Diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) en el río Quenane-Quenanito, piedemonte llanero colombiano / Diversity of Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in the Quenane-Quenanito river, Colombian plain foothills

Resumen Introducción: Varias presiones antrópicas sufren los ecosistemas acuáticos del piedemonte llanero en Colombia. La respuesta a estresores ambientales aún se desconoce en organismos bioindicadores como Leptohyphidae. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae del río Quenane-Quenanito, en dos periodos hidrológicos contrastantes y su relación con algunas variables fisicoquímicas. Métodos: En diciembre (2014) y febrero (2015) se recolectaron organismos con red Surber en seis estaciones a lo largo del río. Se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta y se aplicó análisis de redundancia y modelos lineales generalizados con el fin de establecer la relación entre los taxones y las variables ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 organismos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis y Tricorythodes), dos especies y ocho morfoespecies. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Meta Amanahyphes saguassu. Se registró la mayor diversidad de ninfas en la transición a la sequía y la mayor abundancia en sequía. La diversidad beta señaló que la configuración del ensamblaje cambia a nivel espacial y temporal. Conclusiones: Los organismos de Leptohyphidae prefieren hábitats de corrientes, particularmente en el periodo de sequía, donde hallan alimento (hojarasca, detritos) y refugio para establecerse exitosamente; actividades antrópicas como la urbanización afectan notablemente la diversidad. La alta diversidad registrada en este pequeño río de piedemonte llanero refleja la necesidad de incrementar este tipo de trabajos y esfuerzos de recolección de material de estudio en la región.

Abstract Introduction: Various anthropic pressures affect the aquatic ecosystems of the foothills of Colombia. The response to environmental stressors is still unknown in bioindicator organisms such as Leptohyphidae. Objective: To determine the diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs of the Quenane-Quenanito river, in two contrasting hydrological periods and its relationship with some physicochemical variables. Methods: In December (2014) and February (2015), organisms were collected with a Surber net at six stations along the current. Alpha and beta diversity was analyzed and redundancy analysis and generalized linear model were applied to establish the relationship between taxa and environmental variables. Results: Were identified 369 organisms belonging to four genera (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis, and Tricorythodes), two species, and eight morphospecies. Amanahyphes saguassu is reported for the first time for the Meta department. High diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs was recorded in the transition to drought season and greater abundance in drought. Beta diversity indicated that the configuration of the assemblage changes spatially and temporally. Conclusions: Leptohyphidae organisms prefer fast habitats, particularly in the dry period where they find food (leaf litter, detritus) and shelter to establish themselves successfully; anthropic activities such as urbanization notably affect diversity. The high diversity recorded in this small river in the foothills of the plains reflects the need to increase this type of works and collection efforts of study material in the region.

Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of underground well water in Oyi local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria

Background: Water is indispensable for man’s existence on earth. In urban and predominantly rural communities in Nigeria, with over 85% of the population living below an average income, traditional drinking water sources such as open reservoirs, springs and open wells are still being used. The study assessed the bacteriological qualities of underground well water in Oyi L.G.A of Anambra State. Methods: Water samples collected by random sampling from various wells in the selected thirteen (13) wards of the study area were subjected to bacteriological analysis using standard methods. The bacteriological analysis examined differential and presumptive coliform counts. Confirmatory coliform tests were carried out using a loopful of presumptive positive and negative tests already sub-cultured on MacConkey agar plate and incubated at 37 0c for 24 hours to obtain bacterial isolates. Results: Escherichia coli was the most frequently occurring isolate of all the bacteria identified. Other isolates include Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Bacillus spp. The majority of these organisms are Gram-negative microorganisms which are most times implicated in gastrointestinal abnormalities. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of contamination of well waters by pathogenic organisms in most well waters from the Study area. Underground well water sources to be utilized for domestic purposes such as cooking should be treated or disinfected before use, either by boiling and filtration or by chemical sterilization or a combination of both.

Water quality of self-provided wells water in Haidian District in Beijing in 2018 - 2022 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the water quality and sanitary conditions of rural self-provided wells water in Haidian District, Beijing, and to provide reference for strengthening water supply management of self-provided wells. Methods The water quality monitoring data of rural self-provided wells in Haidian District from 2018 to 2022 were analyzed. Results A total of 1 568 water samples were tested in 2018-2022 , of which 1 486 were qualified, with a qualified rate of 94.77%. The qualified rate in each year was 86.75% , 92.86% , 97.48% , 98.06% , and 99.34% , respectively , and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2= 75.296 , P＜0.05). The qualified rates of sensory traits and general chemical indexes, toxicological indexes and microbial indexes were 97.70%, 97.58% and 98.28%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the qualified rates among the three indexes in 2018, 2019 and 2021 (P < 0.05). The unqualified indicators included total hardness, total number of colonies, total coliform, fluoride, nitrate and turbidity, with a qualified rate of 97.96%, 98.41%, 99.17%, 99.11%, 98.47% and 99.94%, respectively. Conclusion The water quality of self-provided wells in rural Haidian District is good. Relevant departments should continue to strengthen the supervision of self-provided wells, such as the supervision of self-provided wells disinfection devices and water treatment equipment, to ensure the safety of drinking water for residents.

Assessment of River Water Quality during Summer Season in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study is focused on assessment of river water quality during summer season in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh was experimentally investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyzed the physio-chemical properties of the river Ganga and Yamuna in Prayagraj. Water parameters such as pH, EC, DO, BOD, Alkalinity, Chloride, TDS and Hardness were analyzed. The results reveals that water was suitable for irrigation on purpose as the values were found to be within the permissible limit except DO whose values were found to be slightly less than the permissible limit.

Assessment of Physico-chemical Properties of Soil and Irrigation Water Quality of Phulpur Blocks of Prayagraj District, Uttar Pradesh, India

We aimed to study nutrient status in Phulpur block of Prayagraj District of Uttar Pradesh, India. We collected representative soil samples covering nine villages of Phulpur division at depths like 0-15cm, 15-30cm and 30-45cm before sowing of crops. The soil samples were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. Results show that the soil samples of the areas of the Phulpur division were found to be mildly alkaline and non-saline. There are many reasons leading to soil quality deterioration, including changes in land use types of forest to arable land and the consequences of intensive land use. The colour of soil changes between the three depths at all locations. There were differences in the colour of dry and wet soils was dark brown to dark yellowish brown. The soil bulk density varied from 1.22 to 1.41 Mg m-3, soil particle density varied from 2.291 to 2.452 Mg m-3, pore space from 41.6 to 48.2 %, water holding capacity from 36.60 to 43.30 % respectively. Soil pH varied from 7.26 to 7.84 and EC is 0.24 to 0.38 dS m-1. while soil organic carbon varied from 0.29 to 0.45 % and available nitrogen from low to medium (180 to 275 kg ha-1), available phosphorous from medium to high (10.80 to 22.5 kg ha-1), potassium was found to be medium range (132.00 to 231.00 kg ha?1), exchangeable calcium and magnesium low from (3.48 to 5.50 Meq 100g-1) and (1.66 to 2.72 Meq 100g-1) respectively. The water pH of varied from 6.24 to 7.50, the electrical conductivity of water ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 dS m-1, the bicarbonate of water varied from 7 to 18 Meq L-1, the chloride of water varied from 4.5 to 10.4 Meq L-1, the available calcium of water varied from 4.2 to 8 Meq L-1, the available magnesium of water varied from 2.5 to 3.6 Meq L-1, the potassium of water varied from 0.05 to 0.17 Meq L-1 and the sodium of water varied from 0.08 to 0.21 Meq L-1. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 0.03 to 0.1 Meq L-1, indicating low to moderate levels of sodium content in the water samples. The soluble sodium percent (SSP) ranged from 1.47 to 3.93 Meq L-1, providing further insight into the sodium content in the water. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) varied from -2.4 to 7.4 Meq L-1. The permeability Index (PI) ranged from 28 to 56 Meq L-1, serving as an indicator of the potential impact of water on soil permeability, the Kelley's ratio (KR) ranged from 0.08 to 0.024 Meq L-1. The KR is a measure of the sodium hazard in irrigation water, with lower values indicating a lower risk of sodium-related issues in soil and crops. The range of the irrigation water quality index value ranged from 44 to 157 Meq L-1 it was determined that 100% of the samples are in suitable range for irrigation.

Monitoring and Assessment of Water Quality of Iril River, Manipur, India

The present study can be concluded that the analysis of the physio chemical parameters of Iril River revealed that most of the values are within the permissible limit of water quality standards. Water quality is suitable as per Standards norm of BIS and CPCB based on the determined values of pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, Chloride, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity and Sulphate was monitored during the period of January 2023 to May 2023. The value of water pH recorded between 7.4- 8.34, EC ranged between 179.6 ms/cm-254 ms/cm, TDS ranged between 90.2 mg/l-126.8 mg/l, dissolved oxygen between 6.0-7.7 mg/l, BOD between 3.0 mg/l-3.9 mg/l, chloride between 28.9 mg/l-36.9 mg/l, total hardness between 112mg/l-170 mg/l, total alkalinity between 115 mg/l-174 mg/l and sulphate between 14.4 mg/l-39.3 mg/l. Hence, these rivers and hold to provide uninterrupted supply of drinking water to Iril River of Manipur without any major treatment.

Status of River Water in India: A Review

Water means life which is a cyclic, inexhaustible, renewable prime natural resource. It is both a basic human need and a valued asset possessed by all living creatures. Hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere are all sources of water around the world. Water covers 71 % of the earth’s surface but only 1% of water is potable. Rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna and Sabarmati are revered throughout India. River water is critical for commercial and industrial development, hydroelectric power generation, agriculture, new multipurpose dams and tourism attractions. However, the presence of different contaminants such as pesticides, heavy metals, organic waste, chemical waste and direct sewage discharge has harmed the river's water quality. In India, river water pollution is a major issue that has harmed not only human and animal health, but also the economy of the country. In this review, a substantial number of studies on river water pollution in India are examined. Data on various physical, chemical, and biological characteristics are carefully analysed and interpreted, and it is discovered that river water in India is severely polluted. Furthermore, after careful interpretation of data and discussions published in research articles, this review explains the interrelationships among distinct physical and chemical parameters. EC and TDS are complementary to each other and temperature has a direct impact on pH and DO levels. Also, BOD and DO are reciprocally related with each other. This review provides a concise set of guidelines for assessing river water pollution and calculation of water quality index.

Study of the Hydrochemical Characterization of Drinking Water from the Aquifer of the Town of Guitté at Hadjer Lamis

A hydrogeological study was carried out in and around Guitté. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of the hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the Guitté aquifer. with a view to the sound and sustainable management of available water resources. A field mission to measure and sample borehole water was carried out from March 26 to 28. 2023 in and around Guitté. Physicochemical analyses were carried out on 28 water samples from human-driven pumps). The study showed that the groundwater exploited in this area has an average temperature of 29°C. Overall. the pH values measured in the sampled waters are not very heterogeneous and are around neutral. Electrical conductivity values are highly heterogeneous. Two types of chemical facies have been identified in Guitté groundwater: sodium or potassium bicarbonate facies. and calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies. The overall quality of the groundwater obtained for consumption is 60.71% rated as good. 39.28% as poor. The origin of the mineralization could be linked. on the one hand. to water/rock contact. due to the dissolution of natron. limestone. gypsum and thenardite and on the other hand. to the phenomenon of intense evaporation.

Assessment of water quality in disease burdened industrializing town of mid hills of North India

Background: Anthropogenic activities associated with rapid urbanization and industrialization have deteriorated the water quality across the world. Rampant industrialization and poor water, sanitation and hygiene in an industrializing town of northern India necessitated the assessment of drinking water in the region. Methods: The study of physico-chemical parameter of the water and water quality index of the most commonly used ten drinking water sources in 2017-2018 was undertaken. Grab water samples were collected during monsoon, the rainy season (June, July and August) and post monsoon (September, October and November) during the years 2017 and 2018 by following the standard procedures. Weighted arithmetic index method was used for the water quality index (WQI) analysis. Results: Pooled analysis inferred water pH, temperature, total dissolved solids and carbonated oxygen demand to be within, whereas, electrical conductivity (91.00-431.50 µS/cm), turbidity (1.00-4.30 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (6.53-7.23 mg/l) and biological oxygen demand (6.12-7.62 mg/l), exceeding the Bureau of Indian standards permissible limits. Calcium, nitrate, chlorides and zinc were within limits, magnesium concentrations (9.16-29.35 mg/l) were below whereas lead (0.06-0.62 mg/l), chromium (0.01-0.12 mg/l), cadmium (0.00-0.25 mg/l) and mercury (0.00-0.08 mg/l) were above the standards. WQI was above 50 in all the drinking water sources. Conclusions: Water was of poor quality and unsuitable for drinking purposes, indicating alarming water pollution. WQI of the various drinking water sources of the region deteriorated more in the monsoon season as compared to the post monsoon season.

Functional and taxonomic diversity of aquatic insects (EPT) in an urban river of the Colombian plains / Diversidad funcional y taxonómica de insectos acuáticos (ept) en un río urbano del piedemonte llanero colombiano

RESUMEN El río Ocoa es importante para el desarrollo del municipio de Villavicencio, pero esta sometido a diferentes actividades antropogénicas a lo largo del cauce que afectan la diversidad de insectos acuáticos bioindicadores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la respuesta de la diversidad funcional y taxonómica de insectos acuáticos (EPT) al uso del suelo en el río Ocoa. Se tomaron muestras de agua para la medición de 19 variables fisicoquímicas y bacteriológicas ex situ en 12 estaciones con diferentes usos del suelo (urbano e industrial, agricultura, natural, piscicultura, ganadería) y los organismos se recolectaron con red Surber. Se determinaron hasta género y se consignaron sus respectivos rasgos funcionales. Se emplearon los números efectivos de especies, índices de diversidad funcional, análisis de redundancia y de RLQ. Los ensamblajes estuvieron dominados por los géneros Smicridea (Trichoptera), Lumahyphes y Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera); y los rasgos funcionales frecuentes correspondieron a desarrollo lento, respiración por branquias, cuerpos blandos y medianos no aerodinámicos con hábito de agarrarse. Las estaciones de la zona media del río, correspondientes al uso de suelo urbano e industrial, presentaron baja a ninguna diversidad taxonómica y funcional. Los rasgos funcionales presentaron características asociadas al tipo de sustrato; los hábitos tróficos se relacionaron principalmente con materia orgánica (gruesa y fina). En contraste las estaciones de la zona alta y baja presentaron los mayores valores de diversidad taxonómica y funcional, cuyas estaciones se caracterizaron por uso del suelo natural, ganadería y agricultura.

ABSTRACT The Ocoa river is important for development of the municipality of Villavicencio, but it is subjected to different types of anthropogenic activities along its course; they affect the diversity of bioindicator aquatic insects. The objective of this research was to determine the response of the functional and taxonomic diversity of aquatic insects (EPT) to land use in the Ocoa river. Water samples were taken to measure 19 ex situ physicochemical and bacteriological variables at 12 stations with different land uses (urban and industrial, agriculture, natural, fish farming, livestock) and the organisms were collected using Surber net. They were determined until genus and their respective functional traits were recorded. The effective numbers of species, functional diversity indices, redundancy and RLQ analysis were used. The assemblages were dominated by the genera Smicridea (Trichoptera), Lumahyphes and Americabaetis (Ephemeroptera); and the frequent functional traits corresponded to slow development, breathing through gills, soft and non-aerodynamic medium bodies with habit of clinging. The stations in the middle zone of the river, corresponding to the land use urban and industrial, presented low to no taxonomic and functional diversity. The functional traits presented characteristics associated with the type of substrate; trophic habits were mainly related to organic matter (coarse and fine). In contrast, the stations of the upper and lower zone presented the highest values of taxonomic and functional diversity, which were characterized by natural land use, livestock and agriculture.

Climatic Factors Affecting Water Quality under Natural Conditions: A Field Survey of a Local Reservoir

The global water cycle is closely related to climate change, and fresh water is a precious resource. Therefore, the effects of climate change on fresh water quality are of major importance. Worldwide, shallow lakes and ponds are the most abundant reservoir types. However, there have been few studies about ponds despite their large number. It is commonly accepted that wind-driven currents and thermal stratification mainly affect water circulation and oxygen diffusion in lakes. The presented research aims to verify whether this accepted view would be observed in a pond (?1 m depth and ?5,600 m2 area) under natural conditions accompanying changes in temperature and wind. A field survey performed over 7 months in Japan has demonstrated that (i) the temperature variations in the air and the pond water were negatively correlated with the dissolved oxygen concentration; and (ii) the wind variation shows weak negative correlation with the dissolved oxygen level in the bottom layer. A simple concept of the link between temperature and dissolved oxygen is established through these findings – the oxygen solubility dependent on temperature is important rather than thermal stratification and wind in terms of discussing the climate change effects on pond water quality.

Assessment of Water Quality in Ganga River Ghats of Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Water is the most vital biosphere component since it sustains all life, circulates and cycles nutrients. Water is also necessary for power generation, navigation, agricultural irrigation and sewage disposal. The increasing water demand is a result of the rising population and industrialization and has severely compromised water quality. Water quality assessment is the most important process for evaluating the chemical characteristics of water bodies. To assess whether the water is suitable for a variety of uses after locating any pollutants, contaminants, or other potentially hazardous compounds that may be present in the water. A systematic study was conducted to assess the water quality in the Ganga river in the Ghats of Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India, from January to March 2019. The assessment involves water samples from different Ghats along the river, namely Babua Pandey Ghat (G1), Digpatia Ghat (G2), Chausatti Ghat (G3), Ranamahal Ghat (G4), and Darbhanga Ghat (G5). The analytical data from various physico-chemical parameters indicates that the pH values were found to be near neutral, electrical conductivity (EC) did not differ significantly, Ca+Mg varied from 22.80 to 28.40 mg/L, Cl- was found to be 2.40 to 3.20 mg/L, Na+ varied from 1.0 to 1.10 mg/L, K+ and SO42- showed a similar trend, TS was varied from 400 to 1200 mg/L, DO varied from 5.80 to 7.30 mg/L, COD varied from 16.0 to 22.40 mg/L, NO3- varied from 25.27 to 29.60 mg/L, B varied from 4.90 to 5.80 mg/L, SAR is 0.27 to 0.33 mg/L, The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) has been considered to assess the suitability for drinking and other purposes and It concluded that some of the parameters were almost constant for all the five Ghats samples, like Na+ and K+ content, while other parameters varied. Out of thirteen parameters, only three (NO3-, B, and Cl-) showed an increasing trend.

Panorama da qualidade biológica da água destinada ao tratamento dialítico em pacientes sob cuidados críticos em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva / Overview of the biological quality of water intended for dialysis treatment in patients under critical care in Intensive Care Units

A incidência da lesão renal aguda caracteriza-se como evento frequente em pacientes críticos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva e está associada ao aumento de mortalidade, causando grande impacto à Saúde Pública. As intercorrências clínicas são minimizadas com intervenções dialíticas, acarretando a exposição do paciente a volumes expressivos de água tratada durante a terapia renal em leito. As análises microbiológicas e de determinação de endotoxinas bacterianas em amostras de água tratada e em soluções de dialisato foram executadas em dois hospitais públicos do município de São Paulo, seguindo metodologias analíticas preconizadas em compêndios oficiais. A avaliação demonstrou que a porcentagem de resultados satisfatórios no período de 2010 a 2022 variou entre 35,2 a 100% e de 40 a 100% para as unidades hospitalares I e II para a água tratada, respectivamente; e, 100% para as soluções de dialisato para a unidade hospitalar I. A eficácia de ações delineadas pelas equipes técnicas das unidades hospitalares, na adequação da água destinada à terapia dialítica, aponta para a importância em estimular outras instituições hospitalares na padronização e implantação de melhoria contínua de seus sistemas de tratamento de água para uso em procedimento dialítico, prevenindo riscos adicionais aos pacientes expostos à terapia renal.

The incidence of acute kidney is high among critically ill patients admitted to Intensive Care Units and is associated with increased mortality, having a major impact on public health. Clinical complications are minimized with dialysis interventions, which expose patients to significant volumes of treated water during in-bed renal therapy. Microbiological analyzes and determination of bacterial endotoxins were performed on treated water samples and dialysate solutions in two public hospitals in São Paulo city, using analytical methodologies recommended in official compendia. The evaluation showed that the percentage of satisfactory results for treated water ranged from 35.2% to 100% in Hospital Unit I and from 40% to 100% in Hospital Unit II between 2010 and 2022. For dialysate solutions in Hospital Unit I, the percentage of satisfactory results was 100% during the same period. The effectiveness of actions implemented by the technical hospital teams, in adapting water for dialysis therapy, points to the importance of encouraging other hospital institutions to standardize and implement a program of continuous improvement for their water treatment systems used in dialysis procedures. This will help to prevent additional risks to patients exposed to renal therapy.

Determination of Nickel in Selected Surface Waters of the Bonaberi Industrial Zone, Douala IV Council, Littoral Cameroon

Aims: To assess the source and level of Nickel in selected surface waters and its impact on the community of the Bonaberi industrial zone. Study Design: Cross-sectional study design that involved semi-quantitative and qualitative data collection method. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the area of Bonaberi industrial zone, Douala IV district between February 2019 to August 2020. Methodology: 25 Different surface water samples were collected from 5 sampling sites. Water samples were collected in polyethylene bottles previously washed with deionized water and rinsed with sample to be collected from different sites and acidified with 5 ml concentrated nitric acid. The contents of the metal were analyzed using Colorimetric merck microquant procedure. Two way ANOVA test and a P-value (<0.05) was considered significant. Results: Spring Water had a significant concentration of nickel in the various sites (0.06 mg/L), industrial waste (0.05 mg/L), River (0.04 mg/L), Well (0.03 mg/L), Tap waters (0.02 mg/L). Conclusion: Nickel is one of the most toxic naturally occurring metal(s) that is very dangerous to environmental sustainability when present in high concentrations. The study justifies the need to ascertain the long-term effects of Nickel contaminant(s) at waste dumping sites. Strengthening waste management systems and water quality monitoring should be implemented in the watersheds to minimize the health effects and deterioration of the aquatic ecosystem. Adequate measures should be taken to educate the community on heavy metals pollution on surface water and their effects to health and environment.

Bacteriological quality of drinking water for Masinga-Kitui water supply system, Kenya

Background: Increasing population has led to increased water demand in major towns across the world. This study focused on Kitui Town in Kenya where about 80% of the inhabitants depend on Masinga-Kitui water supply system. There are limited alternative water sources including groundwater that are not reliable due high contamination with coliforms. The aim of this study was to determine bacteriological quality of Masinga-Kitui water and establish the potential sources of contaminants. Methods: A total of 90 water samples were collected for analysis whereby, 72 were from the households’ water storage facilities selected through stratified purposive sampling technique. Additional 18 samples were representatively collected from the main distribution network/including two community water points located in Kitui Town (Kalundu and Bondeni). Water quality analysis was performed at Kenya Water Institute water laboratory in Nairobi. Results: All the analyzed water samples were grossly contaminated with E. coli and total Coliforms which exceeded the acceptable WHO/KEBS limit of zero (0) CFU/100 ml of water sample. Majority of the Kitui Town residents associated poor water quality with poor sanitation, poor waste management, poorly maintained sewage and waste waters, contamination of water at the main distribution tank at Kwa-Ngindu, poor water storage at the household and unhygienic practices. About 34% of Kitui residents were at the risk of contracting waterborne diseases due to consumption of contaminated water. Conclusions: Regular monitoring of water quality, surveillance of Masinga-Kitui water infrastructure, and enhanced awareness programme should be adopted to encourage Kitui residents to treat drinking water.

Bacterial contamination from selected catfish pond farm and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents

Aims@#The aquaculture industry has been identified as one of the sources for the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study aimed to determine the level of bacterial contamination from selected catfish pond farming at Jasin, Melaka and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. The correlation between the sampling points’ Water Quality Index and the level of bacterial contamination was also determined. @*Methodology and results @#Sampling was carried out at six sampling points of the river as well as selected catfish pond farming. Microbial counts were assessed using the membrane filtration and isolates were further identified by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using the disk diffusion method. Results showed that the total bacterial count obtained was not significantly different (P>0.05) between sampling points with an average of 4.47 ± 0.41 log CFU/mL. A total of 27 different bacterial species were identified where 63% were identified as Gram-negative bacteria. A medium negative correlation (r=-6.16, P<0.01) was found between the sampling points’ Water Quality Index and the level of bacterial contamination. Among bacterial species identified, 18 species are pathogenic strains.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study @#Antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that only 4 isolates showed resistance to antimicrobials tested and the study shows the potential cross contamination between fishponds and Kesang River, Melaka. Thus, public health concerns are tangible, and prevention of the cross contamination is crucial for the farm.

Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygir in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation / Propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do lago Aygir na Turquia e uso de bebidas, pescarias e irrigação

Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygır foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygır foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygır era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.

Calidad microbiológica del agua procedente de tanques y pozos artesianos de establecimientos sanitarios

Introducción: Las aguas procedentes de establecimientos de salud, son comúnmente utilizadas por funcionarios y pacientes. Para que sean aceptables para uso humano, las aguas de los establecimientos deben cumplir con criterios microbiológicos establecidos en normas nacionales. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad microbiológica de muestras de agua de establecimientos sanitarios del departamento de Caaguazú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional, de corte transversal. Se analizaron 104 muestras de agua potable y tratada de hospitales, unidades de salud familiar y puestos de salud, de los 22 distritos de Caaguazú. Para evaluar la calidad microbiológica del agua se analizaron heterotróficos totales, coliformes totales, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Las muestras se procesaron mediante filtración de membrana, placas rehidratables, medios convencionales y sistemas miniaturizados consistentes en una interfaz de programación de aplicaciones. Las muestras se catalogaron como aceptables o inaceptables acorde la norma NP Nº 24-001-80. Resultados: De las 104 muestras, 58 (56 %) fueron aceptables y 46 (44 %) fueron inaceptables. Las causas de esta última condición fueron presencia de coliformes totales (42 %), alto recuento de heterótrofas (13 %), presencia de coliformes termotolerantes (11,5 %), presencia de Escherichia coli (9,6 %) y presencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 %). Conclusiones: La mayoría de las muestras de agua fueron de calidad microbiológica aceptable; pero como se detectó un porcentaje considerable de muestras inaceptables y la presencia de especies como Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, es recomendable corregir las técnicas de tratamiento de agua y enfatizar en los controles de calidad microbiológica, en los centros sanitarios estudiados.

Introduction: The waters from health establishments are commonly used by officials and patients. To be acceptable for human use, water from establishments must meet microbiological criteria established in national standards. Objective: To determine the microbiological quality of water samples from sanitary establishments in the department of Caaguazú. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 104 samples of drinking and treated water from hospitals, family health units and health posts from the 22 districts of Caaguazú. These samples were studied to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water, total heterotrophs, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed. Samples were processed by membrane filtration, rehydratable plates, conventional media, and miniaturized systems consisting of an application programming interface. They were classified as acceptable or unacceptable according to standard NP Nº 24-001-80. Results: Fifty eight (56%) samples, out of the 104, were acceptable and 46 (44%) were unacceptable. The causes of this last condition were the presence of total coliforms (42%), high count of heterotrophs (13%), presence of thermotolerant coliforms (11.5%), presence of Escherichia coli (9.6%) and presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2%). Conclusions: Most of the water samples were assessed to be acceptable in microbiological quality; however, since a considerable percentage of unacceptable samples and the presence of species such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected, it is recommended to correct the water treatment techniques emphasizing microbiological quality controls in the health centers studied.

Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygir in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation / Propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do lago Aygir na Turquia e uso de bebidas, pescarias e irrigação

Abstract Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Resumo Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygır foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygır foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygır era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.

Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygr in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation

Abstract Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygr was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygr was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygr was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Resumo Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygr foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygr foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygr era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.