Autismo y camuflaje / Autism and camouflage

Resumen El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo de base neurobiológica con alta prevalencia y claro predo mino en varones. Se caracteriza por déficits en la cog nición social y la comunicación, intereses restringidos y conductas estereotipadas, frecuentemente asociado a disfunciones sensoriales, otras condiciones del neuro desarrollo, trastornos neuropsiquiátricos, epilepsia y/o trastornos de sueño. Esta condición acompañará a las personas a lo largo de toda la vida, lo cual generará diversas necesidades de apoyo y tratamientos. Las personas con autismo muchas veces necesitan "encajar", para ello utilizan técnicas como el camuflaje, también denominada enmascara miento. Esta actitud se ha observado en personas con desarrollo típico y en personas con autismo en la infan cia, adolescencia y vida adulta, aunque en los autistas esta conducta es más intensa y lleva más tiempo, y se la identifica con más frecuencia e intensidad en mujeres adultas autistas. Esto podría explicar el subregistro de autismo, el diagnóstico más tardío, el retraso en el abordaje tera péutico y la mayor presencia de trastornos de ansiedad y depresión relacionados al esfuerzo que implica "pa recer normal". Si bien las personas al camuflar parecen ser "normales" y encajan perfectamente, ésta no es una actitud que debiera propiciarse, por el contrario es imperativo trabajar para mejorar el entorno y la com prensión de cada persona. En este trabajo analizamos los aspectos clínicos, su relación con la edad, sexo, y formas de detección del mismo.

Abstract Autism is a neurobiologically based neurodevelop mental disorder with high prevalence and a clear pre dominance in males. It is characterized by deficits in social cognition and communication, restricted inter ests, and stereotyped behaviors, frequently associated with sensory dysfunction others neurodevelopmental conditions, neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and/or sleep disorders. This condition will accompany people throughout their lives, which will generate various sup port and treatment needs. People with autism often need to "fit in" and for this they use techniques such as camouflage, also called masking. This attitude has been observed in people with typical development and in people with autism in childhood, adolescence and adult life, although in autistic people this behavior is more intense and takes longer and with more frequency and intensity in autistic adult women. This could explain the underreporting of autism, the later diagnosis, the delay in the therapeutic approach, and the greater presence of anxiety and depression disorders related to the effort that "appearing normal" implies. Even though camouflage people appear to be "normal" and fit in perfectly, this is not an attitude that we should promote and, on the contrary, it is imperative to work to improve the environment and the under standing of each person. In this paper we will analyze the clinical aspects, their relationship with age, sex, and ways of detecting it.

Study on difference in blood cell analysis of male officers and soldiers between at high altitude station and low altitude station in summer / 重庆医学

Objective To study the differences in the blood cell analysis of male officers and soldiers be-tween in the high altitude area station and low altitude area station in summer.Methods A total of 239 male officers and soldiers in the high altitude area(Amdo Xizang,average altitude 4 800 m)and 336 male officers and soldiers in the low altitude area(Nanjing,Jiangsu,average altitude 30 m)from July 18 to 24,2022 were selected as the study subjects and the differences in blood cell analysis parameters of male officers and soldiers stationed between at high altitude and low altitude areas were retrospectively analyzed.Results The eosino-phils percentage(EDS％),eosinophils count(EOS)in the high altitude group were significantly lower than thosein the low altitude group(P＜0.05),and the basophillic granulocyte percentage(BASO％),basophillic granulo-cyte count(BASO)and monocyte percentage(MONO％)were significantly higher than those in the low alti-tude group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05),but which in the both groups were in the normal reference ranges.The red blood cell count(RBC)hemoglobin(Hb)and hematocrit(HCT)in the high altitude group were significantly higher than those in the low altitude group(P＜0.05),moreover Hb and HCT in the high altitude group were in the upper limit of the medical reference range.The mean corpus-cular volume(MCV),mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH),mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC)and red blood cell distribution width-standard diviation(RDW-SD)in the high altitude group were lower than those in the low-altitude group(P＜0.05),but the both groups were in the normal reference ran-ges;there was no statistically significant difference in the erythrocyte distribution width coefficient of variation(RDW-CV)between the two groups(P＞0.05).The platelet(PLT)and thrombocytocrit(PCT)in the high altitude group were higher than those in the low altitude group,the platelet distribution width(PDW),mean platelet volume(MPV)and platelet large cell ratio(P-LCR)were lower than those in the low altitude group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05);PDW in the low-altitude group was at the upper limit of the medical reference range,and the other platelet-related indexes were in the normal range.Conclusion There are obvious differences in the blood cell analysis indicators of male officers and soldiers be-tween the high altitude area and low altitude area.

Study of discrepancy in subjective and objective cognitive function in patients with depressive disorder / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThere exist differences in the subjective and objective cognitive functions of patients with depressive disorder， ane there are limited research on influencing factors of such phenomenon currently. ObjectiveTo explore the differences in subjective and objective cognitive function in patients with depressive disorder as well as influencing factors， and to provide references for further understanding of cognitive impairment in patients with depressive disorder. MethodsA total of 77 patients with depressive disorder who received outpatient or inpatient treatment in the Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu from January 13， 2022 to December 11， 2023 were selected for the study. These patients also met the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition（DSM-5）. Various tools were employed to assess patients in this study： Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale （MADRS） for the depressive symptoms， Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression （PDQ-D） and Chinese Version of Brief Neurocognitive Test Battery （C-BCT） for the subjective and objective cognitive function， Sheehan Disability Scale （SDS） for the social function， and Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness（CGI-SI） for the severity of patient's condition. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation of subjective and objective cognitive function and their differences with age， years of education， MADRS total score， SDS total score， and CGI-SI score. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the influencing factors of the differences between subjective and objective cognitive function. ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference in the total PDQ-D scores and the difference of subjective and objective cognitive function （D value） between depressive patients with and without medication （t=-4.228， -2.392， P<0.05 or 0.01）. There was no statistically significant correlation in subjective and objective cognitive function in patients with depressive disorder （r=-0.148， P>0.05）. Negative correlations can be observed between the PDQ-D total score and age or years of education （r=-0.333， -0.369， P<0.01）. The PDQ-D total score was positively correlated with MADRS total score， SDS total score and CGI-SI score （r=0.487， 0.637， 0.434， P<0.01）. D value was negatively correlated with age and years of education （r=-0.411， -0.362， P<0.01）， while positively correlated with MADRS total score， SDS total score and CGI-SI score （r=0.259， 0.468， 0.299， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Age （β=-0.328， P<0.01） and SDS total score （β=0.409， P<0.01） were two predictive factors for D value. ConclusionThe difference between subjective and objective cognitive function among patients with depressive disorder is related to several factors including age， years of education， severity of symptoms and impairment of social function. ［Funded by Surface Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China （number， 62173069）； Technological Innovation 2030-Major Project of "Brain Science and Brain-Like Research" （number， 2022ZD0211700）； Key R&D Support Program and Major Application Demonstration Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau （number， 2022-YF09-00023-SN）］

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances for maxillary molar distalization in adult patients / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances without brackets for the distal movement of maxillary molars to improve the ability of orthodontists to predict treatment outcomes.@*Methods@#Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Wanfang Database, CNKI Database, and VIP Database were searched for studies investigating the efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances for distal movement of maxillary molars in adult patients and published from database inception to August 1, 2023. A total of three researchers screened the studies and evaluated their quality and conducted a meta-analysis of those that met quality standards.@*Results@#This study included 13 pre- and postcontrol trials with a total sample size of 281 patients. The meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in the sagittal or vertical parameters of the jawbone after treatment when compared with those before treatment (P>0.05). The displacement of the first molar was MD=-2.34, 95% CI (-2.83, -1.85); the displacement was MD=-0.95, 95% CI (-1.34, -0.56); and the inclination was MD=-2.51, 95% CI (-3.56, -1.46). There was a statistically significant difference in the change in sagittal, vertical, and axial tilt of the first molar before and after treatment. After treatment, the average adduction distance of the incisors was MD=-0.82, 95% CI (-1.54, -0.09), and the decrease in lip inclination was MD=-1.61, 95% CI (-2.86, -0.36); these values were significantly different from those before treatment (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Invisible orthodontic appliances can effectively move the upper molars in a distal direction and control the vertical position of the molars. When the molars move further away, there is some degree of compression and distal tilt movement, which is beneficial for patients with high angles. The sagittal movement of incisors is beneficial for improving the patient's profile.

Exploring Effect of Concentration on Quantitative Accuracy of QAMS by Taking Ginsenosides as an Example / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of concentration ratio（CR） between the internal reference and target components on the quantitative accuracy of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker（QAMS） by taking ginsenosides as an example. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography（UPLC） was employed， the contents of nine components in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma（ginsenosides Rg1， Re， Rf， Rh1， Rb1， Rc， Rb2， Rb3， Rd） were determined by external standard method（ES）. Using ginsenoside Rg1 as the internal reference， the contents of the remaining 8 ginsenosides were determined by QAMS， and the quantitative results were compared with those of ES to evaluate the quantitative accuracy of the established QAMS. According to the contents of these 9 ginsenosides， the simulated sample solutions with different CRs of ginsenoside Rg1 to ginsenosides Rf， Rb2， Rd were prepared with the reference substance（CR=100∶1， 10∶1， 5∶1， 2∶1， 1∶1， 0.5∶1， 0.25∶1）， in order to validate the effect of the CRs between the internal reference and other components on the quantitative accuracy of the QAMS. ResultThe results of ginsenosides Re， Rf， Rb1， Rc， Rb2 calculated by the two methods were the same with the relative standard deviation（RSD）<3%， however， the results of ginsenosides Rh1， Rb3 and Rd calculated by the two methods were different with RSDs of 7.06%-9.61%. According to the result of the simulated sample solution， the difference between the calculated results of ES and QAMS was large when the CR between the internal reference（ginsenoside Rg1） and other components was 5 or 10 or even higher. ConclusionThe quantitative error of QAMS will increase when the CR between the quantitative component and the internal reference is too large， so it is suggested that when establishing the QAMS， the components with close concentration to the internal reference should be selected for quantification.

Effect of inter-aural temporal envelope differences on inter-aural time difference thresholds for amplitude modulated noise

ABSTRACT Purpose The inter-aural time difference (ITD) and inter-aural level difference (ILD) are important acoustic cues for horizontal localization and spatial release from masking. These cues are encoded based on inter-aural comparisons of tonotopically matched binaural inputs. Therefore, binaural coherence or the interaural spectro-temporal similarity is a pre-requisite for encoding ITD and ILD. The modulation depth of envelope is an important envelope characteristic that helps in encoding the envelope-ITD. However, inter-aural difference in modulation depth can result in reduced binaural coherence and poor representation of binaural cues as in the case with reverberation, noise and compression in cochlear implants and hearing aids. This study investigated the effect of inter-aural modulation depth difference on the ITD thresholds for an amplitude-modulated noise in normal hearing young adults. Methods An amplitude modulated high pass filtered noise with varying modulation depth differences was presented sequentially through headphones. In one ear, the modulation depth was retained at 90% and in the other ear it varied from 90% to 50%. The ITD thresholds for modulation frequencies of 8 Hz and 16 Hz were estimated as a function of the inter-aural modulation depth difference. Results The Friedman test findings revealed a statistically significant increase in the ITD threshold with an increase in the inter-aural modulation depth difference for 8 Hz and 16 Hz. Conclusion The results indicate that the inter-aural differences in the modulation depth negatively impact ITD perception for an amplitude-modulated high pass filtered noise.

Resenha do livro "Educação Física Menor" / Review of the book "Minor Physical Education" / Reseña del libro "Educación Física Menor"

O livro "Educação Física Menor" problematiza e propõe alternativas diante do chamado currículo cultural ou pós-crítico de Educação Física. Faz isso, a partir de dois gestos: problematizando algumas acepções culturalistas e almejando a singularização ou a minoração das perspectivas "maiores" do componente, a partir de uma conceitualização das filosofias de pensadores como Foucault, Deleuze e Guattari.

The book "Minor Physical Education" problematizes and proposes alternatives to the so-called cultural or post-critical curriculum of Physical Education. It does this from two gestures: problematizing some culturalist acceptations and aiming at the singularization or the minimization of the "major" perspectives of the component, from a conceptualization of the philosophies of thinkers such as Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari.

El libro "Educación Física Menor" problematiza y propone alternativas al llamado currículo cultural o postcrítico de la Educación Física. Lo hace a través de dos gestos: problematizando algunos conceptos culturalistas y apuntando a singularizar o disminuir las perspectivas "mayores" del componente, a partir de una conceptualización de las filosofías de pensadores como Foucault, Deleuze y Guattari.

Provincial distribution differences and influencing factors of self-assessed health among elderly population in China / 环境与职业医学

Background Regional differences in economic development, natural environment, health care level, and social structure may lead to differences in the provincial distribution of the health status of the elderly population. Objective To explore the provincial distribution characteristics, regional differences, and influencing factors of the self-assessed health of the elderly population, with the aim of providing a policy basis for improving the health of the elderly population and promoting healthy aging according to local conditions. Methods Using 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China as the basicstudy unit and based on the method of Wagstaff, the self-rated health data of the elderly population (aged 60 years and above) in each province from the 2010 and 2020 national censuses and the 2015 1% National Population Sample Survey were converted into ill-health scores as a measure of self-assessed health, and higher scores represented worse health status perception. Global Moran's I was used to evaluate spatial autocorrelation, range [−1, 1], with a value of 1 as a perfect clustered pattern. Local Moran's I was used to evaluate the tendency of local autocorrelation, and high-high aggregation/low-low aggregation indicated that both target province and its neighboring provinces showed higher/lower ill-health scores. Spatial econometric models were selected by Lagrange multiplier test and Hausman test to explore influencing factors of the self-assessed health of the elderly population. Results In 2010, 2015, and 2020, the national ill-health scores of the elderly population were 1.831, 1.873, and 1.547, respectively, and the corresponding Global Moran's I statistics were 0.347, 0.482, and 0.511, respectively (P<0.01), indicating that the ill-health scores of the elderly population showed a significant spatial positive autocorrelation, and the degree of spatial aggregation was increasing gradually. From 2010 to 2020, the high-high aggregation of ill-health scores among the elderly population was concentrated in the inland northwest, while the low-low aggregation was concentrated in the southeast coast, gradually showing a "southeast-central-northwest" stepped incremental pattern of differentiation. The Lagrange multiplier test and Hausman test suggested that the fixed-effects spatial lagged model was a better choice, and the regression model showed a spatial autocorrelation in the ill-health scores of the elderly population, with an autocorrelation coefficient of 0.3969 (P<0.001); the ill-health scores of the elderly population were negatively correlated with the natural logarithms of gross regional product per capita, and the number of beds in health care facilities per 1000 population, with regression coefficients of −0.8297 and −0.0454 (P<0.05) respectively, and positively correlated with the annual average concentration of PM2.5, illiteracy rate, and the number of health technicians per 1000 population, with regression coefficients of 0.0033, 0.0297, and 0.0765 (P<0.05), respectively. Conclusion From 2010 to 2020, the overall self-assessed health level of China's elderly population showed an upward trend and a spatial positive autocorrelation, with better self-assessed health in the southeast coast and poorer ratings in the northwestern inland. Additionally, there was a gradual decline in self-assessed health of the elderly population from the southeast to the central regions and further to the northwest in terms of spatial distribution. Economic development level, environmental pollution, health resource allocation, and education level are important factors influencing the self-assessed health of the elderly population.

Analysis of the Collation Records for Proof-Reading Method in Song's Edition of Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang(Invaluable Prescriptions for Emergencies) / 广州中医药大学学报

With reference to Xin Diao Sun Zhen Ren Qian Jin Fang,the Xindiao's edition of Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang(Invaluable Prescriptions for Emergencies)which was the popular edition before official block printing of the Northern Song Dynasty),we analyzed the collation for proof-reading method in Song's edition of Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang(Invaluable Prescriptions for Emergencies)printed by Bureau of Correcting Medical Books in Northern Song Dynasty.The results showed that there are many omissions and erroneous annotations in the collation records of the Song's edition,indicating that the judgment of the scholarly value of textual difference and the criteria of selecting and omitting the annotations of textual difference in the Song's edition require further studies.Some of the collation records in the Song's edition were consistent with those of the Xindiao's edition,suggesting that the Xindiao's edition was referenced during the collation by the officials of the Song Dynasty.In compiling Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang,the original edition and the collated edition were not defined by the officials of the Song Dynasty,multiple hand copies in Tang Dynasty were collected for reference,and multiple medical records in Tang Dynasty and before Tang Dynasty were referenced.For the proofreading work of the Bureau for Revising Medical Books was in charge by scholars and Confucian ministers,we proposed that the complexity during compiling the book and the uncertainty of the text should be paid more attention.It is necessary to further clarify the basic issues such as the origin,basic structure,references and citation methods of the Song's edition,so as to provide reference for understanding the characteristics of the edition correctly and making effective use of the literature.

Effects of treadmill exercise on metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation in type 1 diabetes mice of different sexes / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Exercise has been widely recognized in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.Aerobic exercise has become an important part of the treatment of type 1 diabetes.However,the effect of treadmill exercise on the metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation of type 1 diabetes in different sexes needs further discussion. OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of treadmill exercise on metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation in type 1 diabetes mice of different sexes. METHODS:Forty C57BL/6 mice were divided into male group and female group,with 20 mice in each group.Then,a diabetes model was established by continuous injection of streptozotocin at 80 mg/kg for 3 days.Ten rats from each group were randomly selected to perform 6-week treadmill exercise as the diabetes+exercise group and another 10 rats from each group were selected as the diabetes group.Serum sex hormones,liver tissue oxidative stress,brain tissue inflammatory factors,and liver pathology were detected,and Morris water maze was performed for the observation of behavioral changes in mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the diabetes group,the diabetes+exercise group delayed the rise of blood sugar in type 1 diabetes mice(P＜0.05)and showed a significant reduction in serum follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone,liver superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,brain tumor necrosis factor α,interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β levels(P＜0.01),while serum estradiol,progesterone,estrogen,and liver glutathione peroxidase protein levels were significantly increased(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).Compared with male type 1 diabetes mice,female type 1 diabetes mice had significantly higher estradiol levels and lower luteinizing hormone levels(P＜0.05).Compared with the male diabetes+exercise group,the female diabetes+exercise group had lower liver glutathione peroxidase levels(P＜0.05).Compared with type 1 diabetes mice,the escape latency of exercise training mice was shorter(P＜0.01).In male mice,exercises significantly increased the time and platform crossing times of type 1 diabetes mice in the target quadrant(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),while in female mice,exercises significantly increased the time of type 1 diabetes mice in the target quadrant(P＜0.05).Correlation analysis results showed that the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone,progesterone,superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,tumor necrosis factor α,and interleukin-6 were positively correlated with the level of interleukin-1β(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),whereas the levels of estradiol and progesterone were negatively correlated with the levels of superoxide dismutase,malondialdehyde,tumor necrosis factor α,interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Overall,there are sex differences in the effects of treadmill exercise on metabolic indicators and chronic neuroinflammatory regulation in diabetes mice.Sex hormones are an important variable of treadmill exercise in the metabolic,inflammatory and cognitive responses in diabetes mice.

Relationship between low back pain and spinal-pelvic sagittal parameter changes in patients with hip-spine syndrome after total hip arthroplasty / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Many studies have shown that total hip arthroplasty will improve low back pain in patients with hip-spine syndrome.However,there are few studies on the relationship between postoperative low back pain improvement and changes in spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters.This study aims to reveal their connections between the two. OBJECTIVE:To explore the relationship between the improvement of low back pain and changes in the spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters in patients with hip-spine syndrome after total hip arthroplasty. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical and imaging data of 93 end-stage hip disease patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty and combined with low back pain and were admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2019 to January 2022.Spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters were measured on lateral lumbar X-rays before surgery and 1 year at the last follow-up:pelvic incidence,pelvic tilt,sacral slope,lumbar lordosis,pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis(difference between pelvic incident angle and lumbar lordosis angle).Visual analog scale score,Oswestry disability index,and hip Harris score were recorded before and 1 year after arthroplasty.The patients were divided into two groups according to whether the change in visual analog scale scores 1 year after surgery reached the minimal clinically important difference for low back pain treatment,including 45 cases in the low back pain unimproved group and 48 cases in the low back pain improved group.The preoperative general data of patients,differences in spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters,Oswestry Disability Index and hip Harris score before and after surgery were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)There was no significant difference in age,gender,surgical side,body mass index,and etiology between the two groups(P>0.05),and they were comparable.(2)There was no significant difference in visual analog scale scores before surgery(P>0.05).The visual analog scale scores of the low back pain improved group were lower than those of the low back pain unimproved group 1 year after surgery(P<0.01).(3)At 1 year after surgery,the lumbar lordosis of the low back pain unimproved group was significantly smaller than that before surgery,while the lumbar lordosis of the low back pain improved group was significantly smaller than that before surgery(P<0.01).At the same time,the pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch in the low back pain unimproved group was greater than before surgery,while the pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch in the low back pain improved group was smaller than before surgery,with significant differences between the two groups(P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the changes of other spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters between the two groups(P>0.05).(4)Preoperative lumbar Oswestry disability index and hip Harris score were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).At 1 year after surgery,Oswestry disability index of the low back pain improved group was lower than that of the low back pain unimproved group and the hip Harris score was higher than that of the low back pain unimproved group(P<0.05).(5)The results showed that the improvement of low back pain was related to changes in spinal-pelvic sagittal parameters in patients with hip-spine syndrome after total hip arthroplasty,showing reduced lumbar lordosis and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch.Moreover,patients with improved low back pain after surgery had better functional scores,indicating that total hip arthroplasty improved spinal alignment and spinal-pelvic sagittal balance.For patients with hip-spine syndrome,a total hip arthroplasty performed before the onset of lumbar disease can have a favorable effect on the lumbar spine.

Factors influencing abnormal posterior corneal surface elevation with normal corneal biomechanical parameters / 眼科新进展

Objective To investigate the influence factors of abnormal posterior corneal surface elevation of myopia patients under normal corneal biomechanical state.Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted.A total of 99 myopia patients(99 right eyes)who were going to undergo refractive surgery in Nanjing Aier Eye Hospital from April 2022 to December 2022 were included.All patients received routine preoperative examinations,and the corneal morphologi-cal and biomechanical examinations were performed by Pentacam combined with Corvis ST.For patients with normal Cor-vis biomechanical index(CBI,corneal biomechanical indexes measured by Corvis ST),corneal back difference(BD,difference between the enhanced posterior surface elevation and the normal posterior surface elevation)obtained by BADⅢ-Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display(BAD)of the Pentacam 3D anterior segment analysis system was used to di-vide the posterior corneal surface elevation into group A(BD＜12 μm,33 patients,33 eyes,control group),group B(12μm≤BD≤16 μm,32 patients,32 eyes,suspicious corneal abnormality group),and group C(BD＞16 μm,34 patients,34 eyes,corneal abnormality group).Basic information about the patients,such as gender and age,was collected;ocular pa-rameters,such as intraocular pressure,spherical equivalent(SE),thinnest pachymetry(THP)and anterior chamber depth(ACD),were included;corneal morphological parameters obtained by Pentacam,such as corneal horizontal diameter(HWTW),BD,anterior Sim Ks(ASK),posterior Sim Ks(PSK),BAD system-related indicators[including deviation of normality of the front elevation(Df),deviation of normality of pachymetric progression(Dp),deviation of normality of corneal thinnest point(Dt),and overall deviation of normality(Do)]and pachymetric progression index(PPI),were en-rolled;corneal biomechanical integration parameters obtained by Corvis ST,such as stiffness parameters,integrated radius(IR,area under the inverse concave radius curve),Ambrósio relational thickness to the horizontal profile(ARTh,THP/thickness change rate)and deformation amplitude ratio,were included.The comparison between groups was conducted with one-way ANOVA test and H test,Spearman Correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the BD and ocular parameters in each group,and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore the main factors affecting the classification of BD values under normal corneal biomechanical state.The probability distribution of abnormal posterior corneal surface elevation under normal corneal biomechanical state was plotted according to the logistic regression equa-tion,and then the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of the logistic regression equation.Results There were statistically significant differences in THP,HWTW,PSK,Df,Dp,Dt,Do,PPImin,PPIavg,ACD,Db and ARTh among the three groups(all P＜0.05);in pairwise comparisons,only PSK(F=11.385),Db(H=87.107),Do(F=50.051)and PPImin(F=16.556)showed statistically significant differences(allP＜0.01),and the other parameters only showed statistically significant differences between Group A and Group B,Group A and Group C(all P＜0.05).The BD of the three groups were highly positively correlated with Db(r=0.957,0.914 and 0.952,all P＜0.05).In addition,the BD in Group A was slightly negatively correlated with PSK(r=-0.437,P＜0.05)and slightly positively correlated with Do(r=0.432,P＜0.05);the BD in Group C showed a low degree of negative corre-lation with SE(r=-0.399,P＜0.05)and a moderate negative correlation with HWTW(r=-0.482,P＜0.05).Using BD as the dependent variable and other parameters as covariates for multivariate logistic regression,the results showed that the influencing factors of BD in Group B were THP,HWTW and ARTh,the influencing factors of BD in Group C were THP,HWTW,ARTh and IR,and the overall percentage of model classification was 72.7％.According to ROC curve analysis,the new parameter Logistic(C)in multivariate logistic regression could improve the diagnostic efficiency of normal corneal bio-mechanical parameters with abnormal corneal posterior surface elevation,and its area under the curve(sensitivity,speci-ficity)was 0.975(100.0％,90.9％).Conclusion THP,HWTW,ARTh and IR are the main influencing factors of ab-normal posterior corneal surface elevation in myopic patients under normal corneal biomechanical state;the influence of corneal morphological and biomechanical parameters should be considered when diagnosing the abnormal posterior corneal surface elevation.

Effects of Different Processing Methods on the Volatile Components of Amomi Fructus Based on GC-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis / 医药导报

Objective To analyze the influence of different processing methods,including frying,ginger frying,and salt frying,on the volatile components of A.fructus.Methods The volatile components in different processed products of A.fructus were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)based on multivariate statistical analysis.After OPLS-DA analysis,the different components were screened under the conditions of VIP＞1.5 and P＜0.05 and were qualitatively searched using the NIST 11 spectral library.Results A total of 49 different components were identified,with 14 components only changing in the seed mass and 22 components changing in the peel.The content of camphor could be significantly reduced in the seed mass after A.fructus was processed and the content of bornyl acetate significantly increased in the peel of frying A.fructus.Salt frying had a great influence on the alkanes in A.fructus,and ginger processing did not only increase the volatile components in ginger,which reflected the complexity of the processing mechanism.Conclusion At present,the specific processing mechanism is not clear,but the experimental results provide theoretical data for the "detoxification and efficiency enhancement" effect of A.fructus processing,reflecting the scientific nature of the processing,enriching the processing theory of A.fructus,and providing a reference for further in-depth research on the activity of different processed products of A.fructus.

Effect of gender difference on the model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by bovine type Ⅱ collagen / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To establish female and male bovine collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)models and compare the effects of gender differences on joint and extra-articular manifestations of the CIA model.Methods The CIA model was induced by injection of bovine type Ⅱ collagen and Freund's complete adjuvant into female and male SD rats.The general condition,arthritis index,foot swelling,serum proinflammatory factors and plasminogen activator inhibitor levels,spleen index,knee and ankle joint pathologies,right rear paw bone destruction,and pulmonary interstitial lesions were evaluated.Results The arthritis index of female CIA rats was significantly higher than that of male CIA rats on day 21 after initial immunization(P＜0.05),but no significant difference was found in the degree of foot swelling between the two groups at any time point(P＞0.05).Serum tumor necrosis factor α,interleukin-1β,and the spleen index of female CIA rats were significantly higher than those of male CIA rats(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).No significant difference was found in plasminogen activator inhibitor levels(P＞0.05).The scores of inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial hyperplasia in the knee and ankle pathologies of female CIA rats were significantly higher than those of male CIA rats(P＜0.05),and cartilage damage of the knee joint and bone damage of the right rear paw of female CIA rats were significantly higher than that of male rats(P＜0.05).Both male and female CIA rats showed pulmonary interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and mild fibrosis,but the pulmonary interstitial lesions in females were more severe than those in males.Conclusions Female and male CIA models established in SD rats have arthritis and pulmonary interstitial lesions,but the lesion degree in female CIA rats is more serious.When using CIA models for RA-related research,attention should be focused on the effect of gender differences.

Influencing Factors of Inter-arm Systolic Blood Pressure Differences in Hypertensive Population Aged 40 Years and Younger / 中国循环杂志

Objectives:To explore the influencing factors of inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference(sIAD)in young hypertensive population. Methods:A total of 12 895 young Kailuan employees aged≤40 years,who participated in the physical examination from 2010 to 2020,were enrolled in this study.All of them underwent blood pressure measurements of four limbs in supine position.Young hypertensive group(n=3 584)and young non-hypertensive group(n=3 584)were 1∶1 matched by sex and age(±1 year),and participants were further divided into sIAD＜10 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)and sIAD≥10 mmHg subgroups.A stepwise multivariate logistic regression model was established to analyze the determinants of sIAD≥10 mmHg. Results:The detection rate of sIAD≥10 mmHg was significantly higher in the young hypertensive group than in the young non-hypertensive group(31.72%vs.27.76%,P＜0.001).Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that in young hypertensive population,ankle-brachial index(ABI)＜0.9,male,obesity,overweight,elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)level,and systolic blood pressure were positively associated with sIAD≥10 mmHg,while college education or above,physical exercise were negatively correlated with sIAD≥10 mmHg(all P＜0.05).In the young non-hypertensive population,ABI＜0.9,systolic blood pressure were positively correlated with sIAD≥10 mmHg,while age was negatively associated with sIAD≥10 mmHg(all P＜0.05). Conclusions:The detection rate of sIAD≥10 mmHg is higher in young hypertensive population than in young non-hypertensive population.Decreased ABI,male sex,obesity,overweight,increased LDL-C level,systolic blood pressure,college education and above,and physical exercise are the influencing factors of sIAD≥10 mmHg in young hypertensive population.

Gender differences in the regulation of negative emotions by positive reappraisal and detached reappraisal in college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the gender differences and cognitive neural mechanism of positive reappraisal and detached reappraisal strategies in regulating negative emotions in college students.Methods:According to the convenient sampling method, 40 students in Chengdu Medical College were selected as subjects, and the subjects whose scores of self-rating anxiety scale or self-rating depression scale exceeded the critical value and had too many electroencephalogram(EEG) artifacts were excluded. Finally, the experimental data of 17 men and 17 women were included for statistical analysis. All subjects completed the task paradigm of emotion regulation, and their behavior and EEG data under the conditions of positive reappraisal, detached reappraisal and free viewing were recorded. SPSS 23.0 software was used for the repeated measurement ANOVA.Results:(1) Behavioral results: in valence, the interaction between gender and emotional regulation conditions was significant ( F(2, 64)=27.475, P<0.001). Under the condition of free viewing, the male's valence score was significantly higher than that of the female ((3.94±1.70), (3.25±1.44)), and the difference was statistically significant ( F(1, 32)=33.098, P<0.001). Under the condition of positive reappraisal, the valence score of women was significantly higher than that of men ((6.84±1.33), (6.59±1.17)), and the difference was statistically significant ( F(1, 32)=7.002, P=0.008). Under the condition of detached reappraisal, the valence score of women was significantly higher than that of men ((5.84±1.61), (5.43±1.61)), and the difference was statistically significant ( F(1, 32)=10.942, P=0.001). In arousal degree, the main effect of gender was significant ( F(1, 32)=60.745, P<0.001), and the emotional arousal degree of women was significantly higher than that of men ((4.27±0.05), (3.69±0.05)). (2) ERP results: in the N200 component, the main effect of sex was significant ( F(1, 32)=4.253, P=0.047), and the N200 amplitude of women was significantly higher than that of men ((-1.05±0.53)μV, (-2.58±0.53)μV). In P300 component, the main effect of sex was significant ( F(1, 32)=12.044, P=0.001), and the P300 amplitude of women was higher than that of men ((2.46±0.27)μV, (1.15±0.27) μV). In the late LPP composition, the main effect of sex was significant ( F(1, 32)=18.998, P<0.001), and the amplitude of LPP in women was significantly higher than that in men ((3.25±0.34)μV, (1.13±0.34)μV). Conclusion:Positive reappraisal and detached reappraisal can effectively regulate the subjective emotional experience of negative emotions, and have a greater early emotional response.

Three laboratory direct test methods for maximal oxygen uptake:Comparison,regression analysis and applications / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To compare the discrepancies among results of three commonly used laboratory direct test methods for maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max),explore their linear regression relationships,mutual predictability and comparability.Methods Using a quasi-experimental design of cluster sampling and within-group interaction design,20 male cross-country skiers were tested for VO2max using the Bruce protocol(Method 1),90-second incremental load exercise on power bicycle(Method 2),and 1-minute incremental load exercise on treadmill(Method 3),with an interval of one week.The indepen-dent and dependent variable were the three VO2max test methods and the VO2max,respectively.Results Significant differences were found in the average VO2max of the three test results,with the value mea-sured by Method 1 ranking the first,followed by that assessed by Method 3 and Method 2(P<0.05).Moreover,the frequency of individual differences in the results of the three methods showed that the VO2max of Method 1 was about 6 and 3 ml/min·kg higher than that measured by Method 2 and 3.However,at the same treadmill speed,the average blood lactate evaluated using Method 3 was higher than Method 1,and the speed reached aerobic and anaerobic thresholds about one speed unit(1 km/h)lower than Method 1.Meanwhile,linear regression analyses of the test results between Method 1 and 2,as well as Method 1 and 3 showed that both the regression models and coefficients were statis-tically significant(P<0.001),with the R-squared values of 9.25 and 9.05,respectively.Conclusion The Bruce protocol performs best in assessing the maximum value of the athlete's VO2max phase,whose results have linear regression relationships with the other two methods,and can be used for pre-dicting their results.Moreover,athletes of different events and levels can choose different VO2max test methods accordingly.Lastly,the speed and heart rate ranges corresponding to the aerobic and anaero-bic thresholds can serve as an effective and convenient method to control the training intensity.

Comparison of interobserver variations in delineation of target volumes and organs-at-risk for intensity-modulated radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma among physicians from different levels of cancer centers / 中国医学物理学杂志

Objective To assess inter-observer variations(IOV)in the delineation of target volumes and organs-at-risk(OAR)for intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT)of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)among physicians from different levels of cancer centers,thereby providing a reference for quality control in multi-center clinical trials.Methods Twelve patients with NPC of different TMN stages were randomly selected.Three physicians from the same municipal cancer center manually delineated the target volume(GTVnx)and OAR for each patient.The manually modified and confirmed target volume(GTVnx)and OAR delineation structures by radiotherapy experts from the regional cancer center were used as the standard delineation.The absolute volume difference ratio(△V_diff),maximum/minimum volume ratio(MMR),coefficient of variation(CV),and Dice similarity coefficient(DSC)were used to compare the differences in organ delineation among physicians from different levels of cancer centers and among the 3 physicians from the same municipal cancer center.Furthermore,the IOV of GTVnx and OAR among physicians from different levels cancer centers were compared across different TMN stages.Results Significant differences in the delineation of GTVnx were observed among physicians from different levels of cancer centers.Among the 3 physicians,the maximum values of △V_diff,MMR,and CV were 97.23%±83.45%,2.19±0.75,and 0.31±0.14,respectively,with an average DSC of less than 0.7.Additionally,there were considerable differences in the delineation of small-volume OAR such as the left and right optic nerves,chiasm,and pituitary,with average MMR>2.8,CV>0.37,and DSC<0.51.However,relatively smaller differences were observed in the delineation of large-volume OAR such as the brainstem,spinal cord,left and right eyeballs,and left and right mandible,with average△V_diff<42%,MMR<1.55,and DSC>0.7.Compared with the differences among physicians from different levels cancer centers,the differences among the 3 physicians from the municipal cancer center were slightly reduced.Furthermore,there were also differences in the delineation of target volumes for NPC among physicians from different levels cancer centers,depending on the staging of the disease.Compared with the delineation of target volumes for earlier stage patients(stages I or II),the differences among physicians in the delineation of target volumes for advanced stage patients(stages III or IV)were smaller,with average △V_diff and DSC of 98.31%±67.36%vs 69.38%±72.61%(P<0.05)and 0.55±0.08 vs 0.72±0.12(P<0.05),respectively.Conclusion There are differences in the delineation of GTVnx and OAR in radiation therapy for NPC among physicians from different levels of cancer centers,especially in the delineation of target volume(GTVnx)and small-volume OAR for early-stage patients.To ensure the accuracy of multicenter clinical trials,it is recommended to provide unified training to physicians from different levels of cancer centers and review their delineation results to reduce the effect of differences on treatment outcomes.

Preliminary study on the distributions of dose differences and their correlations with tumor types in independent verification / 中国医学物理学杂志

Objective To explore the distributions of dose differences and their correlations with tumor types in independent three-dimensional dose verification for intensity-modulated radiotherapy(IMRT)plan,and to establish prediction models.Methods The fixed field IMRT plans of 180 patients with head and neck,chest,and abdominal tumors were collected.Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the consistency between the initial dose calculated in treatment planning system and the verified dose for evaluating the feasibility of independent validation.The distributions of planning target volume(PTV)dose differences among different tumor types were analyzed.The correlations of PTV dose differences with conformity index(CI)and homogeneity index were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression method.Results The PTV dose differences for head and neck,chest,and abdominal tumors were within±1.2%,and the average 3%/3 mm gamma passing rate between the initial dose and the verified dose was higher than 99.5%,indicating good consistency in dose distribution between independent validation and treatment planning system.The distributions of PTV dose differences were different in head and neck,chest,and abdominal plans,and were significantly correlated with CI which could be used to preliminarily determine the PTV dose differences in independent validation.The multiple regression equation based on CI and homogeneity index could be used to estimate the dose verification differences of IMRT plan.Conclusion Independent verification can quickly achieve pre-treatment validation for radiotherapy plans,improving the efficiency of quality control of radiotherapy plans.The estimation based on dose differences provides guidance for optimizing radiotherapy plans.

Central venous-to-arterial CO2 difference as a biomarker of outcome in children who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease / Diferencia arteriovenosa de CO2 como biomarcador de desenlace en niños operados de cardiopatías congénitas

Abstract Background: In congenital heart surgery, low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) is a major cause of morbidity in the immediate post-operative period. A decrease in cardiac output leads to an increase in tissue oxygen consumption. Several biomarkers such as venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), arteriovenous oxygen difference (DavO2), and lactate can assess tissue perfusion in the presence of LCOS. Recently, central venous to arterial CO2 difference (ΔCO2) has been proposed as a biomarker of tissue ischemia that could be used as a predictor of death in neonatal patients. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between ΔCO2 and immediate post-operative outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery and its correlation with DavO2, SvO2, and lactate. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study of patients aged 0-18 years who underwent congenital heart surgery with or without cardiopulmonary bypass at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, from March 2019 to March 2021. Results: Eighty-two patients were included; the median age was 17 months. About 59% had a ΔCO2 ≥ 6 mmHg. Patients with ΔCO2 ≥ 6 mmHg had a vasoactive-inotropic score > 5 (p < 0.001), DavO2 > 5 mL/dL (p = 0.048), and lactate > 2 mmol/L (p = 0.027), as well as a longer hospital stay (p = 0.043). Patients with ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg and vasoactive-inotropic score ≥ 10 were 12.6 times more likely to die. Conclusion: ΔCO2 is a good marker of tissue hypoperfusion and outcome in the post-operative period of congenital heart surgery.

Resumen Introducción: En la cirugía cardiaca de malformaciones congénitas, el síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco (SBGC) es una de las principales causas de morbilidad en el postoperatorio inmediato. La caída del gasto cardiaco aumenta el consumo de oxígeno en los tejidos. Varios biomarcadores, como la saturación venosa de oxígeno (SvO2), la diferencia arteriovenosa de oxígeno (DavO2) y el lactato han sido utilizados como indicadores hipoperfusión tisular en presencia de SBGC. Recientemente, la diferencia arteriovenosa de CO2 (ΔCO2) se ha propuesto como otro biomarcador de isquemia tisular que podría utilizarse como predictor de muerte en pacientes en edad neonatal. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la ΔCO2 y la evolución postoperatoria de pacientes pediátricos operados de cardiopatías congénitas y correlacionarlo con la DavO2, SvO2 y lactato. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en pacientes de 0 a 18 años operados de corazón con empleo de bomba de circulación extracorpórea en el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría. Resultados: Se incluyeron 82 pacientes; la mediana de edad fue de 17 meses. El 59% presentó un ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg. Los pacientes con un ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg mostraron un puntaje de inotrópicos > 5 (p < 0.001), DavO2 > 5 mL/dL (p = 0.048) y lactato > 2 mmol/L (p = 0.027), así como mayor estancia hospitalaria (p = 0.043). Los pacientes con ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg y un puntaje de inotrópicos ≥ 10 presentaron una probabilidad de muerte 12.6 veces mayor. Conclusiones: El ΔCO2 en el periodo postoperatorio de una cirugía cardiaca congénita es un buen marcador de hipoperfusión tisular y de desenlace.