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Resumo Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico tem como tratamento a terapia trombolítica, aplicada ainda na fase aguda, promovendo melhora importante nas sequelas acarretadas por este agravo. Considerando a complexidade da terapia trombolítica, torna-se necessário que os enfermeiros compreendam suas competências para auxiliar no cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas acerca das competências do enfermeiro no cuidado a pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral elegíveis à terapia trombolítica. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa composta por seis etapas em seis etapas (elaboração da questão, busca na literatura, coleta de dados, análise, discussão e apresentação da revisão), realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase e CINAHL. A busca foi realizada entre agosto e setembro de 2022 adotando como critérios de inclusão estudos primários; gratuitos, disponíveis eletronicamente na íntegra; nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram obtidos inicialmente 2.830 estudos, os quais passaram por uma seleção, onde foram incluídos aqueles que atendiam os critérios previamente estabelecidos. Resultados: Com base nos doze estudos incluídos nesta revisão identificaram-se competências voltadas à três atividades do cuidado: gestão do cuidado como trabalho em equipe, códigos, fluxos e protocolos, assistência ao paciente antes, durante e após a utilização da terapia trombolítica e educação em saúde para equipe, pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: Os achados desta revisão puderam evidenciar as competências do enfermeiro no cuidado aos pacientes elegíveis a terapia trombolítica, as quais perpassam diferentes áreas de atuação do enfermeiro. Para este estudo prevaleceram as competências assistências, seguida por competências gerenciais.
Resumen Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular isquémico se trata con terapia trombolítica, aplicada incluso en la fase aguda, que promueve una mejoría significativa de las secuelas provocadas por este padecimiento. Considerando la complejidad de la terapia trombolítica, es necesario que las personas profesionales de enfermería comprendan sus competencias para ayudar en el cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidencias científicas sobre las competencias del personal de enfermería en el cuidado de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular elegibles para terapia trombolítica. Metodología: Revisión integradora que consta de seis etapas (elaboración de la pregunta, búsqueda bibliográfica, recolección de datos, análisis, discusión y presentación de la revisión), realizada en las bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase y CINAHL. La búsqueda se realizó entre agosto y septiembre de 2022. Los criterio de inclusión fueron: estudios primarios, gratuito, disponible electrónicamente en su totalidad, en inglés, portugués y español. Inicialmente se obtuvieron 2830 estudios, los cuales fueron sometidos a un proceso de selección, que incluyó aquellos que cumplían con los criterios previamente establecidos. Resultados: A partir de los doce estudios incluidos en esta revisión, se identificaron competencias centradas en tres actividades asistenciales: gestión del cuidado como trabajo en equipo, códigos, flujos y protocolos, atención a pacientes antes, durante y después del uso de la terapia trombolítica y educación en salud para personal, pacientes y familias. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de esta revisión pudieron resaltar las competencias de las personas profesionales en enfermería en el cuidado de personas elegibles para terapia trombolítica, que abarcan diferentes áreas de actuación del personal de enfermería. Para este estudio, prevalecieron las habilidades asistenciales, seguidas de las competencias gerenciales.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Ischemic stroke is treated with thrombolytic therapy, applied even in the acute phase, promoting a significant improvement in the after-effects caused by this condition. Considering the complexity of thrombolytic therapy, it is necessary for nurses to understand the skills required to assist in care. Objective: To identify scientific evidence about the competencies of nurses in the care of patients with stroke who are eligible for thrombolytic therapy. Methodology: An integrative review consisting of six stages (elaboration of the question, literature review, data collection, analysis, discussion, and presentation), conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The search was carried out between August and September 2022 using primary studies as the inclusion criteria: free of charge, fully available electronically, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Initially, 2.830 studies were obtained, which underwent a selection process that included only those studies that met the previously established criteria. Results: Based on the twelve studies included in this review, competencies focused on three care activities were identified: care management such as teamwork; codes; flows and protocols; patient care before, during, and after the use of thrombolytic therapy; and education health education for staff, patients, and families. Conclusion: The findings of this review highlighted the nurses' competencies in the care of patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy, which encompass different areas of the nurse's work. For this study, assistance competencies prevailed, followed by management competencies.
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Humains , Traitement thrombolytique/soins infirmiers , Accident vasculaire cérébral/soins infirmiers , Soins infirmiersRÉSUMÉ
Objective:To compare the efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis versus catheter-directed thrombectomy for high-risk pulmonary embolism.Methods:The clinical data of 105 patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism from April 2020 to January 2023 in Hebei China Petroleum Central Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 52 patients were treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis (thrombolysis group), and 53 patients were treated with catheter-directed thrombectomy (thrombectomy group). The efficacy, symptom relief time, oxygen saturation recovery time, mortality rate, Qanadli embolic index, pulmonary artery pressure and complications were compared between two groups.Results:There were no statistical differences in total effective rate, symptom relief time, oxygen saturation recovery time, mortality rate and total incidence of complications between two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with before treatment, the Qanadli embolic index and pulmonary artery pressure after treatment in thrombolysis group and thrombectomy group were significantly lower, thrombolysis group: 22.08 ± 8.57 vs. 45.18 ± 13.27 and (24.18 ± 5.19) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (34.15 ± 6.22) mmHg, thrombectomy group: 23.11 ± 8.62 vs. 44.82 ± 13.14 and (23.66 ± 5.02) mmHg vs. (34.89 ± 6.27) mmHg, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01); but there was no statistical difference the Qanadli embolic index and pulmonary artery pressure before and after treatment between two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In patients with high-risk pulmonary embolism, both catheter-directed thrombolysis and catheter-directed thrombectomy have good efficacy and can promote the relief of clinical symptoms and the recovery of oxygen saturation, improving the prognosis.
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Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of individualized thrombolysis-assisted comprehensive intervention for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs.Methods:This study included 32 patients with acute lower limb DVT diagnosed by angiography who received treatment at the Jianhu Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University from March 2012 to November 2021. These patients first received implantation of an inferior vena cava filter. Then they were divided into a control group and an observation group based on treatment methods. The control group received thrombolytic catheterization and a routine infusion of urokinase. In the observation group, balloon dilation was performed first, and a large lumen catheter was used to draw blood clots. Subsequently, urokinase at a dose based on fibrinogen measurement was injected through a thrombolytic catheter. Swelling reduction, venous patency, and complications of the affected limbs were monitored.Results:In the control group, the difference in thigh circumference before treatment was (4.65 ± 1.06) cm, and after treatment, it was (2.76 ± 1.25) cm. In the observation group, the difference in thigh circumference before treatment was (4.73 ± 1.03) cm, and it was (1.40 ± 0.83) cm after treatment. In the control group, the difference in calf circumference before treatment was (2.24 ± 0.90) cm, and it was (1.56 ± 0.86) cm after treatment. In the observation group, the difference in calf circumference before treatment was (2.40 ± 0.83) cm, and it was (0.80 ± 0.73) cm after treatment. After treatment, the differences in thigh circumference and calf circumference between the healthy and affected sides were statistically significant ( t = 3.58, 2.67, both P < 0.05). After treatment, there was a significant difference in venous patency between the control and observation groups (34.02% [33/97] vs. 68.18% [60/88], t = 3.44, P < 0.05). After 12 months of follow-up, the Villalta scale score, which was used to evaluate post-thrombotic syndrome, was (9.23 ± 4.07) points in the control group, which was significantly different from (5.73 ± 3.39) points in the observation group ( t = 2.62, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Individualized thrombolysis-assisted comprehensive intervention is highly effective in the treatment of DVT in the lower limbs and results in few complications.
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Objective To observe the effect of transcatheter thrombectomy combined with catheter-directed thrombolysis(CDT)for treating acute medium-high and high risk pulmonary thromboembolism(PTE).Methods After placement of inferior vena cava filter,transcatheter thrombectomy combined with CDT were performed in 28 patients with acute medium-high or high risk PTE.After treatment,clinical symptoms improved or not was assessed,and interventional related complications were recorded.The outcomes of arterial blood gas analysis,coagulation function,blood routine test,pulmonary artery pressure(PAP)and right ventricular diameter/left ventricular diameter(RV/LV)were compared before and 72 h after treatment.Regular follow-up was performed,then PAP and the clearance of pulmonary arterial thrombosis were observed 1,3,6 months and 1 year after treatment during follow-up.Results Among 28 cases,significant improvement of clinical symptoms achieved in 26 cases after treatment,while 2 patients died of respiratory failure.Puncture site bleeding occurred in 4 cases and improved after conservative treatment.Compared with those before treatment,among 26 survived patients,blood pH,arterial oxygen pressure,fibrin degradation products and D-dimer increased while the heart rate,N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,PAP and RV/LV decreased 72 h after treatment(all P＜0.05).During follow-up,compared with those before treatment,PAP decreased,while the clearance rate of pulmonary thrombosis increased 1,3,6 months and 1 year after treatment(all P＜0.05).No active bleeding nor recurrence of PTE happened.Conclusion Transcatheter thrombectomy combined with CDT was safe and effective for treating acute medium-high and high risk PTE.
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Objective To explore the influencing factors for long-term poor prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion(LVO-AIS)in the course of intravascular treatment.Methods A total of 123 LVO-AIS patients undergoing vascular recanalization in Department of Neurology of Tianmen First People's Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022 were consecutively recruited,and according to their modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score at 90 d after surgery,they were divided into good prognosis group(mRS≤2,n=58)and poor prognosis group(mRS＞2,n=65).Their general clinical data were compared between the two groups.Multi-variate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the risk factors of poor prognosis in LVO-AIS patients.Results The good ratio of collateral circulation in good prognosis group was higher than that in poor prognosis group(94.83％vs 47.69％,P＜0.01).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR=1.092,95％CI:0.989-1.205,P=0.046),diabetes(OR=0.122,95％CI:0.026-0.561,P=0.007),symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage(OR=0.038,95％C I:0.002-0.656,P=0.024),and poor collateral circulation(OR=0.037,95％CI:0.007-0.196,P=0.000)were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in LVO-AIS patients after intravascular treatment.Conclusion For the LVO-AIS patients,those with advanced age,di-abetes,symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and poor collateral circulation are prone to poor prognosis after intravascular treatment.
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Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis and antiplatelet therapy in patients with stroke warning syndrome (SWS), as well as influencing factors of the outcome in patients with SWS.Method:Patients with SWS admitted to the 521 st Hospital of Ordnance Group from June 1, 2018 to December 31, 2023 were retrospectively included. Some patients were treated with ateplase intravenous thrombolysis, followed by oral antiplatelet therapy; some patients only received antiplatelet therapy. The main outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days after onset, with a score of 0-2 defined as good outcome. Results:A total of 35 patients with SWS were included, including 26 males (74.3%) with an age of 58.29±11.06 years. Nineteen patients (54.3%) received intravenous thrombolysis, and 27 (77.1%) had good outcome at 90 days. There was no statistically significant difference in demographic, baseline data, and good outcome between the intravenous thrombolysis group and the antiplatelet therapy group. One patient had new stroke and one had transient ischemic attack in the intravenous thrombolysis group. There were statistically significant differences in ABCD2 score, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, highest National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at onset, and symptom duration between the good outcome group and the poor outcome group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis is similar to that of antiplatelet drugs alone in treating SWS. ABCD2 score, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, highest NIHSS score at onset, and duration of symptoms may be influencing factors for the outcome of patients with SWS.
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An increasing number of studies have shown that neuroimaging techniques, including CT- and MRI-related imaging biomarkers, are associated with the clinical outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, as a necessary diagnostic item for acute ischemic stroke, imaging examinations and related biomarkers have important value in predicting the outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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In recent years, recombinant human urokinase (rhPro-UK) has been widely used in the treatment of a variety of thromboembolic diseases, with significant efficacy and no obvious adverse reactions. In addition, it has a wide range of applications in many new technology fields. This article focuses on the application of rhPro-UK in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, arterial thrombosis and other diseases. rhPro-UK has demonstrated good thrombolytic efficacy and safety in these diseases, especially in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and adjuvant PCI therapy can significantly increase myocardial reperfusion, improve cardiac function, and do not increase the risk of bleeding. For cerebrovascular disease, rhPro-UK can significantly improve the degree of neurological deficit and has a high safety profile. In the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, rhPro-UK has shown superior thrombolytic efficacy and safety compared with urokinase. For arterial thrombosis and biological stents, the use of rhPro-UK has also achieved some efficacy, but more research is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety. In addition, ultrasound-mediated drug-loaded thrombolysis systems also have potential applications in rhPro-UK therapy. Future research on rhPro-UK will focus more on the development of new technologies.
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Portal vein thrombosis is one of the common complications of liver cirrhosis. The incidence of portal vein thrombosis is increased with the progression of diseases. The incidence and progression of portal vein thrombosis are associated with multiple factors. The indications of anticoagulant therapy remain to be investigated. At present, portal vein thrombosis is no longer considered as a contraindication for liver transplantation. Nevertheless, complicated portal vein thrombosis will increase perioperative risk of liver transplantation. How to restore the blood flow of portal vein system is a challenge for surgical decision-making in clinical practice. Rational preoperative typing, surgical planning and portal vein reconstruction are the keys to ensure favorable long-term prognosis of liver transplant recipients. In this article, epidemiological status, risk factors, typing and identification of portal vein thrombosis, preoperative and intraoperative management of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation, and the impact of portal vein thrombosis on the outcomes of liver transplantation were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for perioperative management of portal vein thrombosis throughout liver transplantation.
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Introducción: la trombolisis intravenosa es parte fundamental del tratamiento agudo de los pacientes que sufren un ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico. Existe un interés creciente en la utilización de tenecteplase como alternativa trombolítica a alteplase. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar la efectividad clínica de tenecteplase respecto a alteplase en la trombolisis intravenosa del ACV isquémico. Método: estudio de cohorte, bispectivo y unicéntrico, de todos los pacientes ingresados con ACV isquémico y que recibieron trombolíticos intravenosos, desde 2019 a 2022. Se compararon prospectivamente los pacientes tratados con tenecteplase con aquellos tratados con alteplase como control histórico. Se realizó test de chi cuadrado o exacto de Fisher para la asociación de variables categóricas y prueba de Wilcoxon para la comparación de medianas. Se consideró significativo un valor p menor de 0,05. Resultados: se incluyeron 69 pacientes (33 recibieron alteplase y 36 tenecteplase). La mediana de la escala de NIHSS fue de 11 (RIC 8-18) y del tiempo inicio de síntomas-aguja de 160 minutos (RIC 120-208). No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significatvas entre los puntajes de las escalas de coma de Glasgow y NIHSS al egreso hospitalario, así como en la escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) 0-2 y mortalidad a los seis meses, entre los dos grupos de pacientes. Tampoco hubo diferencias en las complicaciones hemorrágicas intracraneanas entre ambos grupos (13,9% para tenecteplase y 12,1% para alteplase). Conclusiones: se presenta el primer estudio acerca del tema en nuestro medio. En concordancia con los recientes ensayos internacionales, el presente trabajo no mostró diferencias significativas en los resultados clínicos de los pacientes tratados con tenecteplase o alteplase. El tenecteplase podría ser una alternativa razonable a alteplase como terapia trombolítica en el ACV isquémico, con una buena relación costo-beneficio y forma de implementación más sencilla. Se necesitan estudios aleatorizados y con un mayor número de pacientes.
Introduction: intravenous thrombolysis is a key part of the acute treatment of patients with ischemic stroke. There is a growing interest in the use of tenecteplase as a thrombolytic alternative to alteplase. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical effectiveness of tenecteplase versus alteplase in intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Method: a single-center, bispective cohort study of all patients admitted with ischemic stroke who received intravenous thrombolytics from 2019 to 2022. Patients treated with tenecteplase were prospectively compared with those treated with alteplase as a historical control. Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used for the association of categorical variables, and the Wilcoxon test was used for median comparison A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: a total of 69 patients were included in the study (33 received alteplase and 36 received tenecteplase). The median NIHSS scale score was 11 (IQR 8-18), and the median time from symptom onset to needle was 160 minutes (IQR 120-208). No statistically significant differences were found between Glasgow Coma Scale and NIHSS scores at hospital discharge, as well as in modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0-2 and mortality at 6 months, between the two groups of patients. There were also no differences in intracranial hemorrhagic complications between both groups (13.9% for tenecteplase and 12.1% for alteplase). Conclusions: This is the first study on the topic in our setting. In line with recent international trials, our study did not show significant differences in clinical outcomes of patients treated with tenecteplase or alteplase. Tenecteplase could be a reasonable alternative to alteplase as thrombolytic therapy in ischemic stroke, with a good cost-benefit ratio and simpler implementation. Randomized studies with a larger number of patients are needed.
Introdução: A trombólise intravenosa é uma parte essencial do tratamento agudo de pacientes que sofrem um acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico. Há um interesse crescente no uso da tenecteplase como uma alternativa trombolítica à alteplase. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia clínica da tenecteplase com a alteplase na trombólise intravenosa do AVC isquêmico. Métodos: estudo de coorte, bispectivo, em um único centro, de todos os pacientes admitidos com AVC isquêmico que receberam trombolíticos intravenosos de 2019 a 2022. Os pacientes tratados com tenecteplase foram comparados prospectivamente com aqueles tratados com alteplase como um controle histórico. O teste de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foi realizado para a associação de variáveis categóricas e o teste de Wilcoxon para a comparação de medianas. Um valor de p inferior a 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Foram incluídos 69 pacientes (33 receberam alteplase e 36 tenecteplase). A mediana do escore da escala NHISS foi de 11 (RIC 8-18) e a mediana do tempo de início dos sintomas foi de 160 minutos (RIC 120-208). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os escores de coma de Glasgow e NIHSS na alta hospitalar, bem como na Escala de Rankin modificada (MRS) 0-2 e na mortalidade em 6 meses, entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Também não houve diferenças nas complicações hemorrágicas intracranianas entre os dois grupos (13,9% para tenecteplase e 12,1% para alteplase). Conclusões: Este é o primeiro estudo sobre o assunto em nosso meio. De acordo com estudos internacionais recentes, nosso estudo não mostrou diferenças significativas nos resultados clínicos em pacientes tratados com tenecteplase ou alteplase. A tenecteplase poderia ser uma alternativa razoável à alteplase como terapia trombolítica no AVC isquêmico, com uma boa relação custo-benefício e implementação mais fácil. São necessários estudos randomizados com um número maior de pacientes.
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Traitement thrombolytique , Activateur tissulaire du plasminogène/usage thérapeutique , Accident vasculaire cérébral/thérapie , Ténectéplase/usage thérapeutique , Études de cohortesRÉSUMÉ
Introducción: la trombólisis intravenosa revolucionó la terapéutica de los pacientes con accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos. Objetivo: determinar las características clínicas y tiempo de inicio de tratamiento trombolítico en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en la Unidad de ICTUS del Hospital de Clínicas. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, transversal, muestreo no probabilístico, de pacientes con diagnóstico de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico ingresados en la Unidad de ICTUS del Hospital de Clínicas, desde enero del 2015 hasta junio del 2022. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, tiempo de inicio de tratamiento trombolítico, NIHSS al ingreso, 24 horas y 5 días, escala ASPCT, glicemia, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiaca, transformación hemorrágica. Resultados: 10 % de los pacientes cumplieron criterios de trombólisis, edad media 62 ± 1, masculino 59 %. Promedio desde el ingreso hospitalario hasta el goteo del trombolítico fue 44±2 minutos y desde el inicio del cuadro hasta el goteo del trombolítico 195 ± 5 minutos. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes fueron Hipertensión Arterial y Diabetes Mellitus, en 5 % de los trombolizados ocurrieron transformaciones hemorrágicas sintomáticas. Conclusión: 10 % de los pacientes cumplieron criterios para trombólisis. La media desde el ingreso al hospital hasta el goteo del fibrinolítico fue de 44 minutos y desde el inicio del cuadro hasta el goteo del trombolítico 195 ± 5 minutos. Los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiaca más frecuentes fueron la Hipertensión Arterial y Diabetes Mellitus, ocurrió 5% de transformación hemorrágica sintomática.
Introduction: intravenous thrombolysis revolutionized the therapy of patients with ischemic strokes. Objective: to determine the clinical characteristics and time of initiation of thrombolytic treatment in patients with ischemic stroke in the Stroke Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas. Methodology: this was a retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, we used non-probabilistic sampling, of patients with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke admitted to the Stroke Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas, from January 2015 to June 2022. Sociodemographic variables, start time of thrombolytic treatment, NIHSS at admission, 24 hours and 5 days, ASPCT scale, glycemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, risk factors for heart disease, hemorrhagic transformation. Results: 10 % of patients met thrombolysis criteria, with a mean age of 62 ± 1,59 % were male. The average time from hospital admission to the thrombolytic drip was 44 ± 2 minutes and from the onset of symptoms to the thrombolytic drip was 195 ± 5 minutes. The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Mellitus; symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations occurred in 5 % of the thrombolyzed patients. Conclusion: 10 % of patients met criteria for thrombolysis. The mean time from hospital admission to the fibrinolytic drip was 44 minutes and from the onset of symptoms to the thrombolytic drip was 195 ± 5 minutes. The most frequent risk factors for heart disease were High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Mellitus, 5 % of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation occurred.
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Abstract Over the last three decades, stroke care has undergone significant transformations mainly driven by the introduction of reperfusion therapy and the organization of systems of care. Patients receiving treatment through a well-structured stroke service have a much higher chance of favorable outcomes, thereby decreasing both disability and mortality. In this article, we reviewed the scientific evidence for stroke reperfusion therapy, including thrombolysis and thrombectomy, and its implementation in the public health system in Brazil.
Resumo Nas últimas três décadas, o tratamento do AVC sofreu transformações significativas, impulsionadas principalmente pela introdução das terapias de reperfusão e pela organização dos serviços de AVC. Os pacientes que recebem tratamento em um serviço de AVC bem estruturado têm uma probabilidade muito maior de resultados favoráveis, diminuindo assim a incapacidade funcional e a mortalidade. Neste artigo, revisamos as evidências científicas para as terapias de reperfusão do AVC, incluindo trombólise e trombectomia e sua implementação no sistema público de saúde no Brasil.
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Introducción: la trombólisis intravenosa revolucionó la terapéutica de los pacientes con accidentes cerebrovasculares isquémicos. Objetivo: determinar las características clínicas y tiempo de inicio de tratamiento trombolítico en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en la Unidad de ICTUS del Hospital de Clínicas. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo, transversal, muestreo no probabilístico, de pacientes con diagnóstico de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico ingresados en la Unidad de ICTUS del Hospital de Clínicas, desde enero del 2015 hasta junio del 2022. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas, tiempo de inicio de tratamiento trombolítico, NIHSS al ingreso, 24 horas y 5 días, escala ASPCT, glicemia, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiaca, transformación hemorrágica. Resultados: 10 % de los pacientes cumplieron criterios de trombólisis, edad media 62 ± 1, masculino 59 %. Promedio desde el ingreso hospitalario hasta el goteo del trombolítico fue 44±2 minutos y desde el inicio del cuadro hasta el goteo del trombolítico 195 ± 5 minutos. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes fueron Hipertensión Arterial y Diabetes Mellitus, en 5 % de los trombolizados ocurrieron transformaciones hemorrágicas sintomáticas. Conclusión: 10 % de los pacientes cumplieron criterios para trombólisis. La media desde el ingreso al hospital hasta el goteo del fibrinolítico fue de 44 minutos y desde el inicio del cuadro hasta el goteo del trombolítico 195 ± 5 minutos. Los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiaca más frecuentes fueron la Hipertensión Arterial y Diabetes Mellitus, ocurrió 5% de transformación hemorrágica sintomática.
Introduction: intravenous thrombolysis revolutionized the therapy of patients with ischemic strokes. Objective: to determine the clinical characteristics and time of initiation of thrombolytic treatment in patients with ischemic stroke in the Stroke Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas. Methodology: this was a retrospective, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, we used non-probabilistic sampling, of patients with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke admitted to the Stroke Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas, from January 2015 to June 2022. Sociodemographic variables, start time of thrombolytic treatment, NIHSS at admission, 24 hours and 5 days, ASPCT scale, glycemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, risk factors for heart disease, hemorrhagic transformation. Results: 10 % of patients met thrombolysis criteria, with a mean age of 62 ± 1,59 % were male. The average time from hospital admission to the thrombolytic drip was 44 ± 2 minutes and from the onset of symptoms to the thrombolytic drip was 195 ± 5 minutes. The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Mellitus; symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations occurred in 5 % of the thrombolyzed patients. Conclusion: 10 % of patients met criteria for thrombolysis. The mean time from hospital admission to the fibrinolytic drip was 44 minutes and from the onset of symptoms to the thrombolytic drip was 195 ± 5 minutes. The most frequent risk factors for heart disease were High Blood Pressure and Diabetes Mellitus, 5 % of symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation occurred.
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Abstract Background Treatment at an organized stroke unit center (SUC) improves survival after stroke. Stroke mortality has decreased worldwide in recent decades. Objective This study shows the experience of a SUC in the Northeast of Brazil, comparing its first, second, and third years. Methods We compared data on the SUC prospectively collected from 31 July 2018 to 31 July 2019 (year 1), August 1st, 2019, to July 31st, 2020 (year 2), and August 1st to July 31st, 2021 (year 3). Results There was an expertise evolution through the years, with good outcomes in spite of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in the 3rd year. Also, in the 1st year, the median (interquartile range) door-to-needle time was 39.5 (29.5-60.8) minutes evolving to 22 (17-30) minutes, and then to 17 (14-22) minutes in the last year. Conclusion This was the first report on a SUC's outcome in the Brazil's Central Arid Northeast countryside, and it shows the improvement in care for patients with stroke through an effective healthcare line.
Resumo Antecedentes O tratamento em um centro organizado com Unidade de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) melhora a sobrevida após o AVC. A mortalidade por AVC diminuiu em todo o mundo nas últimas décadas. Objetivo Este estudo mostra a experiência de um centro de AVC no Nordeste brasileiro, comparando o primeiro, segundo e terceiro anos do serviço. Métodos Nós comparamos dados coletados prospectivamente na Unidade de AVC de 31 de julho de 2018 a 31 de julho 2019 (ano 1), 1° de agosto de 2019 a 31 de julho de 2020 (ano 2) e 1° de agosto a 31 de julho de 2021 (ano 3). Resultados Houve uma evolução na conhecimento especializado ao longo dos anos, com bons desfechos apesar da pandemia de coronavirus disease 2019 no terceiro ano. Além disso, no primeiro ano a mediana do tempo porta-agulha foi de 39.5 (29.5-60.8) minutos, evoluindo para 22 (17-30) minutos, e então 17 (14-22) minutos no último ano. Conclusão Este foi o primeiro relato sobre o desempenho de um serviço de AVC do interior do Nordeste brasileiro e evidencia a melhoria assistencial aos pacientes com AVC por meio de uma efetiva linha de cuidado em saúde.
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Abstract Background The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is time-dependent. Objective To compare the door-to-needle (DTN) time of stroke neurologists (SNs) versus non-stroke neurologists (NSNs) and emergency room physicians (EPs). Additionally, we aimed to determine elements associated with DTN ≤ 20 minutes. Methods Prospective study of patients with IVT treated at Clínica Alemana between June 2016 and September 2021. Results A total of 301 patients underwent treatment for IVT. The mean DTN time was 43.3 ± 23.6 minutes. One hundred seventy-three (57.4%) patients were evaluated by SNs, 122 (40.5%) by NSNs, and 6 (2.1%) by EPs. The mean DTN times were 40.8 ± 23, 46 ± 24.7, and 58 ± 22.5 minutes, respectively. Door-to-needle time ≤ 20 minutes occurred more frequently when patients were treated by SNs compared to NSNs and EPs: 15%, 4%, and 0%, respectively (odds ratio [OR]: 4.3, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.66-11.5, p = 0.004). In univariate analysis DTN time ≤ 20 minutes was associated with treatment by a SN (p = 0.002), coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period (p = 0.21), time to emergency room (ER) (p = 0.21), presence of diabetes (p = 0.142), hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.007), atrial fibrillation (p < 0.09), score on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) (p = 0.001), lower systolic (p = 0.143) and diastolic (p = 0.21) blood pressures, the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS; p = 0.09), vessel occlusion (p = 0.05), use of tenecteplase (p = 0.18), thrombectomy (p = 0.13), and years of experience of the physician (p < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, being treated by a SN (OR: 3.95; 95%CI: 1.44-10.8; p = 0.007), NIHSS (OR: 1.07; 95%CI: 1.02-1.12; p < 0.002) and lower systolic blood pressure (OR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.96-0.99; p < 0.003) remained significant. Conclusions Treatment by a SN resulted in a higher probability of treating the patient in a DTN time within 20 minutes.
Resumen Antecedentes La respuesta a la trombólisis intravenosa (TIV) es dependiente del tiempo. Objetivo Comparar los tiempo puerta-aguja (TPAs) de neurólogos vasculares (NVs) contra los de neurólogos no vasculares (NNVs) y médicos emergencistas (MEs), y determinar los elementos asociados a un PTA ≤ 20 minutos. Métodos Análisis observacional prospectivo de pacientes con TIV tratados en Clínica Alemana entre junio de 2016 y septiembre de 2021. Resultados En total, 301 pacientes con TIV fueron tratados. El TPA promedio fue de 43,3 ± 23,6 minutos. Un total de 173 (57,4%) pacientes fueron evaluados por NVs, 122 (40,5%), por NNVs, y 6 (2,1%), por MEs; los TPAs promedios fueron de 40,8 ± 23; 46 ± 24,7 y 58 ± 22,5 minutos, respectivamente. Los TPAs ≤ 20 minutos fueron más frecuentes en pacientes tratados por NVs versus NNVs y MEs: 15%, 4% y 0%, respectivamente (odds ratio [OR]: 4,3; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 1,66-11,5; p = 0,004). El análisis univariado demostró que TPA ≤ 20 minutos se asoció con: tratamiento por NVs (p = 0,002), periodo de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19; p = 0,21), tiempo a urgencia (p = 0,21), diabetes (p = 0,142), hipercolesterolemia (p = 0,007), fibrilación auricular (p < 0,09), puntaje en la National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] (p = 0,001), presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,143) y diastólica menores (p = 0,21), Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS ; p = 0,09), oclusión de vasos cerebrales (p =0,05), uso de tecneteplase (p = 0,18), trombectomía (p = 0,13) y años de experiencia del médico (p < 0,001). El análisis multivariado demostró que ser tratado por NVs (OR: 3,95; IC95%: 1,44-10,8; p = 0,007), el puntaje en la NIHSS (OR: 1,07; IC95%: 1,02-1,12; p < 0,002) y la presión arterial sistólica (OR: 0,98; IC95%: 0,96-0,99; p < 0,003) se asociaron a TPA ≤ 20 minutos. Conclusões El tratamiento por NVs resultó en un TPA menor y en una mayor probabilidad de tratamiento ≤ 20 minutos.
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Fundamento: el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST impone un gran desafío a los sistemas de salud, por tanto, su diagnóstico y manejo son importantes. Objetivo: determinar las principales características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre una serie de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital General Universitario Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima de Cienfuegos, en el periodo de enero a junio de 2021. El universo estuvo constituido por 77 pacientes. Se estudiaron variables como: edad, sexo, color de la piel, procedencia, comorbilidades, hábitos tóxicos, manifestaciones clínicas, trombolisis, lugar donde se trombolizaron, causas de no trombolisis, topografía del infarto agudo de miocardio, estado al egreso, complicaciones del infarto y del tratamiento trombolítico. Para el procesamiento y análisis de la información se creó una base de datos en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 21.0 que permitió el cálculo de las frecuencias absolutas y los porcentajes. Resultados: la media de edad fue 66,08 (±9,43). Hubo un predominio del sexo masculino (64,7 %); el 59,7 % de los pacientes fueron trombolizados; el dolor torácico típico fue la principal manifestación clínica con un 71,4 %; fallecieron 12 pacientes, de ellos el 10,4 % no recibió tratamiento trombolítico. Conclusiones: el principal motivo de consulta sigue siendo el dolor torácico. La edad y las comorbilidades son factores de riesgo a tener en cuenta a la hora de prevenir esta entidad. La trombolisis es una medida terapéutica que tiene repercusión directa en el estado al egreso de los pacientes, este procedimiento se realiza en su mayoría en el hospital.
Background: ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction poses a great challenge to health systems, therefore its diagnosis and management are important. Objective: to determine the main clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on a series of patients treated at the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima University General Hospital in Cienfuegos, from January to June 2021. The universe consisted of 77 patients. Variables such as: age, sex, skin color, origin, comorbidities, toxic habits, clinical manifestations, thrombolysis, place where they were thrombolyzed, causes of non-thrombolysis, topography of acute myocardial infarction, discharge status, infarction complications and of thrombolytic treatment. For the processing and analysis of the information, a database was created in the statistical package SPSS version 21.0 that allowed the calculation of the absolute frequencies and the percentages. Results: the mean age was 66.08 (±9.43). There was a predominance of the male sex (64.7 %); 59.7 % of the patients were thrombolyzed; typical chest pain was the main clinical manifestation with 71.4 %; 12 patients died, of which 10.4 % did not receive thrombolytic treatment. Conclusions: the main reason for consultation continues to be chest pain. Age and comorbidities are risk factors to take into account when preventing this entity. Thrombolysis is a therapeutic measure that has a direct impact on the state at discharge of patients, this procedure is performed mostly in the hospital.
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Introdução: a terapia trombolítica é a principal medida salvadora adotada em vítimas de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico (AVCI), adequada para a maioria delas. Entretanto, alguns pacientes não apresentam evolução clínica, piorando o prognóstico, o que constitui uma lacuna científica essencial. Objetivo: analisar os determinantes da não melhora clínica em pacientes com AVC em uso de trombolíticos rt-PA.Método: estudo observacional retrospectivo caso-controle, realizado de 2014 a 2017 por meio de busca ativa de prontuários de pacientes com AVC submetidos à terapia trombolítica em um hospital de referência no Ceará. A falência clínica foi caracterizada como ausência de redução no National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale-Score (NIHSS).Resultados: um total de 139 pacientes incluídos no estudo em uma única unidade de AVC. A média de idade foi de 66,14 anos (variando de 34 a 95). O seguimento de 24 horas foi completado em 100% dos pacientes. Resultado favorável 24 horas pós-trombólise foi observado em 113 pacientes (81,29%), e não houve melhora clínica em 26 (18,7%). A transformação hemorrágica pós-trombólise foi um forte preditor de não melhora (p=0,004), e diabetes foi o principal fator de risco modificável encontrado (p=0,040).Conclusão: diabetes e transformação hemorrágica após trombólise foram identificados como fatores de risco para não melhora clínica em pacientes com AVC agudo submetidos à terapia trombolítica.
Introduction: thrombolytic therapy is the primary saving measure adopted in ischemic cerebrovascular accident (ICVA) victims, adequate for most of them. However, some patients do not show clinical progress, worsening the prognosis, which constitutes an essential scientific gap.Objective: to analyze the determinants of clinical non-improvement in stroke patients who used rt-PA thrombolytic agentes.Methods: retrospective observational case-control study, carried out from 2014 to 2017 through an active search of medical records of CVA patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy in a reference hospital in Ceará. Clinical failure was characterized as no reduction in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale-Score (NIHSS).Results: a total of 139 patients enrolled in the study in a single CVA unit. The mean age was 66.14 years (range 34 to 95). The 24-hour follow-up was completed in 100% of patients. A favorable result 24 hours post-thrombolysis was observed in 113 patients (81.29%), and there was no clinical improvement in 26 (18.7%). Post-thrombolysis hemorrhagic transformation was a strong predictor of no improvement (p=0.004), and diabetes was the main modifiable risk factor found (p=0.040).Conclusion: diabetes and hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis were identified as risk factors for clinical non-improvement in patients with acute stroke undergoing thrombolytic therapy.
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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN. El ACV menor hace referencia a un evento isquémico que cursa con síntomas leves. Se ha señalado que estos pacientes pueden presentar un desenlace clínico desfavorable. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el desenlace funcional a 90 días de pacientes con ACV isquémico menor, atendidos en dos hospitales de Bucaramanga, Colombia, entre los años 2015 y 2017. MÉTODOS. Estudio de cohorte en pacientes con ACV isquémico agudo y un puntaje NIHSS ≤ 5 puntos. Un desenlace clínico desfavorable a 90 días de seguimiento fue medido como un puntaje Rankin-m ≥ 3 puntos. Se realizó un análisis bivariado a través de modelos de regresión binomial simple y ajustado por edad y sexo. Un valor p <0,05 fue considerado estadísticamente significativo. RESULTADOS. Se incluyeron 90 pacientes (edad de 66,6± 13,5 años, 54,4% (n=49) de sexo masculino). El 36,5% (n=23) de los pacientes presentó un puntaje Rankin-m de 3 a 6 puntos. El antecedente de diabetes mellitus (RR: 2,50 IC 95%:1,33-4,70) y un Rankin-m previo de 2 (RR 2,12 IC 95%:1,39-3,24) fueron variables independientemente asociadas a discapacidad significativa. CONCLUSIÓN. Un estado funcional previamente comprometido, sumado a la disfunción endotelial que genera la diabetes mellitus, contribuye a un desenlace desfavorable en los pacientes con ACV menor.
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION. Minor stroke refers to an ischemic vascular event that start with discrete symptoms. It has been suggested that these patients may have an unfavorable clinical outcome. AIM. To evaluate the functional outcome at 90 days in patients with minor ischemic stroke in two hospitals in Bucaramanga, between 2015 and 2017. METHODS. Cohort study in patients with acute ischemic stroke and NIHSS ≤ 5 points. An unfavorable clinical outcome was measured according to the modified Rankin Scale as ≥ 3 points. A bivariate analysis was performed through simple binomial regression models adjusted for age and sex. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS. 90 patients were included (Aged 66.6 ± 13.5 years, 49 males (54%); 23 (36,5%) presented a modified Rankin score of 3-6 points. A history of diabetes (RR: 2.50 CI 95%: 1.33-4.70) and a modified Rankin score of 2 points prior to the event (RR 2.12 CI 95%: 1.39-3.24) were independently associated with significant disability CONCLUSION. A previously compromised functional state, added to the endothelial dysfunction generated by diabetes mellitus, contribute significantly to an unfavorable outcome in patients with minor stroke.
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Traitement thrombolytique , Accident vasculaire cérébral , Personnes handicapées , Étude d'observationRÉSUMÉ
Objective:To investigate the clinical features and treatment strategies of ischemic stroke during pregnancy and puerperium.Methods:This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of six women diagnosed with ischemic stroke during pregnancy and puerperium by cranial CT or MRI at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from January 2013 to December 2021. Descriptive data analysis was performed.Results:There were 31 082 deliveries at the hospital in this period. The incidence of ischemic stroke during pregnancy and puerperium was 0.019% (6/31 082) during the study period. Among the six patients, three occurred in early pregnancy, one in late pregnancy, and two in the puerperium. The most common symptoms included headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, convulsions, and limb movement disorders. All six patients received conservative treatment. Two term neonates were born vaginally, and one preterm infant was delivered by cesarean section. None of the three babies had any significant malformations or abnormalities in growth and development. Two pregnancies were terminated, and one received a medical abortion due to a missed abortion after embryo arrest.Conclusions:Symptoms of ischemic stroke during pregnancy and puerperium are atypical. The treatment should be individualized based on a comprehensive assessment of the etiology, severity, and maternal and fetal conditions. Maternal and fetal conditions and gestational weeks should be considered in obstetric management.
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Objective:To investigate the risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), and the predictive value of Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR).Methods:Consecutive patients with AIS received IVT in Zhengzhou People’s Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. HT was defined as no intracranial hemorrhage was found on the first imaging examination after admission, and new intracranial hemorrhage was found on the imaging examination 24 h after IVT or when symptoms worsened. sHT was defined as HT and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score increased by ≥4 compared to admission or required surgical treatment such as intubation and decompressive craniectomy. The baseline clinical and laboratory data of the patients were collected, and NLR, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet to neutrophil ratio (PNR) were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of HT and sHT, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of NLR for HT and sHT after IVT. Results:A total of 196 patients were included (age 65.37±13.10 years, 124 males [63.3%]). The median baseline NIHSS score was 4 (interquartile range: 2-10). Twenty patients (10.2%) developed HT, and 12 (6.1%) developed sHT. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in age, baseline NIHSS score, creatinine, NLR, and stroke etiology type between the HT group and the non-HT group (all P<0.05); there were statistically significant differences in age, NLR, PNR, creatinine, baseline NIHSS score, and stroke etiological type between the sHT group and the non-sHT group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NLR was an independent predictor of HT (odds ratio [ OR] 1.375, 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.132-1.670; P=0.001) and sHT ( OR 1.647, 95% CI 1.177-2.304; P=0.004) after IVT. The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve for predicting HT by NLR was 0.683 (95% CI 0.533-0.833; P=0.007), the optimal cutoff value was 5.78, the sensitivity and specificity were 55.0% and 84.1%, respectively. The area under the curve for predicting sHT by NLR was 0.784 (95% CI 0.720-0.839; P=0.001), the optimal cutoff value was 5.94, the sensitivity and specificity were 66.67% and 84.24%, respectively. Conclusions:A higher baseline NLR is associated with an increased risk of HT and sHT after IVT in patients with AIS, and can serve as a biomarker for predicting HT and sHT after IVT.