinensis based on MaxEnt and ArcGIS model / 中草药

Objective To study the estimating reserves of wild Dipsacus chinensis and provide a new method for the Chinese materia medica (CMM) resource quantitative evaluation. Methods The major contributing factors for ecological distribution of developing potentiality medicinal plants of D. chinensis were screened on the GIS platform by using the MaxEnt model, and raster data of species density and individual biomass of D. chinensis were generated by MaxEnt model and patial interpolation technology based on the field survey data. Spatial quantitative analysis and assessment of the distribution of resources of D. chinensis was performed by using ArcGIS. On this basis, a reserves assessment model was formatted for sustainable utilization of CMM resources evaluation. Results The analysis showed that the distribution area of D. chinensis was about 3.34 × 105 km2 which was mainly distributed in Hengduan Mountains and the Qinghai Plateau southeast area, and resources reserves was about 3.08 × 107 kg. The results showed that more than 69.48% resources of D. chinensis was located in Sichuan Province, and the western Sichuan such as Aba, Ganzi, and Liangshan prefectures was the highly populated areas. According to that regional center into the surrounding showed a trend of decline, the overall characteristic of individual biomass geographic distribution showed an increased trend from the vertical plane of the Hengduan Mountains as interface to both sides. The results also indicated that seasonal temperature variation coefficient, annual average temperature range, and average rainfall in April were the dominant factors contributing to the underground biomass accumulation. While mean temperature in December, monthly average rainfall in July and August were negative correlated with the underground biomass accumulation. Conclusion This study provides strong data support for the development and utilization of new resources of wild D. chinensis, and helps to establish a new way to the visual quantitative evaluation of CMM resources.