Señales tempranas de aterogénesis en adolescentes

Introducción: Las investigaciones dirigidas a la identificación de los factores de riesgo aterogénico en niños y adolescentes, demuestran que las enfermedades, como consecuencia de la aterosclerosis en el adulto, se generan desde edades tempranas de la vida. Objetivo: Identificar las señales aterogénicas tempranas en adolescentes. Método: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, de corte transversal, que incluyó 298 adolescentes de 11 a 16 años. Se identificaron las variables sobrepeso-obesidad, hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, inactividad física y dieta inadecuada. Resultados: El 20,5 % de los adolescentes resultaron prehipertensos y el 2,3 % hipertensos. El 40,3 % tenía alteraciones del peso corporal y 44,3 % obesidad abdominal. La señal aterogénica temprana más frecuente fue la actividad física ligera en el 36,6 %. Conclusiones: Las señales aterogénicas tempranas más frecuentes son la obesidad abdominal, el sobrepeso y el sedentarismo, en ese orden.

Introduction: Investigations aimed at identifying atherogenic risk factors in children and adolescents show that diseases, as a consequence of atherosclerosis in adults, are generated from an early age of life. Objective: To identify early atherogenic signs in adolescents. Method: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, which included 298 adolescents from 11 to 16 years of age. The variables overweight-obesity, arterial hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity and inadequate diet were identified. Results: 20.5% of adolescents were prehypertensive and 2.3% hypertensive. 40.3% had changes in body weight and 44.3% had abdominal obesity. The most representative early atherogenic sign, related to lifestyles, was light physical activity in 36.6%. Conclusions: The early atherogenic signs most frequently identified are abdominal obesity, overweight and sedentary lifestyle, in this order.

Señales de Alarma: Empeoramiento de la Obesidad, Inactividad Física y Alta Percepción de Estrés en Estudiantes de Primer Año de la Facultad de Medicina y Odontología de la Universidad de Chile / Alarming signals: Worsening obesity, physical inactivity and high perception of stress in first-year medical and dental students in Chile

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity in Chile despite government-sponsored measures and campaigns, along with others in the last 30 years, suggests additional reinforcement of these efforts at the primary care level. OBJECTIVES: To determine if lifestyles and modifiable health risk factors in first-year students from the University of Chile Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry, potential future promoters of healthy lifestyles, show changes throughout their first academic year. METHODS: In a randomized stratified sample of 388 students according to sex and chosen career weight, height, waist circumference, waist circumference-weight ratio, food consumption, smoking prevalence and dependence, alcohol use, perceived stress level, and physical activity were measured at the first week, 3 and 6 months after their admission. The Cochrane test assessed dichotomic variables, and the Friedman test was used for nonparametric values. RESULTS: 253 students (186 women) completed the follow-up. A significant worsening of obesity (general and abdominal) and physical inactivity, persistent moderate and high-stress perception, and smoking prevalence were documented throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The progressive obesity and physical inactivity, high-stress perception, and persistent smoking prevalence in the first year of academic life suggest considering measures in the curricular academic structure that facilitate adjustments in the student's lifestyles. Future follow-up of this cohort, increasing participants, and assessing students' mental health are planned.

Use of structural models to elucidate the occurrence of falls among older adults according to abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for falls in older adults, but the effects of body fat distribution and its interaction with other factors are not well established. OBJECTIVES: To verify the occurrence of falls among older adults with and without abdominal obesity and the effects of sociodemographic, health, and behavioral variables on this outcome. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study in an urban area of Alcobaça, Brazil. METHODS: Men and women older than 60 years with (270) and without (184) abdominal obesity were included. Sociodemographic, health, and behavioral data were collected using validated questionnaires in Brazil. Descriptive and path analyses were performed (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The occurrence of falls was high in participants with abdominal obesity (33.0%). In both groups, a higher number of morbidities (β = 0.25, P < 0.001; β = 0.26, P = 0.002) was directly associated with a higher occurrence of falls. Among participants without abdominal obesity, a lower number of medications (β = -0.16; P = 0.04), a higher number of depressive symptoms (β = 0.15; P = 0.04), worse performance on the agility and dynamic balance tests (β = 0.37; P < 0.001), and lower functional disability for basic activities of daily living (β = -0.21; P = 0.006) were directly associated with the occurrence of falls. CONCLUSION: Adults older than 60 years with abdominal obesity have a higher prevalence of falls. Different factors were associated with the occurrence of falls in both groups.

Clinical observation on acupuncture for 80 patients with abdominal obesity in Germany: based on the theory of unblocking and regulating the Belt Vessel / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the efficacy of unblocking and regulating the Belt Vessel acupuncture method for patients with abdominal obesity in Germany and its influence on the body fat parameters and glycolipids metabolism. Methods: A total of 82 cases of abdominal obesity in Germany were selected. There were two dropout cases in the treatment process. All of the patients received acupuncture at Daimai (GB26), Daheng (SP15), Tianshu (ST25), Zhongwan (CV12), Shuidao (ST28), Waiguan (TE5), and Zulinqi (GB41). The patients received acupuncture therapy once every 2-3 d, 3 times a week. The treatment duration lasted 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the body mass (BM), waist circumference (WC), abdominal circumference (AC), hip circumference (HC), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and fasting blood glucose (GLU) were measured respectively, and the body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body fat rate (BFR) were calculated. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate was 72.5％; the levels of BM, WC, AC, HC, BMI, WHR, WHtR, BFR, TC, LDL-C, and GLU declined significantly compared with those before treatment (P<0.01), while the TG and HDL-C slightly declined, but the differences were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Conclusion: The unblocking and regulating the Belt Vessel acupuncture method can significantly reduce body fat parameters such as BM, AC, and BFR, and correct the disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with abdominal obesity in Germany.

Comparación entre mediciones e índices antropométricos para evaluar la obesidad general y la abdominal, Colombia ENSIN 2015 / Comparison between anthropometric measurements and indices to evaluate general and abdominal obesity, Colombia ENSIN 2015

Introducción. El exceso de peso representa un problema en la población adulta, el cual aumentó en los últimos años y se asocia con enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivos. Comparar las mediciones con los índices antropométricos y evaluar su relación con variables individuales y sociodemográficas para generar información sobre el uso de las principales medidas en la evaluación de la obesidad general y la abdominal como indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular. Materiales y métodos. Se hace un análisis secundario de la encuesta ENSIN para Colombia, con datos recolectados entre el 2015 y el 2016. Como marco muestral, se utilizó el Censo de Población y Vivienda del 2005 del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), y la muestra incluyó 44.202 hogares y 151.343 personas de 0 a 64 años; para este análisis, se seleccionaron 70.315 registros de población adulta. Se calcularon proporciones, intervalos de confianza, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados. Las medias del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y del índice cintura-estatura fueron más grandes que el punto de corte en ambos sexos, mientras que las medias de la circunferencia de la cintura estuvieron por debajo del corte para los hombres y por encima de aquel para las mujeres (p<0,05). La prevalencia de obesidad por IMC fue de 17,5 %, mientras que la obesidad abdominal, según la circunferencia de la cintura, fue de 50,2 %, y según el índice cintura-estatura, de 62,6 %. Conclusiones. Independientemente del indicador utilizado, la obesidad abdominal es cerca de tres veces más frecuente que la obesidad general por IMC; con el índice cintura-estatura se identifican más personas, en especial hombres, con obesidad abdominal en comparación con la circunferencia de la cintura.

Introduction. Excess weight represents a problem in the adult population, has increased in recent years and is associated with noncommunicable diseases. Objectives. To make comparisons between anthropometric measurements and indices and to evaluate their relationship with individual and sociodemographic variables to generate information on the use of the main measurements in the evaluation of general and abdominal obesity as indicators of cardiovascular risk. Materials and methods. Secondary analysis of the ENSIN survey for Colombia with data collected between 2015 and 2016, the 2005 Population and Housing Census of the Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) was used as a sampling frame. The sample was 44,202 households with 151,343 people aged 0 to 64 years; 70,315 records of adult population were selected for this analysis. Proportions, confidence intervals, measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated. Results. The means of body mass index (BMI) and waist-height index were higher than the cutoff point in both sexes, while the means of waist circumference were below the cutoff point for men and higher for women (p<0.05). The prevalence of obesity by BMI was 17.5%, while abdominal obesity by waist circumference and waist-height index of 50.2% and 62.6% respectively. Conclusions. Abdominal obesity regardless of the indicator used, is about 3 times higher than general obesity by BMI and waist-height index identifies more people, especially men, with abdominal obesity compared to waist circumference.

Estresse percebido em mulheres com síndrome metabólica: um estudo transversal / Perceived stress in women with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study / Estrés percibido en mujeres con síndrome metabólico: un estudio transversal

Introdução: o estresse percebido foi sugerido como um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da Síndrome Metabólica (SM). No entanto, pouco se sabe desta associação entre mulheres. Objetivo: avaliar o estresse percebido em mulheres com SM. Materiais e Métodos: estudo transversal, a partir do recorte de um ensaio clínico não-randomizado, com pacientes de um centro de saúde público (RBR-43K52N). A variável de desfecho foi a SM, utilizando os critérios do NCEP/ATPIII. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, hemodinâmicos e aplicação da PSS. Resultados: A amostra constituiu-se de 75 mulheres acometidas por SM (47,69±8,15 anos de idade; 155,65±0,07 cm; 82,43±17,79 kg; IMC de 33,54±7,28). Encontrou-se valores elevados de RCQ entre as mulheres estressadas e não-estressadas. A pontuação média da PSS foi de 27,73±9,17. Nos agrupamentos, verificou-se diferença significativa para PSS entre as mulheres estressadas e não-estressadas (35,24±5,22 e 20,42±5,53, respectivamente; p=0,001). Observou-se também que mulheres estressadas tinham níveis mais elevados de triglicerídeos e níveis mais baixos de HDL-c quando comparadas com mulheres não estressadas, embora sem diferença estatística. Discussões: Os achados sugerem que as mulheres categorizadas como estressadas tinham maior pontuação da PSS, níveis mais elevados de triglicerídeos e níveis mais baixos de HDL-c quando comparadas com mulheres não estressadas. Conclusões: a pontuação da PSS foi significativamente maior entre mulheres com parâmetros lipídicos da SM alterados, com menores níveis de HDL- e aumento de triglicerídeos.

Introduction: Perceived stress has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of Metabolic Syndrome (MS). However, little is known about this association among women. Objective: to evaluate perceived stress in women with Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Materials and Methods: cross-sectional study, based on a non-randomized clinical trial, with patients from a public health center (RBR-43K52N). The outcome variable was MS, using the NCEP/ATPIII criteria. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, biochemical, hemodynamic data and PSS application were collected. Results: The sample consisted of 75 women affected by MetS (47.69± 8.15 years old; 155.65±0.07 cm; 82.43±17.79 kg; BMI of 33.96±6 ,42). High WHR values were found among stressed and non-stressed women. The average PSS score was 27.73±9.17. In the groups, there was a significant difference for PSS between stressed and non-stressed women (35.24±5.22 and 20.42±5.53, respectively; p=0.001). It was also observed that stressed women had higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-c when compared to non-stressed women, although without statistical difference. Discussions: The findings suggest that women categorized as stressed had higher PSS scores, higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL-c when compared to non-stressed women. Conclusions: the PSS score was significantly higher among women with altered MS lipid parameters, with lower levels of HDL- and increased triglycerides.

Introducción: El estrés percibido ha sido sugerido como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre esta asociación entre las mujeres. Objetivo: evaluar el estrés percibido en mujeres con Síndrome Metabólico (SM). Materiales y Métodos: estudio transversal, basado en un ensayo clínico no aleatorizado, con pacientes de un centro de salud pública (RBR-43K52N). La variable resultada fue SM, utilizando los criterios NCEP/ATPIII. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos, hemodinámicos y aplicación de PSS. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 75 mujeres afectadas por SMet (47,69± 8,15 años; 155,65±0,07 cm; 82,43±17,79 kg; IMC de 33,96±6,42). Se encontraron valores altos de WHR entre mujeres estresadas y no estresadas. La puntuación media de PSS fue de 27,73±9,17. En los grupos, hubo una diferencia significativa para PSS entre mujeres estresadas y no estresadas (35,24±5,22 y 20,42±5,53, respectivamente; p=0,001). También se observó que las mujeres estresadas tenían niveles más altos de triglicéridos y niveles más bajos de HDL-c en comparación con las mujeres no estresadas, aunque sin diferencia estadística. Discusiones: Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres categorizadas como estresadas tenían puntajes PSS más altos, niveles más altos de triglicéridos y niveles más bajos de HDL-c en comparación con mujeres no estresadas. Conclusiones: la puntuación de PSS fue significativamente mayor entre las mujeres con parámetros lipídicos de SM alterados, con niveles de HDL más bajos y triglicéridos elevados.

Analysis of the Influence of Abdominal Obesity on Systemic Arterial Hypertension and on the Lipid Profile on Cardiometabolic Risk Stratification in Adult Women

Abstract Background: Obesity is a public health problem and has been associated with the development of metabolic disorders that have a strong relationship with the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Objective: The objective was to analyze the influence of abdominal obesity (AO) on systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and on the lipid profile in cardiovascular risk stratification in adult women. Methods: Altogether, 91 women participated in the research. Lifestyle information was collected, in addition to the analysis of clinical measures of cardiovascular risk and biochemical parameters. Unpaired Student's t-test, logistic regression, and Pearson's correlation were performed for data analysis, with a value of p <0.05 considered significant. Results: The prevalence of AO was 62.6%. Logistic regression showed that AO increased the chance of developing SAH by 2.9-fold. The same behavior was observed in the TG/HDL-c lipid ratio (3.93 ± 0.3 vs. 2.16 ± 0.2), representing an 82% increase in obese women. The present study also demonstrated that the best anthropometric parameter to analyze cardiovascular risk in the studied population was the waist/height ratio (AUC = 0.707). Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded that AO plays a significant role in the development of SAH and changes in lipid values that predict increased cardiovascular risk, configuring a strong influence factor for CVD.

Factores desencadenantes actuales de la obesidad / Obesity and its consequences today

Objetivo: Analizar la obesidad y sus consecuencias como problema de salud pública en la actualidad. Método: Revisión sistemática de artículos publicados en PubMed. Resultados: Se escrutaron 17 artículos que presentan información relevante al tema planteado. Conclusión: Se han identificado varios síndromes específicos, siendo la obesidad el síntoma principal. Estas raras causas de obesidad representan menos del 1% de los casos de obesidad en niños en el entorno de la atención terciaria. La obesidad también es un componente de síndromes genéticos relativamente comunes, incluido el síndrome de Down.

Objective: To analyze obesity and its consequences as a current public health problem. Method: Systematic review of articles published in PubMed. Results: Seventeen articles were scrutinized and presented information relevant to the topic in question. Conclusion: Several specific syndromes have been identified, with obesity being the main symptom. These rare causes of obesity account for less than 1% of obesity cases in children in the tertiary care setting. Obesity is also a component of relatively common genetic syndromes, including Down syndrome.

Associação entre ingestão de bebida alcoólica e estado antropométrico de universitários / Association between alcohol consumption and anthropometric status of university students

Introdução: objetivamos avaliar associação entre ingestão de bebida alcoólica e estado antropométrico em estudantes que frequentam Restaurante Universitário. Metodologia: estudo transversal com 155 universitários em que foi avaliado o consumo de bebida alcoólica, frequência do consumo, tempo de consumo, quantidade e hábitos adotados enquanto bebiam. As medidas antropométricas realizadas foram estatura, peso, circunferência da cintura, circunferência do quadril e quatro dobras cutâneas (tricipital, bicipital, subescapular e suprailíaca). Para análise, realizamos estatística descritiva, o teste de qui-quadrado de independência para as proporções entre os grupos e a diferença entre as médias das medidas antropométricas de acordo a quantidade de bebida alcoólica consumida foi avaliada pelo teste ANOVA. Foram considerados significantes valores de p<0,05. Resultados: dos universitários, 63,87% eram bebedores, 23,2% dos bebedores estavam com excesso de peso, 21,2% apresentaram circunferência da cintura com risco elevado e percentual de gordura em excesso em ambos os grupos (77,8% vs. 73,2). Identificamos diferença estatisticamente para a circunferência da cintura entre o tempo de consumo (p=0,003) e entre o percentual de gordura corporal de acordo com a quantidade de bebida alcoólica consumida (p=0,001). Conclusão: o estado antropométrico dos universitários que consumiam bebida alcoólica apresentou alta frequência de excesso de peso e risco de complicações metabólicas associadas à obesidade, mesmo que sem significações estatísticas para as associações testadas.

Introduction: we aimed to evaluate the association between alcohol intake and anthropometric status in students who attend the University Restaurant. Methodology: cross-sectional study with 155 university students in which the consumption of alcoholic beverages, frequency of consumption, consumption time, quantity and habits adopted while drinking were evaluated. The anthropometric measurements taken were height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and four skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac). For analysis, we performed descriptive statistics, the chi-square test of independence for proportions between groups and the difference between the means of anthropometric measures according to the amount of alcoholic beverage consumed was evaluated by the ANOVA test. Significant values of p<0.05 were considered. Results: of the college students, 63.87% were drinkers, 23.2% of the drinkers were overweight, 21.2% high risk waist dissipation and fat percentage in both groups (77.8% vs. 73 ,two). We identified a statistically significant difference for waist circumference between consumption time (p = 0.003) and between body fat percentage according to the amount of alcoholic beverage consumed (p = 0.001). Conclusion: the anthropometric status of college students who drank alcoholic beverages presented a high frequency of weight and risk of metabolic complications associated with obesity, even if without statistical significance for the tested associations.

High waist-to-height ratio and associated factors in adolescents from a city in Southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Razão cintura-estatura elevada e fatores associados em adolescentes de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the prevalence of abdominal obesity with the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and associated factors in adolescents from a city in Southern Brazil. Methods: A total of 960 adolescents (494 boys) aged 15-18 years old participated in this study. The dependent variable was WHtR; independent variables were self-reported age, economic level, sexual maturation, physical activity level, screen time, and body fat. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: It was observed that 36.7% of the adolescents presented high WHtR (50.2% in girls and 23.9% in boys). Regardless of sex, adolescents with high body fat were more likely of having high WHtR (boys: Odds Ratio [OR] 29.79; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 16.87-52.62; girls: OR 19.43; 95%CI 10.51-35.94). In girls, high WHtR was associated with age (OR 1.83; 95%CI 1.17-2.87), and in boys, with economic level (OR 2.34; 95%CI 1.01-5.45). Conclusions: One in each three adolescents has abdominal obesity. Among adolescents with high body fat, girls aged 15-16 and boys with high-income are the groups most exposed to abdominal obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de obesidade abdominal, por meio da razão cintura-estatura (RCE), e fatores associados em adolescentes de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Participaram 965 adolescentes (499 meninos) de 15 a 18 anos. A variável dependente foi a RCE elevada e as variáveis independentes foram idade, nível econômico, maturação sexual, nível de atividade física, tempo de tela e adiposidade corporal. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e regressão logística. Resultados: 36,7% dos adolescentes apresentaram RCE elevada (50,2% das meninas e 23,9% dos meninos). Independentemente do sexo, os adolescentes com adiposidade corporal elevada apresentaram maiores chances de terem RCE elevada (masculino: OR 30,91; IC95% 17,37-55,00; feminino: OR 19,18; IC95% 10,39-35,40). Nas meninas, observou-se associação da RCE elevada com idade (OR 1,88; IC95% 1,20-2,94) e, nos meninos, com nível econômico (OR 2,35; IC95% 1,01-5,46). Conclusões: Um em cada três adolescentes tem obesidade abdominal. Adolescentes com adiposidade corporal elevada, meninas de 15-16 anos e meninos de nível econômico alto são os grupos mais expostos à obesidade abdominal.

Abdominal obesity-related risk factors in children from public schools of Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Fatores associados à obesidade abdominal em crianças matriculadas na rede pública de ensino, Barbacena, Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with abdominal obesity in children from public schools in Barbacena, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 326 students aged 7 to 9 years from public schools in the urban area of the city. Anthropometric data included body weight, height, body mass index according to age, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio. Food consumption was evaluated using the Previous Day Food Questionnaire. Abdominal obesity was assessed based on waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. The bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regression, estimating the crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence interval. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 30.7%; whereas the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 9.2 and 12.6% according to waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, respectively. Boys (OR 2.76; 95%CI 1.22-6.25) and children from central schools (OR 2.73; 95%CI 1.08-6.80) presented an increased chance of abdominal obesity according to waist circumference. Abdominal obesity according to waist-to-height ratio was associated with the central location of the schools (OR 2.18; 95%CI 1.02-4.63) and the habit of skipping supper (OR 2.01; 95%CI 1.00-4.09). Conclusions: The findings showed that being a boy, studying in a central school, and skipping supper were the main risk factors associated with abdominal obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida associados à obesidade abdominal em crianças de escolas públicas de Barbacena, Minas Gerais. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com 326 escolares de sete a nove anos, matriculados em escolas da zona urbana da cidade. As variáveis antropométricas avaliadas foram peso, estatura, índice de massa corpórea por idade, circunferência da cintura e relação cintura-estatura. O consumo alimentar foi registrado pelo Questionário Alimentar do Dia Anterior. A obesidade abdominal foi avaliada com base na circunferência da cintura e relação cintura-estatura. As análises bivariada e multivariada foram realizadas por meio de regressão logística, estimando-se a Odds Ratio (OR) bruta e ajustada, com os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 30,7%, enquanto a prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 9,2 e 12,6%, de acordo com circunferência da cintura e relação cintura-estatura, respectivamente. Crianças do sexo masculino (OR 2,76; IC95% 1,22-6,25) e de escolas centrais (OR 2,73; IC95% 1,08-6,80) tiveram maior chance de apresentar obesidade abdominal segundo a circunferência da cintura. A obesidade abdominal, de acordo com a relação cintura-estatura, associou-se à localização central das escolas (OR 2,18; IC95% 1,02-4,63) e à omissão da ceia (OR 2,01; IC95% 1,00-4,09). Conclusões: Os achados mostraram que ser do sexo masculino, estudar em escola central e omitir a ceia foram os principais fatores de risco associados à obesidade abdominal.

Mudanças em indicadores antropométricos e de velocidade de marcha em idosos: estudo de coorte / Changes in anthropometric indicators and gait speed in older adults: cohort study

Resumo Objetivo Caracterizar mudanças em indicadores antropométricos em idosos e investigar se o excesso de peso associou-se com menor velocidade da marcha (VM), com base em medidas realizadas a um intervalo de nove anos. Métodos Estudo de coorte com idosos (≥65 anos), realizado em 2008-2009 (linha de base) e 2016-2017 (seguimento) em Campinas/SP e Ermelino Matarazzo/SP, Brasil. Foram aferidas medidas de peso corporal, estatura, circunferência da cintura (CC) e do quadril (CQ), usadas para obter os indicadores: índice de massa corporal (IMC), razão cintura-estatura (RCE), razão cintura-quadril (RCQ) e índice de conicidade (Índice C). Os testes T e de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas foram usados para estimar as diferenças. Resultados Foram analisadas informações de 537 idosos (70,0% mulheres) com idade média de 72,2 anos na linha de base e 80,7 anos no seguimento. Após nove anos, os homens apresentaram reduções significativas do peso corporal, estatura e IMC, e aumento do Índice C. Nas mulheres, observou-se declínio do peso, estatura e IMC, e elevação da CC, CQ, RCE, RCQ e Índice C. Observaram-se variações percentuais de: -3,89% (peso), -0,36% (estatura), -4,18% (IMC) e +2,27% (Índice C) nos homens; -2,95% (peso), -0,65% (estatura), -0,73% (IMC), +3,33% (CC), +1,59% (CQ), +3,45% (RCE), +2,27% (RCQ) e +4,76% (Índice C) nas mulheres. O excesso de peso associou-se com maiores chances de estabilidade e de novos casos de menor VM no seguimento. Conclusão Foram identificadas mudanças no peso, estatura, IMC, nos indicadores de obesidade abdominal, especialmente nas mulheres, e associação entre excesso de peso e menor VM.

Abstract Objective To characterize changes in anthropometric indicators in older adults and investigate whether being overweight was associated with lower gait speed (GS), based on measurements taken at an interval of nine years. Methods Cohort study with older adults (≥65 years), conducted in 2008-2009 (baseline) and 2016-2017 (follow-up) in the city of Campinas/SP and in Ermelino Matarazzo/SP, Brazil. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and hip (HC) measurements were taken and used to determine the following indicators: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (C index). The T and Wilcoxon tests for paired samples were used to estimate the differences. Results Information from 537 older adults (70.0% women) with a mean age of 72.2 years at baseline and 80.7 years at follow-up were analyzed. After nine years, the men showed significant decreases in weight, height and BMI, and an increase in the C index. In women, decreases in weight, height and BMI, and increases in WC, HC, WHtR, WHR and C index were observed. The percentage variations observed were: -3.89% (weight), -0.36% (height), -4.18% (BMI) and +2.27% (C index) among men; -2.95% (weight), -0.65% (height), -0.73% (BMI), +3.33% (WC), +1.59% (HC), +3.45% (WHtR), +2.27% (WHR) and +4.76% (C-Index) among women. Being overweight was associated with greater odds ratio of stability and new cases of lower GS at follow-up. Conclusion Changes were identified in weight, height, BMI, and indicators of abdominal obesity, especially in women, together with an association between being overweight and lower GS.

Degree of food processing and association with overweight and abdominal obesity in adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the association between the degree of food processing, overweight, and abdominal obesity in adolescents. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, with 576 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, of both sexes. Food consumption was collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and foods classified as in natura or minimally processed, processed foods associated with culinary ingredients, and ultraprocessed foods. Sociodemographic data, body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio were collected. The analysis was evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test and prevalence ratio with 95% confidence interval, considering p<0.05. Results An intake above the third quartile of processed foods associated with culinary ingredients (prevalence ratio of 1.64; 95%CI: 1.12-2.42) and ultraprocessed (prevalence ratio of 1.58; 95%CI: 1.07-2.34) was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight. Consumption above the third quartile of ultraprocessed foods was associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, assessed by waist circumference (prevalence ratio of 2.48; 95%CI: 1.41-4.36), and waist-height ratio (prevalence ratio of 2.09; 95%CI: 1.11-3.92). Conclusion A higher consumption of processed foods associated with culinary ingredients was related to being overweight, and ultraprocessed foods with overweight and abdominal obesity.

Relación del Índice cintura/talla con la morbilidad y el riesgo cardiometabólico en adultos pinareños / Relation waist-to-height index with morbidity and cardiometabolic risk in the adults from Pinar del Rio province

RESUMEN Introducción: el índice cintura-talla es un indicador antropométrico que ha captado la atención como índice útil para medir la adiposidad central y el riesgo cardiometabólico. Objetivo: mostrar la relación del índice cintura-talla con la morbilidad y el riesgo cardiometabólico en adultos pinareños. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica y transversal en 164 trabajadores de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río y del Policlínico Jesús Lemus Mirabal, entre septiembre de 2018 y febrero de 2019. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, de tensión arterial y determinaciones hematológicas además de ultrasonido abdominal. Se utilizaron pruebas no paramétricas U de Mann-Whitney para la comparación de medias. Resultados: la edad promedio de la serie de estudio fue de 48,4±12,58 años. Los indicadores antropométricos circunferencia de la cadera, de la cintura e índice de masa corporal, mostraron valores promedios mayores en el grupo con ICT ≥0,5. En los sujetos que presentaron ICT≥0,5 se encontraron mayores niveles promedios de tensión arterial sistólica, diastólica, glucemia, colesterol, triglicéridos y ácido úrico que los que presentaron ICT aceptables (p<0,05). El ICT mostró correlación positiva y significativa (p<0,05) con los valores de todos los parámetros hematobioquímicos empleados. Los valores anómalos de riesgo cardiometabólico se concentraron entre los que tuvieron ICT≥0,50. Conclusiones: el índice cintura-talla es un índice simple y válido para identificar adultos con mayor riesgo cardiometabólico y morbilidad por enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles.

ABSTRACT Introduction: waist-to-height index is an anthropometric indicator that has captured interests as useful marker to measure the central adiposity and cardiometabolic risk. Objective: to demonstrate the relation of waist-to-height index with morbidity and cardiometabolic risk in the adults from Pinar del Rio province. Methods: and observational, analytical and cross-sectional research was carried out in 164 workers from Pinar del Rio University of Medical Sciences and Jesus Lemus Mirabal Polyclinic between September 2018 and February 2019. Anthropometric measures, measurement of blood pressure, hematological determination and an abdominal ultrasound were assessed; using the non-parametric tests of U and of Mann-Whitney for the comparison. Results: the average age of the series of study was 48,4±12,58 years old. The anthropometric indicators of hip and waist circumferences and the body mass index [BMI] showed higher average values in the group with BMI ≥0,5. In the subjects who presented BMI ≥0,5 were found higher average levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, than those who presented acceptable TBI values(p<0,05). The BMI showed positive and significant correlation (p<0,05) with the values of all the hematological-biochemical parameters applied. The anomalous values of cardiometabolic risk were concentrated among those showing BMI ≥0,50. Conclusions: the waist-to-height index is a simple and valid indicator to identify the adults with increased cardiometabolic risk and morbidity from chronic noncommunicable diseases.

Effects of abdominal obesity on cognitive status in patients with moderate to severe of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To observe the effects of abdominal obesity on cognitive status in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS).Methods:150 cases with moderate to severe OSAS patients were enrolled in this prospective case-control study in the Department of Neurology of Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from June 2016 to September 2020.According to whether abdominal obesity was complicated, the patients were divided into non-abdominal obesity group(n=31)and abdominal obesity group(n=119). The cognitive function of the patients was evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment(Mo-CA)scale and Symbol Digit Modalities Test(SDMT)in the two groups, and the independent influencing factors of each cognitive function were determined by linear regression.Two factors Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)was used to analyze the main effects and interactions of Apnea Hypopnea Index(AHI)and abdominal obesity on various cognitive functions.Results:Compared with the non-abdominal obesity group, the body mass index, neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, AHI, minimum oxygen saturation and oxygen de-saturation index(ODI)were significantly higher in the abdominal obesity group(all P<0.01). Before correction for any factors, the total score of Mo-CA, visual space and executive score and language score were lower in abdominal obesity group than in non-abdominal obesity group( P<0.01). After adjusting for gender, age, years of education, smoking history, drinking history, AHI and other factors, there were still significant differences in visual space, executive score and language score between the two groups( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the total score of Mo-Ca( P>0.05). The correct number of SDMT(40.4±14.5)was lower in non-abdominal obesity group than in abdominal obesity group(44.4±9.0), but the difference was not statistically significant( t=1.887, P>0.05). After adjusting for gender, age, years of education, smoking history, and drinking history, there was still no significant difference in AHI and other factors between the two groups( P>0.05). Regression analysis results showed that independent influencing factors of the total Mo-CA score were age, education, abdominal obesity, and AHI>30( β=-0.174, 0.213, 0.011, 0.158, respectively all P<0.05); the independent influencing factors of visual space and execution ability were the years of education and the abdominal obesity( β=0.182, -0.038, P<0.01); the independent influence factors of naming were gender( β=-0.176, P<0.01); independent influencing factors of attention were age( β=-0.159, P<0.01); independent influencing factors of language were abdominal obesity( β=-0.203, P<0.01); independent influences factors for abstract thinking ability were the length of education( β=0.204, P<0.01); independent influencing factors for delay recall were age, years of education and AHI>30(βvalues were -0.206, -0.125, and -0.174, respectively, all P<0.05, respectively); independent influencing factors for SDMT correct number were age, years of education(β values were -0.177, 0.153, respectively, all P<0.01, respectively). Interaction analysis results showed that there was an interaction between AHI and abdominal obesity in language score( P<0.05). Conclusions:Abdominal obesity can impair the visuospatial and executive abilities as well as language ability in moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea patients.And there is an interaction between apnea-hypopnea index and MO-CA scores in language ability.

Fenotipo de hipertensión-cintura alterada y su asociación con componentes del síndrome metabólico en gerontes / Phenotype of Hypertension-altered Waist and its Association with the Components of Metabolic Changes in Gerontics

RESUMEN Fundamento: la obesidad abdominal constituye un fenotipo específico de obesidad y se caracteriza por afectar la mitad superior del cuerpo, lo que asociado a un conjunto de factores metabólicos incrementa el riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del fenotipo hipertensión-cintura alterada y su asociación con varios componentes del síndrome metabólico en gerontes. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal para determinar la prevalencia del fenotipo hipertensión-cintura alterada y su asociación con varios componentes del síndrome metabólico en gerontes hospitalizados en Servicio de Geriatría del Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Celia Sánchez Manduley en Manzanillo, Granma en el período comprendido entre noviembre 2017-noviembre 2018. Se analizaron variables demográficas (edad y sexo), clínicas (antecedentes patológicos personales, circunferencia abdominal (para determinar obesidad abdominal), peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y de laboratorio en ayunas (glucemia, triglicéridos, HDL-colesterol). Resultados: se estableció el diagnóstico del fenotipo hipertensión-cintura alterada en 157 individuos de 180 sujetos estudiados, el grupo de 70 - 79 años de edad y el sexo masculino fueron los más afectados. Los componentes del síndrome metabólico con mayor asociación fueron la dislipidemia seguida de la alteración de glucemia. En el grupo de 60 - 79 años de edad predominó el fenotipo hipertensión - obesidad abdominal en individuos con índice de masa corporal de sobrepeso y normopeso; mientras que entre nonagenarios y el centenario la asociación fue mayor para pacientes normopesos. La hipertensión - cintura alterada prevaleció entre los sobrepesos y normopesos de ambos sexos. Conclusiones: existe una alta prevalencia del fenotipo hipertensión - cintura alterada en los adultos mayores estudiados.

ABSTRACT Foundation: abdominal obesity lis a specific phenotype of obesity and is characterized by affecting the upper half of the body, which associated to a group of metabolic factors increase cardiovascular risks. Objective: to determine the prevalence of hypetension phenotype - altered waist and its association with various components of the metabolic syndrome of gerontics admitted at the geriatric service of the Clinical Surgical Teaching Provincial Hospital Celia Sánchez Manduley of Manzanillo, Granma in the period from November 2017 - November 2018. Method: a cross descriptive study was conducted which included 180 aging patients admitted at the geriatric service who had personal history of hypertension. Results: phenotype hypertension diagnosis was established - altered waist in 157 subjects out of 180 studied, while in the age group of 70 to 79 and male sex were the most affected. The components of the metabolic syndrome with higher association with senescents affected by the endocrinopathy were dyslipidemia followed by glycaemia disturbances. In the group from 60 to 70 abdominal obesity- hypertension phenotype in individuals with overweight or normalbody mass index; while among nonagerians and the centenarian the association was more for normal weight. Hypertension - altered waist prevailed among overweight and normal weight of both sexes. Conclusion: there is a high prevalence of altered waist - hypertension in the studied older adults.

Factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de San Juan y Martínez / Risk factors for metabolic syndrome in adolescents from San Juan and Martinez municipality

RESUMEN Introducción: el síndrome metabólico se caracteriza por la obesidad central, anomalías metabólicas, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial y comprende diferentes alteraciones cardiovasculares; así como la presencia de diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: caracterizar los factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de San Juan y Martínez durante el año 2018. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 522 pacientes, se seleccionaron 141 adolescentes mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se realizó la revisión de las historias de salud individual y familiar. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados mediante SPSS. Resultados: existió predominio del sexo femenino (58,87 %) y color de piel blanca (80,14 %). El 63,1 % presentó antecedentes de hipertensión arterial en familiares de primera línea y el 61 % mostró hábitos alimentarios regulares. El 54,6 % de la muestra se encontró normopeso, el 75,2 % refirió ingerir bebidas alcohólicas y el 88 % eran fumadores. Conclusiones: la presencia de factores de riesgo del síndrome metabólico es cada día mayor en los adolescentes, lo cual trae grandes probabilidades para desarrollarlo en esta etapa de la vida. El diagnóstico precoz permite trabajar sobre ellos y evitar futuras enfermedades y complicaciones asociadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: metabolic syndrome is characterized by central obesity, metabolic abnormalities, dyslipidemia, hypertension and it includes different cardiovascular alterations; as well as the presence of diabetes mellitus. Objective: to characterize the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents from San Juan and Martinez municipality during the year 2018. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out. The target group consisted of 522 patients, 141 of them were chosen through a simple random sampling. Individual and family health histories were reviewed. The data obtained were processed by SPSS. Results: there was a predominance of female sex (58,87 %) and white race (80,14 %). A history of hypertension in first line relatives was found in 63,1 % and 61 % showed average eating habits; 54,6 % of the sample was found to be normal weight, 75,2 % reported drinking alcoholic beverages and 88% were smokers. Conclusions: the presence of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome is increasing in adolescents, which brings about great probabilities for its development at this stage of life. Early diagnoses allow working on them and avoid future diseases and associated complications.

Asociación entre obesidad abdominal y factores demográficos, según niveles de altitud en el Perú / Association between abdominal obesity and demographic factors according to altitude levels in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar en la población adulta del Perú, las características de la obesidad abdominal y su relación con los diferentes niveles de altitud geográfica, de acuerdo a género, grupos de edad, estado nutricional y área de residencia. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en base a las fuentes secundarias: Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO 2012-2013) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) y Ministerio de Salud Lima, Perú. La obesidad abdominal se identificó mediante la circunferencia de la cintura y el índice cintura/talla. La altitud se estratificó en 3 niveles: < 1000 m.s.n.m., de 1000 a 2999 m.s.n.m. y ≥ 3000 m.s.n.m. Resultados. Las mayores prevalencias de obesidad abdominal se encontraron en el género femenino (48,2% - 87,4%), en el grupo de edad de 40 a 59 años (38,4 % - 89,5%), en los obesos (85,9% - 99,9%), y en las áreas urbanas (36,8% - 86,3%), respectivamente. Estas prevalencias disminuyeron a partir de los 1000 m.s.n.m., a excepción de las que correspondieron al estado nutricional. La razón de prevalencia ajustada por género, grupo étareo y área de residencia, mostró una disminución en relación a la altitud. Conclusión. La población que vive en ciudades de gran altitud mostró bajas prevalencias de obesidad abdominal en relación a los que viven en ciudades de menor altitud.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine in the adult population of Peru, the characteristics of abdominal obesity and its relationship with different levels of geographic altitude, according to gender, age groups, nutritional status, and area of residence. Methods. A descriptive study was carried out based on secondary sources: National Household Survey (ENAHO 2012-2013) of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) and Ministry of Health Lima, Peru. Abdominal obesity was identified by waist circumference and waist / height ratio. The altitude was stratified into 3 levels: <1000 meters above sea level, from 1000 to 2999 meters above sea level, and ≥ 3000 m.a.s.l. Results. The highest prevalence of abdominal obesity was found in the female gender (48,2% - 87,4%), in the age group from 40 to 59 years (38,4% - 89,5%), in the obese (85,9% - 99,9%), and in urban areas (36,8% - 86,3%), respectively. These prevalences decreased from 1000 meters above sea level, with the exception of those corresponding to nutritional status. The prevalence ratio adjusted for gender, age group and area of residence, showed a decrease in relation to altitude. Conclusion. The population living in high-altitude cities showed low prevalence of abdominal obesity in relation to those living in lower-altitude cities.