Influencia de la edad en el contenido de fenoles y ligninas en Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) / The influence of age on the phenolic contents and lignins of Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae)

Resumen Introducción: La melina (Gmelina arborea), es una especie de gran interés por su madera y propiedades medicinales. En Costa Rica, existen clones genéticamente superiores que se propagan sin el conocimiento de la edad ontogénica y fisiológica de los materiales. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación del contenido de fenoles y ligninas en hojas, peciolos, tallos y raíces de plantas con diferentes edades. Métodos: Los contenidos de fenoles y ligninas totales se determinaron mediante el método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu y el método de extracción alcalina, respectivamente. Para la investigación se eligieron plantas in vitro "año cero" y árboles de año y medio, cuatro, siete y 20 años. El muestreo se realizó en marzo y abril del 2021. Resultados: Se demostró que todas las partes de la planta analizadas contienen compuestos fenólicos y ligninas, independientemente de su edad. No hubo una correlación positiva entre la edad con el contenido de fenoles y ligninas para ninguna condición de desarrollo, pues los valores más altos no se obtuvieron en los árboles más longevos. Los extractos de hojas de las plantas in vitro y los árboles de siete años mostraron, respectivamente, los contenidos más altos de fenoles y ligninas para todas las condiciones (P < 0.05). Los valores promedio más bajos de compuestos fenólicos para todas las condiciones se obtuvieron en los árboles de cuatro años. Respecto a las ligninas, el contenido más bajo se presentó en las raíces más longevas, aunque la tendencia no se mantuvo para el resto de las partes de la planta. Conclusiones: La investigación muestra los primeros resultados del contenido de compuestos fenólicos y ligninas presentes en diferentes tejidos de una especie forestal de edades diferentes. Por lo tanto, son los primeros valores de referencia acerca del compromiso bioquímico para la síntesis fenólica según la edad y el estado de desarrollo específico de una planta leñosa.

Abstract Introduction: Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a tree species of great interest for its wood and medicinal properties. In Costa Rica, there are genetically superior clones that are propagated without knowledge of the ontogenic and physiological age of the materials. Objective: To evaluate how age influences the content of phenols and lignins in leaves, petioles, stems, and roots of melina plants. Methods: The total phenolic and lignins contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and alkaline extraction method, respectively. Plants of five different ages were chosen for the investigation (in vitro plants "year 0" and trees of a year and a half, four, seven and 20 years). Sampling was done in March and April 2021. Results: All parts of the plant analyzed contain phenolic compounds and lignins, regardless of their age. There was no positive correlation between age and phenol and lignin content for any development condition, since the highest values were not obtained in the oldest trees. Leaf extracts from in vitro plants and seven-year-old trees showed, respectively, the highest phenol and lignin contents for all conditions (P < 0.05). The lowest average values of phenolic compounds for all conditions were obtained in four-year-old trees. Regarding lignins, the lowest content occurred in the oldest roots, although the trend was not maintained for the rest of the plant parts. Conclusions: This study provides the first results of the content of phenolic compounds and lignins present in different tissues of a forest species of different ages. Therefore, they are the first reference values about the biochemical commitment for phenolic synthesis according to the age and the specific developmental stage of a woody plant.

Effects of light regulation on the synthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants / 药学实践与服务

Secondary metabolites of medicinal plants are extremely important to human health because of their special pharmacological activities or efficacy. They are the main source of drugs, health care products, and cosmetics. As human beings continue to pursue health and longevity, the demand in the pharmaceutical market continues to grow. It becomes especially important to improve the production and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Plant secondary metabolites are a kind of adaptation of plants to their environment and are the result of the interaction between plants and biotic and abiotic factors during the long-term evolution process. The production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are mainly affected by plant genetic factors and environmental factors. Among them, light environment is extremely important for their synthesis. Therefore, light regulation has long been a research focus for many scholars in China and abroad. In this article, we the recent research progress on the effects of light regulation on the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants were reviewed, mainly focusing on the effects of light quality, light intensity and photoperiod, in order to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the efficient production of secondary metabolites with important pharmacological activities.

Variation rules of main secondary metabolites in Hedysari Radix before and after rubbing strip / 中成药

AIM To investigate the variation rules of main secondary metabolites in Hedysari Radix before and after rubbing strip.METHODS UPLC-MS/MS was adopted in the content determination of formononetin,ononin,calycosin,calycosin-7-glucoside,medicarpin,genistein,luteolin,liquiritigenin,isoliquiritigenin,vanillic acid,ferulic acid,γ-aminobutyric acid,adenosine and betaine,after which cluster analysis,principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were used for chemical pattern recognition to explore differential components.RESULTS After rubbing strip,formononetin,calycosin,liquiritigenin and γ-aminobutynic acid demonstrated increased contents,along with decreased contents of ononin,calycosin-7-glucoside and vanillic acid.The samples with and without rubbing strip were clustered into two types,calycosin-7-glucoside,formononetin,γ-aminobutynic acid,vanillic acid,calycosin-7-glucoside and formononetin were differential components.CONCLUSION This experiment clarifies the differences of chemical constituents in Hedysari Radix before and after rubbing strip,which can provide a reference for the research on rubbing strip mechanism of other medicinal materials.

Antibacterial potential of marine organisms and coastal plants in combating antibacterial resistance: A review

@#The increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens is a global issue and becoming worse because it has reduced the effectiveness of current antibiotics in the management of infectious diseases. Therefore, this situation highlights the urgency of an action plan to identify and develop novel and potent antimicrobials derived from natural resources. Therapeutic compounds from natural resources can offer novel, straightforward approaches against pathogenic bacteria with the least toxic manifestations and a low risk of acquiring resistance. Marine organisms and coastal plants receive much interest among researchers nowadays for developing new pharmaceuticals because they are rich in secondary metabolites that have various pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and others. This review's goal is to highlight the phytochemical components of marine organisms and coastal plants that might be accountable for their antibacterial properties that have been scientifically confirmed and can be potential aids in treating infectious diseases caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in humans.

Analysis of Differences in Secondary Metabolites from Dendrobium nobile Stems Cultivated on Epiphytic Rocks in Different Growth Years Based on Metabolomics / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the changing characteristics of secondary metabolic compounds accumulated in Dendrobium nobile stems at different growth years， a simulated wild stone plant， in order to provide a theoretical basis for rational planning of the harvesting period of D. nobile. MethodUltra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（UPLC-MS/MS） was used to detect and analyze the secondary metabolites in the stems of 1-year-old， 2-year-old， and 3-year-old D. nobile. The mass spectrometry data were processed using Analyst 1.6.3 software， and all samples were subjected to principal component analysis（PCA）， cluster heat map analysis， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）， and differential secondary metabolites were screened based on variable importance in projection（VIP） values>1， fold change（FC）≥2 and FC≤0.5. Then differential secondary metabolites were identified based on relative molecular weight， fragmentation ions and mass spectrometry database， and enriched pathways were identified based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） database. ResultA total of 1 317 secondary metabolites were identified in the stems of D. nobile at three growth stages， with flavonoids， phenolic acids， alkaloids and terpenoids accounting for 76.55% of the total. Compared with the 1-year-old stems of D. nobile， 289 differential secondary metabolites were identified in the 2-year-old stems， of which 255 were up-regulated and 34 were down-regulated， 682 differential secondary metabolites were identified in the 3-year-old stems， of which 502 were up-regulated and 180 were down-regulated. Compared to the 2-year-old stems， the 3-year-old stems had 602 differential secondary metabolites， with 405 up-regulated and 197 down-regulated. As the growth stage of D. nobile increased， the top 10 up-regulated differential metabolites mainly included flavonoids， phenolic acids， phenylpropanoids and terpenoids， such as kaempferol derivatives， asperulosidic acid， apigenin derivatives， chrysoeriol derivatives， isorhamnetin derivatives， taxifolin derivatives， quercetin derivatives. KEGG enrichment analysis showed significant enrichment of secondary metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthesis， flavone， and flavonol biosynthesis， secondary metabolite biosynthesis， and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways with the increase of growth years. ConclusionWith the increase of the growth years， the levels of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids， phenolic acids， phenylpropanoids and terpenoids in the wild-grown D. nobile have been significantly enhanced. In practical production， grading based on different growth years can be carried out to improve the medicinal and economic values of D. nobile.

Seasonal effect on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of young, mature and senescent leaves from Anredera cordifolia (Ten. ) Steenis (Basellaceae) / Efeito sazonal no conteúdo de fenólicos e ação antioxidante de folhas jovens, maduras e senescentes de Anredera cordifolia (Ten. ) Steenis (Basellaceae)

Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis is a vine species native to Brazil that is considered an unconventional food plant and a medicinal species whose phenolic compounds exert antioxidant activity. Since the production of metabolites is determined by environmental factors and leaf maturity, it is important to track these changes in order to determine the best time to harvest. This study aimed to verify whether leaf phenology and seasonality cause variations in the amount of phenolic compounds and in the antioxidant activity of this species. The leaves were collected in different seasons between September 2018 and April 2019, and separated according to maturity: young, mature, and senescent. Daily atmospheric temperature and rainfall data were used to characterize the collection period. The total phenolic content (TPC), determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, was significantly higher in the young leaves collected in winter, a season of lower temperatures. These leaves showed 54.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of dry matter (mg GAE 100 g-1DM). Other results averaged 25.6 mg GAE 100 g-1DM. The highest antioxidant activity, assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, regardless of leaf phenology, was observed in leaves harvested in autumn (73.7%) and winter (71.1%), seasons with lower rainfall. Leaves harvested in summer and spring had lower antioxidant action rates (54.3 e 37.5%, respectively). There was no significant correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Thus, the phenolic composition of A. cordifolia, and consequently its activity on free radicals, varies seasonally in response to temperature and rainfall, and may or may not interact with the age of the leaves.

Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis é uma trepadeira nativa do Brasil considerada uma planta alimentícia não convencional e uma espécie medicinal, cujos compostos fenólicos exercem ação antioxidante. Como a produção de metabólitos é determinada por fatores ambientais e pela maturidade das folhas, é importante acompanhar essas mudanças a fim de determinar a época de colheita. Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar se a fenologia foliar e a sazonalidade ocasionam variação na quantidade de compostos fenólicos e na ação antioxidante dessa espécie. As folhas foram coletadas em diferentes estações, entre setembro de 2018 e abril de 2019, e separadas conforme a maturidade: jovens, maduras e senescentes. Os dados diários de temperatura atmosférica e pluviosidade foram usados para caracterizar o período de coleta. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais (TPC), determinado pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu, foi significativamente maior nas folhas jovens coletadas no inverno, período caracterizado por temperaturas mais baixas. Estas folhas apresentaram 54,4 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico por 100 g de matéria seca (mg GAE 100 g-1DM) . A média dos outros resultados foi de 25,6 mg GAE 100 g-1DM. A maior ação antioxidante, avaliada pelo método do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), foi observada em folhas colhidas no outono (73,7%) e inverno (71,1%), independentemente da fenologia foliar. Nestes períodos a pluviosidade foi menor. Folhas colhidas no verão e na primavera apresentaram menores percentuais de ação antioxidante (54,3 e 37,5%, respectivamente). Não houve correlação significativa entre o conteúdo de fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante. Conclui-se que a composição fenólica de A. cordifolia e, consequentemente, sua ação sobre radicais livres, varia sazonalmente em resposta à temperatura e pluviosidade, podendo ou não interagir com a idade das folhas.

Seasonal effect on phenolic content and antioxidant activity of young, mature and senescent leaves from Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis (Basellaceae)

Abstract Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis is a vine species native to Brazil that is considered an unconventional food plant and a medicinal species whose phenolic compounds exert antioxidant activity. Since the production of metabolites is determined by environmental factors and leaf maturity, it is important to track these changes in order to determine the best time to harvest. This study aimed to verify whether leaf phenology and seasonality cause variations in the amount of phenolic compounds and in the antioxidant activity of this species. The leaves were collected in different seasons between September 2018 and April 2019, and separated according to maturity: young, mature, and senescent. Daily atmospheric temperature and rainfall data were used to characterize the collection period. The total phenolic content (TPC), determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, was significantly higher in the young leaves collected in winter, a season of lower temperatures. These leaves showed 54.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of dry matter (mg GAE 100 g-1DM). Other results averaged 25.6 mg GAE 100 g-1DM. The highest antioxidant activity, assessed via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, regardless of leaf phenology, was observed in leaves harvested in autumn (73.7%) and winter (71.1%), seasons with lower rainfall. Leaves harvested in summer and spring had lower antioxidant action rates (54.3 e 37.5%, respectively). There was no significant correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Thus, the phenolic composition of A. cordifolia, and consequently its activity on free radicals, varies seasonally in response to temperature and rainfall, and may or may not interact with the age of the leaves.

Resumo Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis é uma trepadeira nativa do Brasil considerada uma planta alimentícia não convencional e uma espécie medicinal, cujos compostos fenólicos exercem ação antioxidante. Como a produção de metabólitos é determinada por fatores ambientais e pela maturidade das folhas, é importante acompanhar essas mudanças a fim de determinar a época de colheita. Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar se a fenologia foliar e a sazonalidade ocasionam variação na quantidade de compostos fenólicos e na ação antioxidante dessa espécie. As folhas foram coletadas em diferentes estações, entre setembro de 2018 e abril de 2019, e separadas conforme a maturidade: jovens, maduras e senescentes. Os dados diários de temperatura atmosférica e pluviosidade foram usados para caracterizar o período de coleta. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais (TPC), determinado pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu, foi significativamente maior nas folhas jovens coletadas no inverno, período caracterizado por temperaturas mais baixas. Estas folhas apresentaram 54,4 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico por 100 g de matéria seca (mg GAE 100 g-1DM) . A média dos outros resultados foi de 25,6 mg GAE 100 g-1DM. A maior ação antioxidante, avaliada pelo método do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), foi observada em folhas colhidas no outono (73,7%) e inverno (71,1%), independentemente da fenologia foliar. Nestes períodos a pluviosidade foi menor. Folhas colhidas no verão e na primavera apresentaram menores percentuais de ação antioxidante (54,3 e 37,5%, respectivamente). Não houve correlação significativa entre o conteúdo de fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante. Conclui-se que a composição fenólica de A. cordifolia e, consequentemente, sua ação sobre radicais livres, varia sazonalmente em resposta à temperatura e pluviosidade, podendo ou não interagir com a idade das folhas.

Trichoderma spp., una alternativa para la agricultura sostenible: una revisión

En la actualidad uno de los retos a los que se enfrentan los agricultores es producir alimentos bajo las inclemencias climáticas. Para el 2050, se estima un aumento en la demanda en producción de alimentos básicos a causa del incremento demográfico, aumentando con ello el detrimento de los recursos naturales. Dentro de las alternativas biológicas está el uso de insumos a base de microorganismos benéficos, como el género Trichoderma. Los cuales se han utilizado en los campos agrícolas para el control biológico contra un gran número de fitopatógenos. Sin embargo, aún son poco conocidas otras propiedades benéficas de este género para las plantas que coloniza y el ecosistema. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos científicos en Academic Search Ultimate, BioOne, Acsess, Esmerald, Fuente Académica, ScienceDirect y Springer, entre 2015 y 2023, con dos excepciones de años anteriores. Se utilizó la palabra clave "Trichoderma" y aquellas relacionadas con interacciones microbianas y su aplicación agrícola. Esta revisión resume los hallazgos bibliográficos actuales de este género que muestran su alta capacidad hacia el desarrollo sostenible de los agroecosistemas. Varias investigaciones reportan su capacidad de inducir la defensa vegetal, la promoción del crecimiento y desarrollo radicular, así como la estimulación y síntesis de sustancias que contribuyen a fortalecer la fertilidad del suelo. Con ello mejora los rendimientos de los cultivos a los que se encuentra asociado. En definitiva, la aplicación de Trichoderma puede coadyuvar a disminuir los efectos negativos ocasionados por el uso de agroquímicos y fertilizantes sintéticos, contribuyendo a una producción más sostenible.

Currently, one of the most critical challenges facing farmers is the production of food under adverse weather conditions. By 2050, an increase in the production of staple foods is estimated due to demographics, thereby increasing the depletion of natural resources. Among the biological alternatives is the use of inputs based on beneficial microorganisms such as the Trichoderma genus, which have been used in agricultural fields for biological control against a large number of phytopathogens. However, other beneficial properties of this genus for the plants it colonizes, and the ecosystem are still little known. Therefore, a search for scientific articles was carried out in Academic Search Ultimate, BioOne, Acsess, Esmerald, Fuente Academic, ScienceDirect and Springer, between 2015 and 2023, with two exceptions from previous years. The keyword "Trichoderma" was used and those related to microbial interactions and their agricultural application. Therefore, this review summarizes the current bibliographic findings of this genus, that shows its high capacity towards the sustainable development of agroecosystems. Several investigations report its ability to induce plant defense, promote growth and root development, and stimulate and synthesize substances that help strengthen soil fertility. This improves the yields of the crops to which they are associated. With this, the application of Trichoderma can reduce the negative effects caused by the use of agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers, contributing to a more sustainable production.

Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities of species of the genus Desmodium: a literature review / Usos medicinales tradicionales y actividades biológicas de las especies del género Desmodium: una revisión de la literatura

The genus Desmodium includes about 350 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The objective of this review wa s to associate the traditional medicinal uses of the genus Desmodium with its biological activities reported in the scientific literature. Traditional medicinal uses and biological activities were described in 56 species. More than 100 traditional medicina l uses have been reported in 43 countries, highlighting the use in inflammatory, gastrointestinal and infectious processes, muscular pain, rheumatic, renal and hepatic affections. Among the 45 biological activities experimentally evaluated, antioxidant, an timicrobial, anti - inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antinociceptive were the most reported. The species with the highest number of studies were D. gangeticum, D. adscendens and D. styracifolium. In conclusion, several traditional medicinal uses have been experimentally supported, demonstrating the pharmacological potential of this genus.

El género Desmodium incluye alrededor de 350 especie s, distribuidas en regiones tropicales y subtropicales alrededor del mundo. El objetivo de esta revisión fue asociar los usos medicinales tradicionales del género Desmodium con sus actividades biológicas reportadas en la literatura científica. Los usos med icinales tradicionales y las actividades biológicas fueron descritos en 56 especies. Más de 100 usos medicinales tradicionales han sido reportados en 43 países, destacándose el uso en procesos inflamatorios, gastrointestinales e infecciosos, dolores muscul ares, reumáticos, afecciones renales y hepáticas. Dentro de las 45 actividades biológicas evaluadas experimentalmente, las más reportadas fueron la antioxidante, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria, hepatoprotectora y antinociceptiva. Las especies con mayor n úmero de estudios fueron D. gangeticum, D. adscendens y D. styracifolium. En conclusión, varios usos medicinales tradicionales han sido experimentalmente respaldados, demostrando el potencial farmacológico de este género.

Trichoderma Species and Their Biological Mechanisms

Biocontrol agents (BCA) are an important tool for preventing crop losses and increasing plant food production in agriculture. Providing an eco-friendly and more sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers. A number of biocontrol applications are often conducted on the fungus Trichoderma, which is one of the most widely used and studied organisms in the field due to its numerous biocontrol traits, including parasitism, secondary metabolite production, antibiosis which induced plant defense mechanisms. It is well known that several Trichoderma species act as mycoparasites. Certain species within this group also possess the ability to oppose many organisms, including nematodes and plant pests, hence exhibiting their versatility as a biological control agent. The utilization of bioformulations incorporating Trichoderma species or other beneficial microbes for plants, such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), has gained significant traction in the agricultural industry. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the biocontrol studies conducted on six commonly utilized Trichoderma species. It focuses on elucidating their biocontrol attributes and explores the potential of incorporating these fungal genera into Trichoderma-based formulations for safeguarding against plant diseases. Furthermore, it discusses the viability of Trichoderma as a substitute for chemical pesticides and fertilizers.

Evaluation of In-vitro anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of methanolic leaf extracts of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser (Loranthaceae) – A Hemiparasitic Angiosperm

Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser is a hemiparasitic angiosperm shrub commonly called Macrosolen parasiticus and it is a member of the family Loranthaceae. The members of Loranthaceae are utilized globally in conventional medicine to cure a variety of ailments. The current study aimed to assess the qualitative screening of Elytranthe parasitica for its secondary metabolites and also In-vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential. The fresh leaf samples were collected and extracted with the help of a soxhlet extractor. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory potential was determined by protein denaturation assay and HRBC membrane stabilization assay, and evaluation of antibacterial properties by agar well diffusion assay. The results of the qualitative evaluation of phytoconstituents revealed a wide range of secondary metabolites. The methanolic leaf extracts of Elytranthe parasitic exhibited significant protein denaturation activity of (82.46 ± 1.37)% at 250 µg ml-1 concentration and showed significant membrane stabilization activity (65.57±2.60)% at 500 µg ml-1 concentration. It also shows good membrane stabilizations activity shows considerable antibacterial activity with the maximum inhibition zone against Xanthomonas campestris (18.16±0.44 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (15.33±0.88 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (11.16±0.44), and Salmonella typhi (10.66±0.66 mm) at higher concentrations. To conclude, it was found that Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser has a variety of secondary metabolites that have potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties based on the experiments carried out.

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AND ITS ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI

Objective: Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant which has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Different parts of the plant were being used for the treatment of illness due to the presence of various secondary metabolites that gives the plant anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and other properties. These secondary metabolites are synthesized by endophytic organisms, which are present inside the tissues of plant.Methods: ITS regions were amplified using a polymerase chain reaction for molecular identification. The sequences were analysed using BLAST n and DNA barcoding of plant was done for the identification of species. The organisms were refined on Potato Dextrose stock for identification of metabolites.Results: It was found that fungi obtained are Aspergillus fumigatus and Tricoderma turrialbense with percentage identity of 96% and 98%, respectively, as obtained from NCBI BLAST; the metabolites were extracted with ethanol extract and Flavonoids and terpenoids are the main phytoconstituents present in endophytic fungi.Conclusion: The results obtained support the medicinal properties of plant, which gets enhanced due to the presence of endophytic fungi present in them.

DETECCIÓN DE METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS PRESENTES EN LAS HOJAS DE (Trichanthera gigantea) ACANTHACEAE Y SU ACTIVIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA Y ANTIMICÓTICA / Detection of secondary metabolites presents in the leaves of (Trichanthera gigantea) Acanthaceae and their antimicrobial and antimycotic activity

RESUMEN La implementación de las plantas como mecanismo de tratamiento para diferentes patologías, no es algo nuevo de la sociedad actual, sin embargo, en los últimos años los tratamientos a base de estos compuestos orgánicos denominados como principios bioactivos o metabolitos secundarios se ha impulsado. Para el caso de Colombia, las investigaciones sobre las propiedades de las plantas son muy bajas, razón por la cual el presente trabajo permite contribuir al conocimiento de plantas como Trichanthera gigantea o nacedero (Sarria, 1994; Sarwatt et al., 2003). El objetivo general de este proyecto fue identificar los grupos de metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico de las hojas de T. gigantea y su actividad antimicrobiana y antimicótica. Para la identificación de los metabolitos secundarios, se empleó a largos rasgos los métodos de extracción por percolación, cromatografía de columna liquida, tamizaje fitoquímico y revelado cromatográfico. Para la evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana y antimicótica, se utilizó el método de concentración mínima inhibitoria (CIM), en la que se sometió a cepas de Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Candida albicans a diferentes concentraciones del extracto de la planta. Entre los resultados más importantes, se destaca que T. gigantea posee un número significativo de compuestos de interés farmacológico (alcaloides, flavonoides entre otros), en cuanto a la actividad biológica, se obtuvo que la planta posee actividad inhibitoria frente a las cepas bacterianas y micótica nombradas anteriormente; resultados que pueden indicar que T. gigantea cuenta con propiedades de gran interés farmacológico.

ABSTRACT The implementation of plants as a mechanism of treatment for different diseases is not something new at present, however, in recent years treatments based on these organic compounds known as bioactive or secondary metabolites have been promoted. In Colombia, research on the properties of plants is still few, but the present work contributes to the knowledge of plants such as Trichanthera gigantea or the nacedero. The overall objective of this project was to identify groups of secondary metabolites present in the extracted ethanol from leaves of T. gigantea and its antimicrobial activity and antifungal. For the identification of secondary metabolites, it was used to long feature extraction methods by percolation, liquid column chromatography, screening phytochemical, and chromatographic revealed. The method of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was used to evaluate antimicrobial activity and antifungal), which was subjected to strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans to different concentrations of the extract of the plant. Among the most important results, stands that T. gigantea has a significant number of compounds of pharmacologic interest (alkaloids, flavonoids among others), in terms of biological activity, was obtained that the plant has inhibitory activity, by which one could conclude that T. gigantea has properties of pharmacological interest.

EVALUACION DEL POTENCIAL AFLATOXIGENICO DE AISLADOS DE Aspergillus flavus EN MODELO DE MAÍZ IN VITRO / Evaluation of aflatoxigenic potential of Aspergillus flavus isolates in maize in vitro

ABSTRACT Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites toxic to human and animal health produced by Aspergillus flavus, and which contaminate food throughout the production chain. Knowing and characterizing the fungal population present in food helps us to estimate risk and design measures to mitigate fungal contamination. Thus, the objective of this work was characterizing the toxigenic potential of Aspergillus isolates from corn in in vitro models. For this purpose, two isolates of Aspergillus flavus (CCM-AS02, CCM-AS29) and one of Aspergillus luchuensis (CCM-AS04) from the CCM-UNA culture collection were used. To evaluate the production of aflatoxins in synthetic culture medium, the isolates were plated on coconut agar and yeast extract agar, and the presence of fluorescence was evaluated under UV light (A= 360 nm). To determine the type of aflatoxin, a thin layer chromatography was performed. Finally, an in vitro infection was carried out with the isolates under study, from avatí-morotí maize, acquired commercially, and the aflatoxin concentration was determined with the Afla-V®-VICAM® lateral fluid rapid immunoassay kit. With the results obtained, it can be concluded that the isolates of A. flavus CCM-AS02 and CCM-AS29 from corn are aflatoxigenic under environmental conditions that simulate natural ones and that coincide with the predominant ones in our country, therefore, it is necessary to create awareness of the risk posed by the contamination of corn grains with Aspergillus and aflatoxins in our region and the need to take preventive measures to control this fungus.

RESUMEN Las aflatoxinas son metabolitos secundarios tóxicos para salud humana y animal producidos por Aspergillus flavus, y que contaminan a los alimentos a lo largo de la cadena productiva. Conocer y caracterizar la población fúngica presente en los alimentos nos sirve para estimar riesgo y diseñar medidas para mitigarlo. Siendo así, el objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar el potencial toxigénico de aislados de Aspergillus provenientes de maíz en modelos in vitro. Para tal fin, se utilizaron dos aislados de A. flavus (CCM-AS02, CCM-AS29) y uno de Aspergillus luchuensis (CCM-AS04) de la colección de cultivos CCM-UNA. Para evaluar la producción de aflatoxinas en medio de cultivo sintético, se sembraron los aislados en agar coco y agar extracto de levadura y se evaluó la presencia de fluorescencia bajo luz UV (A= 360 nm). Para determinar el tipo de aflatoxina, se realizó cromatografía en capa delgada. Por último, se realizó la infección in vitro con los aislados en estudio, de maíz avatí-morotí, adquirido comercialmente y se determinó la concentración de aflatoxinas con la prueba de inmunoensayo rápido de flujo lateral Afla - V®-VICAM®. Con los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que los aislados de A. flavus CCM-AS02 y CCM-AS29 provenientes de maíz son aflatoxigénicos en las condiciones ambientales que simulan las naturales y que coinciden con las predominantes en nuestro país, por ello, es necesario crear conciencia del riesgo que representa la contaminación de los granos de maíz con Aspergillus y aflatoxinas y la necesidad de tomar medidas preventivas de control de este hongo.

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae) as a source of polyphenols with antitumor activity and prospects for in vitro production using chemical elicitors - a review / Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae) como fuente de polifenoles con actividad antitumoral y perspectivas de su producción in vitro utilizando elicitores químicos ­ una revisión

Ipomoea batatas has an enormous projection as functional food and it is an excellent source of anticancerous or chemopreventive substances. Plant tissue culture offers the possibility of inducing secondary metabolites production under controlled conditions and their projection for industrial purposes. To establish the state of knowledge regarding advances in polyphenols chemical elicitation from I. batatas and the possibility of producing potential anticancerous compounds in vitro culture systems, a bibliometric review and an analysis of information available until 2020 were made. Results showed that research field on which review was carried out is current and has a growing trend; however, sweet potato cell suspensions evaluation is scarce. Elicitation using compounds with hormonal effects represents a good alternative to increase phenolic acids production in this species. Advances in phenols elicitation from sweet potato cell suspensions will require search superior genotypes, and associating this knowledge with in vivoand in silico studies.

Ipomoea batatas tiene una enorme proyección como alimento funcional y es una excelente fuente de sustancias anticancerosas o quimiopreventivas. El cultivo de tejidos vegetales ofrece la posibilidad de inducir la producción de metabolitos secundarios en condiciones controladas y su proyección con fines industriales. Para establecer el estado del conocimiento sobre los avances en la elicitación química de polifenoles en I. batatas y la posibilidad de producir compuestos potencialmente anticancerosos en sistemas de cultivo in vitro, se realizó una revisión bibliométrica y un análisis de la información disponible hasta 2020. Los resultados mostraron que el campo de investigación en el que se realizó la revisión es actual y tiene una tendencia creciente; sin embargo, la evaluación de las suspensiones celulares de batata es escasa. La elicitación usando compuestos con efectos hormonales representa una buena alternativa para incrementar la producción de ácidos fenólicos en esta especie. Los avances en la obtención de fenoles a partir de suspensiones celulares de batata requerirán la búsqueda de genotipos superiores y la asociación de este conocimiento con estudios in vivo e in silico.

Potencial antiinflamatorio del plátano Musa spp. ABB para la elaboración de fitofármacos

Los plátanos pertenecientes al género Musa spp. ABB han sido utilizados para el tratamiento de la inflamación y el dolor. La búsqueda de antiinflamatorios de origen natural, más que una alternativa, constituye una terapia complementaria del tratamiento de la inflamación, ya que los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos son los más utilizados para enfermedades inflamatorias agudas o crónicas, pero a la vez presentan efectos secundarios gastrointestinales, cardiovasculares y renales, por lo que no es recomendable su uso prolongado. En este trabajo se ofrece información actualizada sobre los efectos farmacológicos y los metabolitos secundarios del grupo Musa spp. ABB, para su uso en la elaboración de un medicamento antiinflamatorio. Los procedimientos realizados incluyen el análisis documental y bibliográfico -en bases de datos- de artículos científicos, tesis doctorales y comunicaciones científicas; el registro de la información, y la elaboración del artículo científico, teniendo en cuenta la actualización de la información y los sitios donde se promueve la misma. Se han comprobado, a partir de extractos acuosos y alcohólicos de la planta, efectos farmacológicos tales como antiinflamatorio, antioxidante, analgésico, gastroprotector, inmunomodulador, antidiabético, anticancerígeno, antibacteriano, antiviral, hipolipemiante, antidiarreico, antihipertensivo, hepatoprotector, cicatrizante, antiulceroso y antifúngico. Los efectos antiinflamatorios y antioxidantes están relacionados con la presencia de fenoles, ácidos fenólicos, flavonoides, fitoesteroles y carotenos. Es muy limitado el empleo de extractos del grupo Musa spp. ABB en medicamentos, de ahí la propuesta de desarrollar una crema antiinflamatoria como alternativa o complemento para el tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades inflamatorias.

Plantains belonging to the genus Musa spp. ABB have been used for the treatment of infection and pain. The search for anti-inflammatories of natural origins, more than an alternative, is a complementary therapy for the treatment of inflammation, since non-steroidal anti-inflammatories are the most used for acute or chronic inflammatory diseases, but at the same time they present gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and renal side effects, so their prolonged use is not recommended. In this paper, updated information is provided on the pharmacological effects and secondary metabolites of the Musa ssp. ABB group, for its use in elaborating an anti-inflammatory drug. The procedures carried out include documental and bibliographic analysis -in databases-of scientific articles, doctoral theses and scientific communications; the information record and preparation of the article taking into account the information updating and the sites where it is supported. From aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the plant, the following effects were proven: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, gastro-protective, inmuno-modulator, antidiabetic, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, lipid-lowering, antidiarrheal, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, healing, anti-ulcerative and antifungal. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects are related to the presence of phenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols and carotenes. The use of Musa spp. ABB group in drugs is very limited, therefore the proposal of developing an anti-inflammatory cream to treat multiple inflammatory diseases.

Atividade in vitro de extratos e frações de Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) contra bactérias de importância clínica em saúde pública / In vitro activity of extracts and fractions of Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) against bacteria of clinical importance in public health / Actividad in vitro de extractos y fracciones de Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) frente a bacterias de importancia clínica en salud pública

Introdução: O aumento contínuo da resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos convencionais é um problema de importância global. Encontrar produtos como alternativas terapêuticas naturais é essencial. As plantas medicinais possuem uma composição química muito rica, que podem ser estruturalmente otimizadas e processadas em novos antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Avaliar o potencial antibacteriano frente a microrganismos humanos potencialmente patogênicos do extrato etanólico e frações de Copernicia prunifera. Metodologia: A triagem fitoquímica de plantas foi realizada usando métodos de precipitação e coloração e a atividade antibacteriana utilizando o método de difusão em disco e microdiluição em caldo contra cepas padronizadas de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus. Resultados: A triagem fitoquímica revela a presença de taninos, flavonoides, esteroides, triterpernóides, saponinas e alcaloides. Os extratos etanólico e frações da casca do caule e folhas tiveram atividade inibitória contra S. aureus e K. pneumonie com zona de inibição que variou de 7,0±1,73 a 9,33±0,58 mm pelo método de difusão em disco. Pelo método de microdiluição em caldo os extratos foram satisfatórios somente contra K. pneumoniae (CIM = 125 a 1000 µg/mL) S. aureus, P. aeruginosa e E. coli se mostraram resistentes aos testes (CIM > 1000 µg/mL). Conclusão: Esses resultados fornecem uma base para futuras investigações em modelos in vivo, para que os compostos de C. prunifera possam ser aplicados no desenvolvimento de novos agentes antimicrobianos contra K. pneumoniae.

Introduction: The continuous increase in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics is a problem of global importance. Finding products as natural therapeutic alternatives is essential. Medicinal plants have a very rich chemical composition, which can be structurally optimized and processed into novel antimicrobials. Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial potential against potentially pathogenic human microorganisms of the ethanolic extract and fractions of Copernicia prunifera. Methodology: Phytochemical screening of plants was performed using precipitation and staining methods and antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution method against standardized strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of tannins, flavonoids, steroids, triterpernoids, saponins and alkaloids. The ethanolic extracts and fractions of stem bark and leaves had inhibitory activity against S. aureus and K. pneumonie with zone of inhibition ranging from 7.0±1.73 to 9.33±0.58 mm by disc diffusion method. By broth microdilution method the extracts were satisfactory only against K. pneumoniae (MIC = 125 to 1000 µg/mL) S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were resistant to the tests (MIC > 1000 µg/mL). Conclusion: These results provide a basis for further investigation in in vivo models, so that compounds from C. prunifera can be applied in the development of new antimicrobial agents against K. pneumoniae.

Introducción: El continuo aumento de la resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos convencionales es un problema de importancia mundial. Es esencial encontrar productos como alternativas terapéuticas naturales. Las plantas medicinales tienen una composición química muy rica, que puede optimizarse estructuralmente y transformarse en nuevos antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Evaluar el potencial antibacteriano frente a microorganismos humanos potencialmente patógenos del extracto etanólico y fracciones de Copernicia prunifera. Metodología: Se realizó el cribado fitoquímico de las plantas mediante los métodos de precipitación y tinción y la actividad antibacteriana mediante el método de difusión en disco y microdilución en caldo frente a cepas estandarizadas de Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus. Resultados: El cribado fitoquímico revela la presencia de taninos, flavonoides, esteroides, triterpernoides, saponinas y alcaloides. Los extractos etanólicos y las fracciones de la corteza del tallo y las hojas presentaron actividad inhibitoria contra S. aureus y K. pneumonie con una zona de inhibición que osciló entre 7,0±1,73 y 9,33±0,58 mm por el método de difusión en disco. Por el método de microdilución en caldo, los extractos sólo fueron satisfactorios frente a K. pneumoniae (CMI = 125 a 1000 µg/mL). S. aureus, P. aeruginosa y E. coli fueron resistentes a las pruebas (CMI > 1000 µg/mL). Conclusiones: Estos resultados proporcionan una base para futuras investigaciones en modelos in vivo, de modo que los compuestos de C. prunifera puedan aplicarse en el desarrollo de nuevos agentes antimicrobianos contra K. pneumoniae.

Anti-hyperglycemic activity of aqueous extracts of cells produced in Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Green cell culture on murine model / Actividad anti-hiperglucémica del extracto acuoso de células producidas en cultivo celular de Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Green en un modelo murino

Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene, is a plant native to Mexico, where its roots have been used traditionally for treating Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this work was to establishment of cell cultures of stem explants of I. sonorae and evaluation of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of cell aqueous extract on a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cell extracts had 2.29 mg palmitic acid/g extracted, and other compounds with pharmacological activities like palmitoyl ethanolamide and palmitoyl tryptamine were also identified. Diabetic rats treated with aqueous cell extract decreased glucose levels from 350 mg/dL to 145 mg/dL, AST and ALT from 164 U/L to 49 U/L and 99 U/L to 53 U/L, respectively. Additionally, there were no changes in the cellular morphology of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and spleen. These results revealed that the cell aqueous extract from stem explants has anti-hyperglycemic activity.

Ibervillea sonorae (S. Watson) Greene, es una planta originaria de México, donde sus raíces se han utilizado tradicionalmente para el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el establecimiento de cultivos celulares de explantes de tallo de I. sonorae y la evaluación de la actividad anti-hiperglucémica del extracto acuoso celular en un modelo de ratas diabéticas inducidas con estreptozotocina. El extracto celular contiene 2.29 mg de ácido palmítico/g extracto y se identificaron otros compuestos como palmitoil etanolamida y palmitoil triptamina. Las ratas diabéticas tratadas con extracto celular disminuyeron los niveles de glucosa de 350 mg/dL a 145 mg/dL, AST y ALT de 164 U/L a 49 U/L y 99 U/L a 53 U/L, respectivamente. Además, no hubo cambios en la morfología celular del páncreas, hígado, riñones y bazo. Estos resultados indican que el extracto de células de explantes de tallo de I. sonorae tiene actividad anti-hiperglucémica.

In vitro antiparasitic and antibacterial evaluation of organic extracts of Salvadoran flora / Evaluación antiparasitaria y antibacterial in vitro de extractos orgánicos de la flora salvadoreña

Currently, in developing countries, parasitic and bacterial diseases as amebiasis, giardiasis, trichonomiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, and nocardiasis are a public health problem. The pharmacological treatment for these diseases is not completely effective and causes several side effects in patients. Therefore, the search for new compounds with biological activity is very important to develop new drugs safely and more efficiently. In this study, different organic extracts obtained from thirty-seven species of the Salvadoran flora were evaluated in several in vitro models to determine their potential activity against five protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania mexicana, and Trypanosoma cruzi) and three bacteria (Acinetobacter baumanni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Nocardia brasiliensis). The results showed the activity of eight extracts with IC50values of less than 100 µg/mL against L. mexicanaand five extracts with MICs values less than <50 µg/mL against M. tuberculosis. Besides, seven plant species showed MICs ≤3.125 µg/mL against N. brasiliensis. Additionally, secondary metabolites (flavonoids and monoterpene oxygenate) previously reported as active were fingerprint by UPLC-MS to establish a potential correlation with the biological activity showed.

Actualmente, en los países en vías de desarrollo, enfermedades parasitarias y bacterianas como la amebiasis, giardiasis, trichonomiasis, leishmaniasis, tripanosomiasis, tuberculosis y nocardiasis son un problema de salud pública. El tratamiento farmacológico de estas enfermedades no es del todo eficaz y provoca varios efectos secundarios en los pacientes. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos con actividad biológica es muy importante para desarrollar nuevos fármacos, seguros y eficaces. En este estudio se evaluaron diferentes extractos orgánicos obtenidos de treinta y siete especies de la flora salvadoreña en varios modelos in vitro para determinar su actividad potencial contra cinco parásitos (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania mexicana y Trypanosoma cruzi) y tres bacterias (Acinetobacter baumanni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Nocardia brasiliensis). Los resultados mostraron la actividad de ocho extractos con valores de CI50 menores a 100 µg/mL contra L. mexicana y cinco extractos con valores de CIMs <50 µg/mL contra M. tuberculosis. Además, siete especies de plantas presentaron CIM ≤3,125 µg/mL frente a N. brasilienses. Finalmente, los metabolitos secundarios (flavonoides y monoterpenos oxigenados) previamente reportados como activos fueron determinados por UPLC-MS para establecer una posible correlación con la actividad biológica mostrada.

Biological Mechanism of Drought Improving Quality of Rhizoma Atractylodis Chinensis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the biological mechanism of drought improving the quality of Rhizoma Atractylodis Chinensis and establish a new method for the production of high-quality medicinal materials. MethodThe fresh roots of Atractylodes chinensis were soaked in 0 （control）， 5%， 10%， and 20% PEG-6000 solutions. The changes in reactive oxygen species （ROS） level， antioxidant enzyme activity， activities of key enzymes in primary metabolism and secondary metabolism， and content of secondary metabolites were compared. ResultCompared with the control group， the treatment with 20% PEG for 2 days elevated the levels of superoxide anion radicals （O2-·）， hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） by 172.5%， 56.9%， and 14.7%， respectively. The treatment did not change the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， reduced the peroxidase （POD） activity， and increased the catalase （CAT） activity by 10.8%. It increased the activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase （HMGR）， phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPC）， and acetyl-CoA carboxylase （ACC） by 49.9%， 12.1%， and 19.0%， respectively. Furthermore， the content of atractylodin， β-eudesmol， atractylone， and atractylenolide Ⅱ was increased by 51.0%， 36.9%， 47.1%， and 91.5%， respectively. The simulated drought stress can cause the burst of ROS in the fresh roots of A. chinensis， induce the physiological state of plants under drought， change the antioxidant system， and promote the massive synthesis of secondary metabolites in a short time. ConclusionPEG-6000-simulated drought stress can greatly improve the quality of A. chinensis in cultivation.