RÉSUMÉ
Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a degenerative disease of the intervertebral disc and the vertebral body of the spine that causes cervical spinal cord injury due to central vertebral canal stenosis. Its prevalence is higher in the elderly. Treatment is usually surgical when the spinal cord is affected either clinically with pyramidal release or radiologically with the altered spinal cord. Objective The goal of the present study is to analyze the myelomalacia and the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament as prognostic factors in the postoperative evolution of patients with cervical canal compression who underwent laminoplasty with the open- or French-door techniques. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 18 surgical cases of spondylotic cervical myelopathy of the same senior neurosurgeon, using the chi-squared test to analyze prognostic factors for patients' postoperative evolution in the Nurick scale, after open-door or French-door laminoplasty. Findings The comparison between the pre and postoperative showed an improvement of 71.43% in cases that did not have ligament ossification compared with 45.45% of cases that presented posterior longitudinal ligament ossification. Also, there was a better prognosis in patients without myelomalacia, as 71.43% of them improved their condition against only 45.45% of improvement in those with myelomalacia. Conclusion There is a need for further studies with larger samples to expressively prove that the presence of longitudinal ligament ossification and the previous presence of myelomalacia are factors that can lead to worse prognosis in the postoperative evolution of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy submitted to laminoplasty.
Introdução A mielopatia espondilótica cervical é uma doença degenerativa do disco intervertebral e do corpo da coluna vertebral que causa lesão da medula espinhal cervical devido à estenose do canal vertebral central. Sua prevalência é maior em idosos. O tratamento geralmente é cirúrgico quando a medula espinhal é afetada clinicamente com a liberação piramidal ou radiologicamente com a medula espinhal alterada. Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a mielomalácia e a ossificação do ligamento longitudinal posterior como fatores prognósticos na evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com compressão do canal cervical submetidos à laminoplastia pelas técnicas de porta aberta ou porta francesa. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de 18 casos cirúrgicos de mielopatia espondilótica cervical do mesmo neurocirurgião sênior, utilizando o teste do quiquadrado para analisar os fatores prognósticos da evolução pós-operatória dos pacientes na escala de Nurick, após laminoplastia aberta ou francesa. Resultados A comparação entre o pré e pós-operatório mostrou uma melhora de 71,43% nos casos que não apresentavam ossificação ligamentar em comparação com 45,45% nos casos que apresentavam ossificação do ligamento longitudinal posterior. Além disso, houve um melhor prognóstico em pacientes sem mielomalácia, pois 71,43% deles melhoraram sua condição contra apenas 45,45% de melhora naqueles com mielomalácia. Conclusão Há necessidade de mais estudos com amostras maiores para comprovar expressivamente que a presença de ossificação ligamentar longitudinal e a presença prévia de mielomalácia são fatores de pior prognóstico na evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com mielopatia espondilótica cervical submetidos à laminoplastia.
RÉSUMÉ
RESUMEN Las alteraciones degenerativas de la columna se engloban en el término de espondilosis cervical. La mielopatía espondilótica cervical (MEC) es la forma más común de disfunción del cordón espinal en mayores de 55 años. Se considera la intervención quirúrgica en la mayoría de los casos de mielopatía cervical espondilótica evidente desde el punto de vista clínico, dado el riesgo de deterioro neurológico. En la mayoría de los casos de mielopatía cervical, la descompresión de la médula espinal genera estabilización o mejoría de la función de los haces largos medulares. La función es mejor cuando se restablecen bien las dimensiones del conducto vertebral después de la descompresión, cuando la descompresión es más precoz y cuando no hay comorbilidad considerable.
ABSTRACT The degenerative alterations of the column are included in the term of cervical espondilosis. The cervical spondylotic myelopathy it is the form more common of disfuntion of the spinal cord in bigger than 55 years. It is considered the surgical intervention in most of the cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy evident from the clinical, given point of view the risk of neurological deterioration. In most of the cases of cervical myelopathy, the decompression of the spinal marrow generates stabilization or improvement of the function of the medullary long sheaves. The function is better when they recover well the dimensions of the vertebral conduit after the decompression, when the decompression is more precocious and when there is not considerable comorbility.
Sujet(s)
Humains , Mâle , Sujet âgé , Arthrodèse , Maladies de la moelle épinière/chirurgie , Maladies de la moelle épinière/complications , Maladies de la moelle épinière/diagnostic , Maladies de la moelle épinière/étiologie , Maladies de la moelle épinière/traitement médicamenteux , Maladies de la moelle épinière/imagerie diagnostique , Discectomie , Spondylose/diagnostic , Dégénérescence de disque intervertébral/diagnostic , Canal vertébral/physiopathologie , Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique , NeurochirurgieRÉSUMÉ
SUMMARY Introduction Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in adult patients. Patients generally present with a slow, progressive neurological decline or a stepwise deterioration pattern. In this paper, we discuss the most important factors involved in the management of DCM, including a discussion about the surgical approaches. Method The authors performed an extensive review of the peer-reviewed literature addressing the aforementioned objectives. Results Although the diagnosis is clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the study of choice to confirm stenosis and also to exclude the differential diagnosis. The severity the clinical symptoms of DCM are evaluated by different scales, but the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) and the Nürick scale are probably the most commonly used. Spontaneous clinical improvement is rare and surgery is the main treatment form in an attempt to prevent further neurological deterioration and, potentially, to provide some improvement in symptoms and function. Anterior, posterior or combined cervical approaches are used to decompress the spinal cord, with adjunctive fusion being commonly performed. The choice of one approach over the other depends on patient characteristics (such as number of involved levels, site of compression, cervical alignment, previous surgeries, bone quality, presence of instability, among others) as well as surgeon preference and experience. Conclusion Spine surgeons must understand the advantages and disadvantages of all surgical techniques to choose the best procedure for their patients. Further comparative studies are necessary to establish the superiority of one approach over the other when multiple options are available.
RESUMO Introdução a mielopatia cervical degenerativa (MCD) é uma das causas mais comuns de disfunção medular em adultos. Os pacientes em geral apresentam declínio neurológico lento e progressivo, ou deterioração escalonada. No presente artigo, discutimos os mais importantes fatores envolvidos no manejo da MCD, incluindo considerações sobre os aspectos relacionados à escolha da abordagem cirúrgica. Método realizou-se extensa revisão da literatura de artigos peer-reviewed relacionados ao tema. Resultados embora o diagnóstico seja realizado clinicamente, a ressonância magnética (RM) é o estudo de imagem de escolha para confirmá-lo e excluir eventuais diagnósticos diferenciais. A gravidade do quadro clínico pode ser avaliado utilizando-se diferentes escalas, como a modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) ou a de Nürick, provavelmente as mais comuns. Uma vez que a melhora clínica espontânea é rara, a cirurgia é a principal forma de tratamento, em uma tentativa de evitar dano neurológico adicional ou deterioração e, potencialmente, aliviar alguns sintomas e melhorar a função dos pacientes. Abordagens cirúrgicas por via anterior, posterior ou combinada podem ser usadas para descomprimir o canal, concomitantemente a técnicas de fusão. A escolha da abordagem depende das características dos pacientes (número de segmentos envolvidos, local de compressão, alinhamento cervical, cirurgias prévias, qualidade óssea, presença de instabilidade, entre outras), além da preferência e experiência do cirurgião. Conclusão os cirurgiões de coluna devem compreender as vantagens e desvantagens de todas as técnicas cirúrgicas para escolher o melhor procedimento para seus pacientes. Estudos futuros comparando as abordagens são necessários para orientar o cirurgião quando múltiplas opções forem possíveis.
Sujet(s)
Humains , Maladies de la moelle épinière/chirurgie , Maladies neurodégénératives héréditaires/chirurgie , Maladies de la moelle épinière/diagnostic , Indice de gravité de la maladie , Vertèbres cervicales/chirurgie , Décompression chirurgicale/méthodes , Maladies neurodégénératives héréditaires/diagnostic , Laminectomie/méthodesRÉSUMÉ
The laminoplasty technique was devised by Hirabayashi in 1978 for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Objective: To describe an easy modification of Hirabayashi’s method and present the clinical and radiological results from a five-year follow-up study. Method and Results: Eighty patients had 5 levels of decompression (C3-C7), 3 patients had 6 levels of decompression (C2-T1) and 3 patients had 4 levels of decompression (C3-C6). Foraminotomies were performed in 23 cases (27%). Following Nurick`s scale, 76 patients (88%) improved, 9 (11%) had the same Nurick grade, and one patient worsened and was advised to undergo another surgical procedure. No deaths were observed. The mean surgery time was 122 min. Radiographic evaluation showed an increase in the mean sagittal diameter from 11.2 mm at pretreatment to 17.3 mm post surgery. There was no significant difference between pretreatment and post-surgery C2-C7 angles. Conclusions: This two-open-doors laminoplasty technique is safe, easy and effective and can be used as an alternative treatment for cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy without instability. .
A laminoplastia é técnica clássica descrita por Hirabayashi em 1978 para descompressão do canal cervical sem utilizar prótese. A principal indicação é o tratamento da mielopatia espondilotica cervical sem instabilidade. Objetivo: Descrever modificação simples da técnica de laminoplastia clássica de Hirabayashi com resultados clínicos e radiográficos em 5 anos de acompanhamento. Resultados e Método: Foram acompanhados 86 pacientes. Em 80, foi feita descompressão por laminoplastia em 5 níveis (C3-C7); em 3, descompressão em 6 níveis (C2-T1); em 3, descompressao em 4 níveis (C3-C6). Em 23 casos (27%), foi realizada foraminotomia associada a descompressão medular. O acompanhamento dos pacientes foi feito utilizando a escala de Nurick. Em 76 pacientes (88%) houve melhora do grau de Nurick. Não houve mortalidade associada à técnica. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico foi de 122 minutos. Em relação à avaliação radiográfica, houve aumento do diâmetro sagital médio do canal cervical de 11,2mm para 17,3mm. Não houve diferença estatística do ângulo C2-C7 nas avaliações antes e após o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: A nova técnica de laminoplastia descrita no presente estudo foi segura, de fácil execução, efetiva, não utiliza protese e não há instabilidade do canal cervical. .
Sujet(s)
Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Vertèbres cervicales/chirurgie , Laminectomie/méthodes , Maladies de la moelle épinière/chirurgie , Spondylose/chirurgie , Vertèbres cervicales , Décompression chirurgicale/méthodes , Études de suivi , Illustration médicale , Études prospectives , Reproductibilité des résultats , Maladies de la moelle épinière , Spondylose , Tomodensitométrie , Résultat thérapeutiqueRÉSUMÉ
Objetivos: Determinar las características clínicas, radiológicas y funcionales pre y post quirúrgicas de los pacientes con Mielopatía Espondilótica Cervical del Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati M. (año 2011). Material y métodos: Estudio de diseño retrospectivo y metodología observacional, longitudinal y descriptivo en 20 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico-radiológico de la MEC tratados en el servicio de Neurocirugía en el año 2011. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 68.6+/-6.8 años predominó el sexo masculino (70 por ciento). El 75 por ciento tenían comorbilidad médica, el 15 por ciento tuvieron cirugía previa cervical y el 15 por ciento se movilizaron en silla de ruedas, el nivel cervical de la MEC más frecuente fue C3-C4-C5 (30 por ciento), C4-C5 (20 por ciento), C4-C5-C6 (15 por ciento). El dolor a la admisión fue moderado en 14 casos (70 por ciento) e intenso (20 por ciento). La técnica quirúrgica en el 90 por ciento fue laminectomía descompresiva y abordaje anterior (discectomía C4-C5-C6+Placa anterior (10 por ciento). El cambio de señal medular normal/Alto radiológico se halló en el 75 por ciento. El área de compresión medular en PreQ fue de 138.5+/-53 y aumentó en el Post Q a 193.6+/-56 mm2 (p=0.0015) y el diámetro aumentó de 7.5+/-1 en el PreQ a 10.1+/-1 en el Post Q. Los rangos de descomprensión PQ fueron: rango I (65 por ciento) rango II (30 por ciento), rango III (5 por ciento). La curvatura promedio varió de 20.7 a 21.2 (no significativo). La gravedad de la MEC se redujo de 2.8 a 1.9 p=0.0001 en el Post Q. Variando los rangos de O-VI. La escala de AJOm se elevó en promedio de 9.95 a 13.35 en el Post quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Se demostró que el sexo masculino y mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados, donde el patrón mielopático puro y dentro de éste el síndrome medular central fue la forma de presentación en la mayoría de los casos. El conocimiento de la fisiopatología de mielopatía cervical y el entendimiento...
Objectives: To determine the clinical, radiological and functional pre-and post-surgery characteristics of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CEM), treated in the Service of Spinal Surgery of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital, during the period of January to December 2011. Material y methods: Study of retrospective design and observational, longitudinal and descriptive methodology, in 20 patients with clinical and radiological diagnosis of CEM treated in the Service of Spinal Surgery during the period of January to December 2011. Results: Mean age was 68.6+/-6.8 years, gender predominantly mate (70 per cent). Seventy five percent (75 per cent) had medical comorbidity, 15 per cent had previous cervical surgery and 15 per cent were wheelchair mobilized. The most frequent level of the CEM was C3-C4-C5 (30 per cent), C4-C5 (20 per cent), C4-C5-C6 (15 per cent). Pain at admission was moderate in 14 cases (70 per cent) and severe in 6 (20 per cent). The surgical technique in 90 per cent was the decompressive laminectomy and the anterior approach (discectomy C4-C5-C6+anterior plate, 10 per cent). The change of spinal cord radiological signal from normal to high was found in the 75 per cent. The area of spinal cord compression in the PreOp was of 138.5+/-53 mm and increased in the Post Op to 193.6+/-56 mm2 (p=0.0015) and the diameter increased from 7.5+/-1mm in the PreOp to 10.1+/-1 mm in the Post Op. The ranges of Post Op decompression were: range I (65 per cent) range II (30 per cent), range III (5 per cent). The average curvature varied from 20.7 to 21.2 (not significative). The severity of the CEM was reduced from 2.8 to 1.9 p=0.0001 in the Post Op. state, varying the ranges from O-VI. The average of the scale of the modified Japanese Orthopedics Association (mJOA) scale increased from 9.95 a 13.35 in the Post Op. state. Conclusions: We showed that male and patients older than 60 years old, were the most affected groups, where the pure...
Sujet(s)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus , Maladies de la moelle épinière , Spondylose/chirurgie , Spondylose , Résultat thérapeutique , Étude d'observation , Études longitudinales , Études rétrospectives , Présentations de casRÉSUMÉ
INTRODUCCIÓN. La mielopatía espondilótica es una enfermedad frecuente, que representa la cuarta parte de las paraparesias y tetraparesias no traumáticas. Su diagnóstico se sustenta en los datos clínicos, radiológicos y neurofisiológicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue demostrar las alteraciones de los parámetros electrofisiológicos evaluados mediante diferentes estudios y describir estas alteraciones, así como correlacionar las alteraciones de los estudios neurofisiológicos con la intensidad de la afectación radiológica. MÉTODOS. Se evaluaron 30 pacientes de uno y otro sexo, con diagnóstico clínico e imaginológico de mielopatía espondilótica cervical. A todos los pacientes se les realizó electromiografía, estudio de conducción nerviosa, onda F, potenciales evocados somatosensoriales y motores. Se aplicaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva a las variables neurofisiológicas y se correlacionaron éstas con el grado de compresión medular apreciable en la resonancia.RESULTADOS. En la mayoría de los casos los potenciales evocados estaban alterados. La electromiografía mostró resultados alterados en todos los casos: en el 72,7 % se observó un patrón neurógeno difuso, mientras que el resto mostró un patrón de irritación radicular. En el 52,1 % de los casos se demostraron alteraciones moderadas a graves en el estudio de conducción del nervio mediano. Existió una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la anormalidad de los parámetros electrofisiológicos y la intensidad de la compresión medular observada en las imágenes de resonancia. CONCLUSIONES. Los potenciales evocados resultan de gran utilidad para la evaluación neurofisiológica en la mielopatía espondilótica. En la mielopatía espondilótica existe gran asociación entre las alteraciones de los parámetros electrofisiológicos y las imágenes de resonancia
INTRODUCTION. Spondylotic myelopathy is a common disease representing the fourth part of non-traumatic paraparesis and tetraparesis. Its diagnosis is supported by clinical, radiological and neurophysiological data. The aim of present research was to demonstrate and to describe the alterations of electrophysiological parameters assessed by different studies, as well as to correlationate the neurophysiological studies according the intensity of radiolgical affection. METHODS. Thirty patients of both sexes were assessed by clinical and imaging diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. All of them underwent electromyography, nervous conduction study, F wave, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials. Techniques of descriptive statistics were applied to neurophysiological variables correlating them with the medullary compression degree according to resonance. RESULTS. In most of the cases the evoked potentials were altered. The electromyography demonstrated altered results in all the cases: in the 72,7 percent there was a diffuse neurogenic pattern, whereas remained showed a radicular irritation pattern. In the 52,1 percent of cases there were moderate to severe alterations in the study of medium nerve conduction. A significant statistical correlation was present between the abnormality of electrophysiological parameters and the medullary compression intensity observed in resonance images. CONCLUSIONS. The evoked potentials are very useful for the neurophysiological assessment in spondylotic myelopathy where is present a strong association among the alterations of electrophysiological parameters and the resonance images
INTRODUCTION. La myÚlopathie spondylique, reprÚsentant la quatriÞme partie des paraparÚsies et des tÚtraparÚsies non-traumatiques, est une maladie frÚquente. Son diagnostic est basÚ sur des donnÚes cliniques, radiologiques et neurophysiologiques. Le but de cette Útude a ÚtÚ de dÚmontrer les altÚrations des paramÞtres Úlectro-physiologiques ÚvaluÚs dans plusieurs Útudes, et de dÚcrire ces altÚrations, ainsi que de mettre en corrÚlation les altÚrations des Útudes neurophysiologiques avec l'intensitÚ de l'affection radiologique. MÉTHODES. Trente patients (tous les deux sexes) ont ÚtÚ ÚvaluÚs et diagnostiquÚs de myÚlophatie spondylique cervicale en clinique et imagerie. Tous les patients ont subi une Úlectromyographie, une Útude de la conduction nerveuse, onde F, potentiels ÚvoquÚs somatosensoriels et moteurs. Des techniques de statistique descriptive ont ÚtÚ appliquÚes aux variables neurophysiologiques, et mises en corrÚlation avec un degrÚ de compression mÚdullaire apprÚciable en RM. RÉSULTATS. Dans la plupart des cas, les potentiels ÚvoquÚs Útaient altÚrÚs. L'Úlectromyographie a montrÚ des rÚsultats altÚrÚs dans tous les cas: Un patron neurogÞne diffus a ÚtÚ observÚ (72,7 percent), tandis que le reste a montrÚ un patron d'irritation radiculaire. Dans 52,1 percent des cas, on a rencontrÚ des altÚrations modÚrÚes Ó graves dans l'Útude de conduction du nerf moyen. Il a existÚ une corrÚlation statistiquement significative entre l'altÚration des paramÞtres Úlectro-physiologiques et l'intensitÚ de la compression mÚdullaire observÚe aux images de RM. CONCLUSIONS. Les potentiels ÚvoquÚs se sont rendus bien utiles pour l'Úvaluation neurophysiologique dans la myÚlopathie spondylique. Dans cette affection, il y a une grande association entre les altÚrations des paramÞtres Úlectro-physiologiques et les images de RM