RÉSUMÉ
Floriculture, one of the potential components of horticulture industry, deals with cultivation, processing and marketing of ornamental plants and maintenance of garden and it includes annuals, biennials and perennial ornamentals. Worldwide demand for flowering annuals is high to beautify our landscape. The majority of annuals can only be propagated by seeds. The flowering annual seed business has developed into a significant industry as a result of the demand for these plants in the global floricultural trade. The majority of the flower seeds are imported into India. Eventually, flower seeds are very expensive and difficult to obtain for farmers. Every species of flower raised for seed has its own planting period, culture, difficulties and harvesting processes. A mild environment with little rain during growth and harvest seasons is a vital requirement for good seed production. Hybrid seeds of these plants have high vigour and superior quality. Hybrid seed production for the export market is very crucial. The production of seeds in flower crops is covered in this review.
RÉSUMÉ
Aeroponics is a technique of cultivating or culturing plants in the absence of soil or a consolidated medium. It is that the plant is just grown in the moist air or mist medium to transmit the nutrients required by plants. To be honest I call is as a tool for research and commercial production activities because when we talk about practical application there will be many aspects for consideration such as orientation, site selection, skilled technicians, economic costs weather, and climate mainly the traditional farmers. All these operations cannot be handled by a small and simple farmer with ease, this is the reason for the current trend of aeroponics which is new to people and being practically utilized only for research, aesthetics, and for commercial purposes. Aeroponics need special structures which can maintain a controlled environment for the fulfillment of all the basic and required conditions by the plants being studied or grown inside. It requires proper equipment like aeroponic growth chambers, phytosanitary conditions, cooling mechanization, etc. aeroponics has many uses as they can be grown in less space, are useful for seed production, and used in parks and restaurants for ambiance, can grow crops extraterrestrial, pollution free but can’t be termed as organic as it is grown without the soil but yes, we can say it organically as there is no use of chemical fertilizer or pesticide n herbicides. There is a big debate going on this outside but this is just what my perspective is. Further development should come up for the sustainability of aeroponics as a medium for agricultural practice.
RÉSUMÉ
RESUMEN La semilla es el insumo principal para el establecimiento de sistemas productivos agrícolas, por lo cual, durante la producción de semilla, una condición indispensable es que se mantenga la calidad del material en todo el proceso incremental. El Departamento de Semillas de la Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria-Agrosavia, comprometido con el cumplimiento de los requisitos establecidos en la Resolución ICA 3168 de 2015 y en el Decreto del MADR 931 de 2018, en todos sus procesos productivos, ha desarrollado e implementado un Sistema Interno de Trazabilidad (SIT) para la producción de semilla y, específicamente, en una de sus estrategias denominada Plan de Mínimos para cultivos semestrales soya, algodón, arroz, maíz y sorgo en los valles interandinos. Los resultados mostraron que esta herramienta tecnológica facilitó, en el proyecto, realizar el monitoreo y el seguimiento de las labores, el registro de eventos climáticos, el manejo eficiente de inventarios y el análisis de costos. Esta reflexión es un trabajo pionero en Colombia, que contribuye a la toma de decisiones, a mejorar la productividad y a fortalecer el Sistema Nacional de Semillas.
ABSTRACT Seed is the main input for the establishment of agricultural production systems, so during seed production an indispensable condition is that the quality of the material is maintained throughout the incremental process. The Seed Department of Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation- Agrosavia, committed to complying with the requirements established in Resolution ICA 3168 of 2015 and Decree MADR 931 of 2018in all its production processes, has developed and implemented an Internal Traceability System (SIT) for the production of seed and specifically in one of its strategies called Minimum Plan for semi-annual crops of soybean, cotton, rice, corn and sorghum in the inter-Andean valleys. The results show that this technological tool facilitated in the project carried out the monitoring and tracing of the crops work, the registry of climatic events, the efficient management of inventories and the analysis of costs. This is a pioneering work in Colombia, which contributes to decision making, improve productivity and strengthen the National Seed System.
RÉSUMÉ
ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to carry out a survey, through the levels of physical purity, percentage of pure seeds, number of other seeds, and the physiological quality through germination, in the samples of ryegrass seeds analyzed in laboratories accredited by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply in Rio Grande do Sul. Data from 3959 ryegrass samples analyzed from the period 2014 to 2017 were compiled. Quality of the seeds was presented through the percentage of samples within the standards recommended for commercialization, for the variables germination, pure seeds, seeds of cultivated species, wild, noxious, tolerated and noxiously forbidden, in all factors, cultivar, region of origin, category and crop of seed production. Quality of the lots of ryegrass seeds, analyzed by the laboratories of Rio Grande do Sul, obtained in the harvest of 2013 the lowest percentage of lots approved for commercialization, 57.96%, and the harvest of 2014, 2015 and 2016 with 89.60% 91.39% and 91.34%, respectively. In regions where livestock predominates, the percentage of ryegrass seed lots approved for commercialization was lower.
RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um levantamento, através dos níveis de pureza física, em percentagem de sementes puras, número de outras sementes, e qualidade fisiológica através da germinação, nas amostras de sementes de azevém analisadas nos laboratórios credenciados pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram compilados os dados de 3959 amostras de azevém, analisadas do período de 2014 a 2017. A qualidade das sementes foi apresentada através da porcentagem de amostras dentro dos padrões recomendados para comercialização, para as variáveis germinação, sementes puras, sementes de espécies cultivadas, silvestres, nocivas toleradas e nocivas proibidas, dentro dos fatores como cultivar, região de procedência, categoria e safra de produção da semente. A qualidade dos lotes de sementes de azevém, analisados pelos laboratórios do Rio Grande do Sul, obteve na safra de 2013 menor porcentagem de lotes aprovados para comercialização, 57,96%, e as safras 2014, 2015 e 2016 com 89,60%, 91,39% e 91,34%, respectivamente. Em regiões em que há predomino da pecuária a porcentagem de lotes de sementes de azevém aprovados para comercialização foi menor.
RÉSUMÉ
We carried out a six-year study aimed at evaluating if and how a Brazilian Atlantic Forest small mammal community responded to the presence of the invasive exotic species Artocarpus heterophyllus, the jackfruit tree. In the surroundings of Vila Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, RJ, 18 grids were established, 10 where the jackfruit tree was present and eight were it was absent. Previous results indicated that the composition and abundance of this small mammal community were altered by the presence and density of A. heterophyllus. One observed effect was the increased population size of the spiny-rat Trinomys dimidiatus within the grids where the jackfruit trees were present. Therefore we decided to create a mathematical model for this species, based on the Verhulst-Pearl logistic equation. Our objectives were i) to calculate the carrying capacity K based on real data of the involved species and the environment; ii) propose and evaluate a mathematical model to estimate the population size of T. dimidiatus based on the monthly seed production of jackfruit tree, Artocarpus heterophyllus and iii) determinate the minimum jackfruit tree seed production to maintain at least two T. dimidiatus individuals in one study grid. Our results indicated that the predicted values by the model for the carrying capacity K were significantly correlated with real data. The best fit was found considering 20~35% energy transfer efficiency between trophic levels. Within the scope of assumed premises, our model showed itself to be an adequate simulator for Trinomys dimidiatus populations where the invasive jackfruit tree is present.
Realizamos um estudo de seis anos para avaliar se e como uma comunidade de pequenos mamíferos terrestres da Mata Atlântica respondia à presença da jaqueira Artocarpus heterophyllus, espécie possivelmente nativa da Índia. Nos arredores da Vila Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, RJ, nós estabelecemos 18 grades de estudo, sendo 10 com jaqueiras e oito sem jaqueiras. Resultados prévios indicaram que a composição e a abundância dessa comunidade de pequenos mamíferos foram alteradas pela presença e densidade de A. heterophyllus. Um dos efeitos observados foi o aumento das populações do rato-de-espinho Trinomys dimidiatus nas grades onde a jaqueira estava presente. Criamos um modelo matemático para prever a capacidade de suporte dessa espécie, baseado na equação logística de Verhulst-Pearl. Nossos objetivos foram i) calcular a capacidade de suporte K com base em dados reais coletados tanto para T. dimidiatus quanto de seu ambiente; ii) propor e avaliar um modelo matemático para estimar o tamanho populacional de T. dimidiatu baseado na produção mensal de sementes de jaqueira e iii) determinar a produção mínima de sementes de jaqueira necessária para manter pelo menos dois indivíduos de T. dimidiatus. Nossos resultados indicaram que os valores previstos para K gerados pelo modelo foram significativamente correlacionados com os dados reais coletados. O melhor ajuste foi obtido considerando uma eficiência de transferência de energia entre níveis tróficos entre 20 e 35%. Dentro do escopo das premissas assumidas, nosso modelo se mostrou um simulador adequado para populações de T. dimidiatus em áreas onde a jaqueira já tenha invadido.
Sujet(s)
Animaux , Artocarpus/physiologie , Fruit , Rodentia/physiologie , Graines , Artocarpus/classification , Brésil , Conservation des ressources naturelles , Comportement alimentaire , Modèles biologiques , Densité de population , Rodentia/classificationRÉSUMÉ
In the current paper I present the tendency of the consumption of seeds and the connection between this and the agricultural production. In the seed industry there are on-going changes of the directionalities from quantity to quality, reason because of which an important issue is to find out how these two are inter-conditioned and how they are reflected in the agricultural production obtained. The exemplifications for the wheat, barley and corn cultivations during the period between 2000-2010 by highlighting at the level of the main world areas, reveal correlating aspects of the dependency of the total productions on the quantities of seeds utilized. The analysis was conducted through statistical indicators: the average, the standard deviation, the square average deviation, the variation coefficient and the limits of trust for a certain risk. In the dynamic of the years of the last decade there is observed a differentiation within the geographical areas, situations which are also dependent upon the quantities of seeds utilized.
RÉSUMÉ
A study was conducted to find out the role of honeybees on pollination, seed setting and seed quality of hybrid sunflower. The foraging behavior of natural bee visitants was studied on the parental lines of sunflower hybrid NDSH1 during the flowering period. Most predominant bees observed are Rock bees, Apis dorsata, European bee, Apis mellifera, Indian bee, Apis cerana indica and Stingless bees, Trigona irridipenis. Bee visitants are more on R line compared to A line. The seed setting percentage and seed yield were significantly increased when the honeybees were supplemented to the open pollination. The yields were drastically reduced when the crop was covered with insect proof net. In addition, increased seedling vigour, germination%, field emergence, oil content and quality of seed was observed with the deployment of honey bees coupled with supplemental hand pollination.
RÉSUMÉ
Em razão da escassez de informações relacionadas ao efeito da adubação na produção e qualidade de sementes de hortaliças, principalmente nas espécies que possuem aumento no ciclo com o estádio reprodutivo, nota-se a necessidade de determinar a dose dos nutrientes para auxiliar na recomendação que proporcione uma produção de sementes com elevado potencial fisiológico. Embora existam estudos sobre nutrição e recomendações de adubação para o cultivo comercial de brócolis (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk), raramente se encontram trabalhos que abordem os efeitos dos nutrientes na produção e qualidade de sementes. Em vista disso, neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do composto orgânico na produção e qualidade de sementes de brócolis. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda São Manuel e as avaliações foram feitas no Setor de Horticultura da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA/UNESP) emBotucatu-SP. Os tratamentos foram quatro doses de composto orgânico (30, 60, 90 e 120 t ha-1), além da testemunha sem composto orgânico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características de produção em massa (g) e número de sementes por planta; além das características relacionadas com a qualidade das sementes: massa de mil sementes, teste de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e condutividade elétrica. A análise de regressão apresentou uma resposta linear em função das doses de composto, onde maiores doses resultaram em maior produção, sem, no entanto, afetar a qualidade das sementes.
Due to the lack of information about the fertilization effect in vegetable seed yield and quality, mainly in the species that have an increase in cycle due to reproductive stage, it is necessary to evaluate the nutrient level to aid in recommending fertilization that provides best productivity from high physiological potential seeds. Although there are studies about nutrition and recommendation of fertilization to broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk), rarely it finds out works that approach the nutrients effects in seed yield and quality. The objective of this work was to evaluate the organic compost influence in broccoli seed quality and yield. The experiment was lead at São Manuel Experimental Farm and the evaluations at Horticulture Sector in Agronomic Science School (FCA/UNESP) in Botucatu. The treatments were four organic compost levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 t ha-1), and control without organic compost. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The characteristics evaluated were seed yield and number of seed per plant further the characteristics related with seed quality: one thousand seed mass, germination test, first germination counting, index of germination speed and electrical conductivity. The regression showed a linear response in function of organic compost levels, where larger levels resulted higher yield despite the seed quality is not affected.