Telas de proteção em habitações para prevenção de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos: sinopse baseada em evidências / Protective screens in homes to prevent mosquito-borne diseases: evidence-based synopsis

Contexto e objetivo: A transmissão de doenças por mosquitos afeta a população e a economia de todo o mundo. Há um número considerável de doenças que podem ser transmitidas por mosquitos, com destaque para a malária e a dengue, endêmica em regiões tropicais. Evidentemente, medidas preventivas são imprescindíveis para a redução da transmissão. Avaliar as evidências de efetividade das telas de proteção com e sem inseticida para prevenção de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos. Métodos: Trata-se de sinopse baseada em evidências. Procedeu-se à busca por estudos que associavam o uso de telas de proteção contra mosquitos à redução do contágio de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos em três bases de dados: PubMed (1966-2024), Portal BVS (1982-2024) e Epistemonikos (2024) e também no metabuscador de evidências TRIP DATABASE (2024). O desfecho de análise envolveu a efetividade das telas de proteção na redução de doenças transmitidas por mosquitos. Resultados: Foram encontradas 307 citações. Seis estudos (1 revisão sistemática e 5 ensaios clínicos) foram incluídos. Discussão: A maioria dos estudos envolveu a colocação de telas de proteção com inseticida, havendo evidência de alta certeza para redução de mortalidade por malária e redução na entrada de mosquitos nas habitações, mesmo com redes sem inseticida. Conclusões: Embora não haja robustez na evidência da efetividade das telas de proteção sem inseticidas contra mosquitos transmissores de doenças, o que demanda a necessidade de realização de novos estudos prospectivos, parece lícita e benéfica a utilização de telas de proteção em regiões endêmicas para doenças transmitidas por esses vetores.

Impacto de la recolección de residuos domésticos de gran tamaño sobre potenciales criaderos de mosquitos transmisores del dengue en Asunción, Paraguay

Introducción: Los brotes recurrentes de dengue subrayan la necesidad de abordajes más efectivos en la prevención y control de vectores. A menudo, las intervenciones se centran en un enfoque biomédico y de promoción de la salud desde un enfoque individual, sin integrar factores socioambientales ni ser evaluados científicamente Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la recolección de residuos domésticos de gran tamaño sobre potenciales criaderos de mosquitos transmisores del dengue en Asunción, Paraguay durante los años 2017 a 2021. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal, donde se encuestaron 350 hogares, como línea de base durante el 2017 y una línea de cierre en 108 hogares en 2021. Se utilizó el método de Diferencia en Diferencia (DID) para comparar la presencia de criaderos antes y después de la intervención en 43 hogares intervenidos y 65 no intervenidos. Resultados: La recolección diferenciada fue utilizada principalmente por aquellos hogares que tenían una gran cantidad de residuos sólidos de gran tamaño, pero no para deshacerse de todos estos objetos, sino sólo de una parte (DID de -52% en el número total de criaderos y DID de 1% en número de hogares con criaderos). Encontramos una reducción significativa en el número de total de criaderos de gran tamaño, pero no observamos diferencias en el número total de hogares con criaderos. Factores subjetivos, como la creencia de que los objetos en desuso podrían llegar a ser útiles en el futuro explicaban en gran medida su presencia en los hogares, incluso con el servicio disponible. Conclusiones: El enfoque de la gestión municipal en los residuos voluminosos puede contribuir a la prevención del dengue por el hecho de que no constituyen residuos de generación rápida en los hogares, y su eliminación puede tener un impacto relativamente duradero. El factor subjetivo relacionado con la presencia de estos criaderos en los hogares debe ser objeto de mayores estudios.

Introduction: Recurrent dengue outbreaks underscore the need for more effective approaches to vector prevention and control. Often, interventions focus on a biomedical and health promotion approach from an individual approach, without integrating socio-environmental factors or being scientifically evaluated. Objetive: To evaluate the impact of large household waste collection on potential breeding sites of dengue-transmitting mosquitoes in Asuncion, Paraguay during the years 2017 to 2021. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental, longitudinal study, where 350 households were surveyed, as a baseline during 2017 and a closing line in 108 households in 2021. The Difference-in-Difference (DID) method was used to compare the presence of breeding sites before and after the intervention in 43 intervened and 65 non-intervened households. Results: Differentiated collection was mainly used by those households that had a large amount of large solid waste, but not to dispose of all these objects, but only part of them (DID of -52% in the total number of breeding sites and DID of 1% in the number of households with breeding sites). We found a significant reduction in the total number of large breeding sites but did not observe differences in the total number of households with breeding sites. Subjective factors, such as the belief that disused objects could become useful in the future, were largely responsible for the reduction in the number of large breeding sites. Conclusions: The municipal management approach to bulky waste can contribute to dengue prevention because it does not constitute rapidly generated waste in households, and its disposal can have a relatively long-lasting impact. The subjective factors related to the presence of these breeding sites in households warrant further study.

Monitoramento de vetores do gênero Aedes durante o inverno no município de Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brasil ­ 2018 / Monitoring of vectors of the genus Aedes during winter in the municipality of Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil ‒ 2018

Objetivo: estimar a oviposição e distribuição espacial de vetores Aedes durante a estação de inverno e correlacionar essas estimativas com dados climáticos do mesmo período. Métodos: estudo de campo conduzido no município de Barbacena-MG, em 2018. O monitoramento, a coleta de ovos e a estimativa de índices estegômicos de vetores Aedes foram obtidos por meio de ovitrampas. Os Índices de Densidade de Ovos (IDO) e de Positividade de Ovitrampas (IPO%) foram estimados conforme estações climáticas e semanas epidemiológicas. A correlação entre parâmetros meteorológicos (temperatura/pluviometria) e índices estegômicos (IDO/IPO) foi determinada pelo coeficiente de Spearman. Resultados: um total de 1.080 ovitrampas, instaladas em 39 bairros, foi analisado durante 10 semanas epidemiológicas, fornecendo um total de 970 ovos. Nas estações de outono, inverno e primavera, foram obtidos, respectivamente, 421, 470 e 70 ovos. Durante o outono, houve variação do IDO entre 14,2 e 34,2. O IPO manteve-se constante em 4,5%. Durante o inverno, houve variação do IDO entre 0,00 e 47,50 e do IPO entre 0,00% e 8,25%. Houve correlação negativa significativa tanto entre aumento da precipitação mensal e diminuição do número de ovos coletados (rho=-0.673) quanto entre aumento da precipitação mensal e diminuição do IPO (rho=-0.612). O valor geral do IDO e do IPO nas 10 semanas foi, respectivamente, 22,04 e 4,17% e, na estação de inverno, foi, respectivamente, 23,50 e 3,73%. Conclusão: os achados corroboram a presença de ovos e vetores do gênero Aedes mesmo em condições climáticas adversas para essas espécies e sustentam ações de manejo sanitário durante todo o ano.

Objective: to estimate oviposition and spatial distribution of Aedes vectors during the winter season and correlate these estimates with climate data from the same period. Methods: field study conducted in the municipality of Barbacena-MG in 2018. Monitoring, egg collection, and estimation of stegomic indices of Aedes were obtained using ovitraps. The Indices of Egg Density (EDI) and Positive Ovitrap (POI%) were estimated according to climatic seasons and epidemiological weeks. The correlation between meteorological parameters (temperature/rainfall) and stegomic indices (EDI/POI) was determined by the Spearman coefficient. Results: a total of 1,080 ovitraps installed in 39 neighborhoods were analyzed during ten (10) epidemiological weeks, providing a total of 970 eggs. In the autumn, winter, and spring seasons, 421, 470, and 70 eggs were obtained, respectively. During the autumn, there was a variation in EDI between 14.2­34.2. The POI remained constant at 4.5%. During the winter, the EDI varied between 0.00­47.50, and the POI varied between 0.00%­8.25%. There was a significant negative correlation, respectively, between an increase in monthly precipitation and a decrease in the number of eggs collected (rho=-0.673) and between an increase in monthly precipitation and a decrease in POI (rho=-0.612). The overall value of EDI and POI in the ten (10) weeks was 22.04 and 4.17%, and in the winter season, they were 23.50 and 3.73%, respectively. Conclusion: the findings corroborate the presence of eggs and vectors of the genus Aedes even in adverse climatic conditions for these species and support health management actions throughout the year.

How do female mosquitoes determine the most suitable males for mating? / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

More than 80% of the world’s populations are at risk of vector-borne diseases, with mosquito-borne diseases as a significant global public health problem. Mosquito populations control is critical to interrupting the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. This review summarizes the physical attributes, smell, vision, touch, and hearing of mosquitoes to unravel the preferences of female mosquitoes, and describes the mechanisms underlying the best male mating by female mosquitoes, so as to provide new insights into management of mosquito-borne diseases.

Analysis of mosquito surveillance results among schools in YangpuDistrict before the fall semester begins / 预防医学

Objective@#To understand the situation of mosquito larva breeding and adult mosquito density among schools in Yangpu District, Shanghai Municipality before the start of the fall semester, so as to provide insights into mosquito prevention and control in schools.@*Methods@#A stratified sampling method was used to select four schools each from universities, primary and secondary schools, and preschool institutions as survey sites. A survey of mosquito larva breeding sites and adult mosquito density was carried out in August each year from 2021 to 2023. The mosquito larva breeding sites in small and large water bodies were investigated by visual inspection and spoon trapping methods, and adult mosquito density was investigated by human-induced stinging method. The positive rate of mosquito larva breeding sites and adult mosquito landing index were analyzed.@*Results@#Totally 1 253 mosquito larva breeding sites were investigated from 2021 to 2023, and the positive rate was 4.07% (51 positive sites). The positive rates of mosquito larva breeding sites in universities, primary and secondary schools and preschool institutions were 2.36%, 4.05% and 8.30%, respectively. The top three positive breeding sites in small water bodies were tyres (6.67%), small stagnant water in green belts (6.04%) and unused containers (5.92%), and Aedes albopictus was the dominant species (97.21%). The top three positive breeding sites in large water bodies were rainwater wells (3.90%), landscape water bodies (3.45%) and sewage wells (3.23%), and Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus each accounted for 50.00%. A total of 200 adult mosquitoes were captured from 2021 to 2023, with Aedes albopictus being dominant (93.00%). The total landing index decreased and then rebounded slightly from 2021 to 2023, with the highest seen in 2021 as 1.78 mosquitoes/0.5 hours per person. The highest mean adult mosquito landing index was 1.17 mosquitoes/0.5 hours per person in preschool institutions.@*Conclusions@#The positive rates of mosquito larva breeding sites and landing index of adult mosquitoes among schools in Yangpu District before the start of the fall semester from 2021 to 2023 were higher than the relevant provisions of the Shanghai municipal local standards. Aedes albopictus was the dominant species. Mosquito surveillance in schools should be carried out on a regular basis and hygiene management should be strengthened.

Long-term effectiveness evaluation of the construction of “mosquito-free village” in Pujiang County / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the effectiveness for the construction of "mosquito-free village" in Xuejia Village, Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide the guidance for the construction of "mosquito-free village" in other rural areas.@*Methods@#Density of adult mosquitoes in Xuejia Village was investigated using light trap method and density of larval mosquitoes was investigated using larval straw method from April to November each year. Totally 30 households of villagers were randomly selected, and their awareness rates of mosquito control knowledge, mosquito control behavior forming rates and satisfaction rates were surveyed through questionnaires. Investment during construction (from August 2016 to December 2018) and maintenance period (from 2019 to 2023) of "mosquito-free village" were investigated through data review and interviews. Long-term effects of "mosquito-free village" construction in Xuejia Village were evaluated in terms of mosquito density from 2016 to 2023, effectiveness of health education for villagers, satisfaction and investment.@*Results@#Compared with the year 2016, the densities of adult and larval mosquitoes in Xuejia Village were significantly decreased from 2017 to 2023. The average monthly density of adult mosquitoes in 2023 decreased by 98.34%, and the average monthly 100 household index of larval mosquitoes decreased by 98.45% compared to 2016. The average monthly density of adult mosquitoes from 2019 to 2023 was less than or equal to one mosquito per light trap in a night, and the average monthly 100 household index of larval mosquitoes was less than or equal to five places per 100 households. The awareness rate of mosquito control knowledge was 93.33%, the behavior forming rate was 86.67%, and the satisfaction rate was 90.00%. By December 2023, the total investment during construction and maintenance period was 450 thousand Yuan, with an average annual investment of 60.7 thousand Yuan and average annual investment of 206.61 Yuan per household. The average annual investment during maintenance period was 36.2 thousand Yuan, and the average annual investment per household was 109.70 Yuan.@*Conclusion@#The mosquito density, effectiveness of health education for villagers and satisfaction of "mosquito-free village" in Xuejia Village all meet the evaluation criteria of "mosquito-free village", and the investment is reasonable, making it suitable for promotion to other rural areas.

Attraction of different concentrations of glucose solution to Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens pallens and their egg-laying behaviors / 预防医学

Objective@#To explore the effects of different concentrations of glucose solution on the survival of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens larvae, the attraction to mosquitoes and egg-laying behaviors, so as to provide the reference for developing mosquito control technology based on sugar bait.@*Methods@#White porcelain bowls were filled with 100 mL of 3%, 5%, 8%, 10% and 15% glucose solutions. Ten of fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus or Culex pipiens pallens were added to each bowl, and the survival of larvae was recorded after 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Egg-laying cups containing 5%, 8% and 15% glucose solution were put in mosquito cages containing fully blooded female mosquitoes of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens (50 mosquitoes each), and the total number of eggs laid in 72 hours was observed. The analogous site room was filled with fully blooded and starved female mosquitoes of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens (100 mosquitoes each), and simple mosquito control buckets containing 5% and 8% glucose solution and black sticky insect plates. The number of mosquitoes and eggs was observed after 6 days. All the above experiments were repeated 3 times using dechlorinated water as the control.@*Results@#The 72 hour corrected mortality rates of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens larvae gradually increased with the increase of glucose concentration. The glucose solution with 5% and higher concentrations was not suitable for mosquito larvae to survive. The attraction of egg-laying behaviors to Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens gradually decreased with the increase of glucose concentration. The effects were similar between 5% and 8% glucose solution, with the averages of 686.67 and 682.33 eggs for Aedes albopictus, and 3.00 and 2.33 egg rafts for Culex pipiens pallens. In analogous site room, there were 93.33, 105.00 and 130.33 adult mosquitoes captured on average in the control group, 5% and 8% glucose solution groups, respectively, with 8% glucose solution group more attractive to adult mosquitoes than the control group (F=3.283, P=0.030); there were 70.33, 55.33 and 63.00 Aedes albopictus eggs (eggs counts+larvae counts) on average, respectively, with statistically significant differences among the three groups (H=6.761, P=0.034).@*Conclusion@#Glucose solution with concentration of 5% or higher can effectively inhibit the survival of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens larvae, and attractive to adult mosquitoes and egg-laying behavoirs.

Chemical Composition Analysis and Repellent Activity Evaluation of Compound Mosquito Repellent Essential Oil / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To analyze the chemical components of the compound essential oil for mosquito repellent,which was composed of Menthae haplocalyx Briq.,Spirodela polyrrhiza(L.)Schleid,Acorus tatarinowii Schott and Rosmarinus offiicinalis L.,and to evaluate its repellent effect.[Methods]The chemical components of the compound mosquito repellent essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS),and the repellent activity of the essential oil against adult Aedes albopictus was evaluated according to the"Efficacy Test and Evaluation of Space Repellent Products(Y-tube Method)".[Results]Fifty-eight main volatile components were identified,accounting for 98.28％of the total components of essential oil,eighteen terpenes(44.99％),nine alkenes(20.27％),five esters(14.07％),eight aromatic hydrocarbons(12.00％),seven alkanes(3.48％),nine alcohols(2.78％),two ketones(0.69％).The percent repellency(PR)of the compound mosquito repellent essential oil against Aedes albopictus was more than 90％on average.[Conclusion]There were many chemical components in the compound mosquito repellent essential oil.There may be a variety of chemical components such as menthol,menthone,α-pinene,etc,which had a repellent effect on Aedes albopictus,and the average repellent effect reached the A level.

Comparative analysis of Aedes albopictus surveillance index in Yangpu District， Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the interannual fluctuation， seasonal fluctuation， habitat distribution and the correlation of the 3 monitoring indicators of Aedes albopictus in Yangpu District of Shanghai from 2017 to 2021， and to provide a scientific basis for A. albopictus control and rational use of the indicators. MethodsThe density surveillance data of A. albopictus recorded by Breteau index （BI）， Path index （PI） and the mosquito ovitrap index （MOI） from 2017 to 2021 in Yangpu District， Shanghai were compared. Microsoft Excel 2019 software was used for data summary and SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. ResultsFrom 2017 to 2021， there were two months with BI>5， and the PI were all above the density control level of Class C， and there were nine months with MOI≥5. In 2017， BI was higher than in the other four years， with statistically significant differences （all P≤0.001）. MOI in 2017 and 2020 was higher than in 2019 （P=0.029， P=0.004） and 2021 （P=0.005， P=0.001）， with statistical significance. MOI for different types of habitats varied significantly， with a statistically significant difference （P=0.004）. A linear correlation was observed between BI and PI （r=0.462， P=0.010）. ConclusionBI， PI and MOI are used simultaneously to reflect the density of A. albopictus in Yangpu District of Shanghai. However， these three monitoring indicators show poor linear correlation. Comprehensively considering the scientific aspects of monitoring methods and seasonal fluctuations of indicators， it is suggested that MOI should be used as the main index to evaluate the density of A. albopictus. In the MOI， attention should be paid to factors such as the distribution of the habitats， the standardization of operating methods， and quality control， which are essential for enhancing the reliability of the MOI.

The greatest Dengue epidemic in Brazil: Surveillance, Prevention, and Control

ABSTRACT In this review, we discuss dengue surveillance, prevention, and control measures in Brazil. Data on dengue epidemics between 2000 and 2024 indicates an increase in the number of dengue cases and deaths. Global climate change is a key driver of this growth. Over the past 25 years, nearly 18 million Brazilians have been infected with the dengue virus, and the highest number of dengue cases in Brazil's history is projected to reach 2024. Dengue mortality in Brazil increased geographically over time. As of June, there were approximately 6 million probable cases and 4,000 confirmed deaths in Brazil, which represents the greatest dengue epidemic to date. Several technologies have been developed to control Aedes aegypti, including the deployment of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying, sterile insect techniques, and mosquito-disseminated insecticides. The Ministry of Health recommends integrating these technologies into health services. Brazil is the first country to incorporate the Takeda vaccine into its public health system, and the Butantan vaccine is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials. Increasing the vaccination coverage and implementing novel Ae. aegypti control technologies could reduce the number of dengue cases in Brazil in the coming years. Community activities such as home cleaning and elimination of potential mosquito breeding sites, facilitated by social media and health education initiatives, must continue to achieve this reduction. Ultimately, a multisectoral approach encompassing sanitary improvements, mosquito control, vaccination, and community mobilization is crucial in the fight against dengue epidemics.

Diet composition affects the rearing of Mansonia humeralis (Diptera: Culicidae) immatures under laboratory conditions

ABSTRACT Mansonia Blanchard mosquitoes are aggressive and opportunistic, making it difficult for habitation in certain areas. However, there is no data regarding their rearing in laboratory in Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different diet composition on the development of Mansonia humeralis immatures. The plant Pistia stratiotes was used as a substrate for larval attachment, and fish food (Tetra Marine® Flakes) and baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in various combinations were used as feed. Eggs and larvae were obtained from mosquitoes collected in the field using protected human catches, and the experiments were conducted in the laboratory (25-27°C and 70-80% relative humidity) with 200 larvae per container (n=15). Mortality rate, larval development time, pupation rate, emergence rate, and the number of eggs and larvae were recorded. Overall, a high mortality rate (0.5 - 0.7) was observed in the first 12 days of the experiment in all diets, up to 50% of adults emerged from the remaining larvae with a male to female ratio of 1.1 to 1.3. The use of yeast in combination with fish food resulted in lower mortality rate (0.52), a shorter larval development time (34 days), a higher pupation rate (0.21) and number of eggs (21 eggs) compared to the other diets. However, fertility was very low (1%) regardless of the diet used. The use of yeast is recommended as part of the diet offered to this mosquito species under the laboratory conditions used in our study.

Caracterización de los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti en el municipio de Abreus. 2016-2022

Fundamento el conocimiento acerca de la focalidad por mosquitos motiva a pobladores y decisores a trabajar sobre las cuestiones que inciden en la proliferación de estos vectores; así como a una participación comunitaria eficaz, y el éxito en la prevención y control de las arbovirosis. Objetivo caracterizar los focos de mosquitos Aedes aegypti. Métodos se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, y de corte transversal, acerca de los focos de Aedes aegypti detectados en el municipio de Abreus, provincia de Cienfuegos, en el período 2016-2022. El universo fue de 390 focos, para los cuales se describieron las variables: semana estadística, mes y año de diagnóstico, consejo popular, tipo de depósito, lugar de la vivienda donde se encontró y fase del mosquito al diagnóstico. Se utilizaron datos de las encuestas entomológicas y los registros del laboratorio de Entomología Médica de la Unidad Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología. Resultados la mediana del número de focos de Aedes aegypti correspondió a la semana estadística 32 de cada año. La mayor cantidad de focos se detectó en los consejos populares de Abreus (165) y Juraguá (102); hallados sobre todo en patios (85,5 %) y tanques bajos (55,5 %). Predominó la fase larvaria en IV estadio (82,3 %). Conclusiones en el municipio de Abreus la focalidad por mosquitos Aedes aegypti se caracterizó por su mayor incidencia en los meses de junio a septiembre, con predominio en el consejo popular de Abreus, sobre todo en tanques bajos y patios. El mayor número fue diagnosticado en la IV fase.

Background knowledge about the mosquito's breeding grounds motivates residents and decision makers to work on the issues that affect the mosquito proliferation; as well as effective community participation, and success in the prevention and control of arboviral diseases. Objective to characterize the Aedes aegypti mosquito's breeding grounds. Methods an observational, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was carried out on Aedes aegypti's breeding grounds detected in the Abreus municipality, Cienfuegos province, from 2016 to 2022. 390 breeding grounds were the universe, for which the described variables were: statistical week, month and year of diagnosis, neighborhood, type of deposit, place of residence where it was found, and phase of the mosquito at diagnosis. Data from entomological surveys and records from the Municipal Hygiene and Epidemiology Unit's Medical Entomology laboratory were used. Results the median number of Aedes aegypti breeding grounds corresponded to statistical week 32 of each year. The largest number of outbreaks was detected in the Abreus' neighborhood (165) and Juraguá (102); found mainly in yards (85.5 %) and low tanks (55.5 %). The larval phase in IV stage predominated (82.3 %). Conclusions in the municipality of Abreus, the focality of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes was characterized by its highest incidence in the months of June to September, with predominance in the popular council of Abreus, especially in low tanks and yards. The largest number was diagnosed in the IV phase.

Molecular Identification and phylogenetic analysis of mosquito vectors from Mananthavady Taluk, Wayanad, Kerala, India

Background & objectives: Every year more than one billion people are infected and about one million people die from vector-borne diseases; of which mosquito-borne diseases remain as the world’s most severe insect-borne diseases with excessive rates of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to examine the mosquito vectors and the possible diseases transmitted by them in the Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad, Kerala. Methods: The area selected for the present study was Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad district, Kerala, during 2019–2021. The collected specimen were subjected for morphological identification using taxonomic keys and were confirmed by DNA barcoding. Molecular phylogeny assessment was done for the collected species of vector mosquitoes. Results: A total of 17 mosquito species belonging to 5 genera, Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia and Armigeres were identified. The mitochondrial COI gene sequences generated for molecular identification of these species were submitted to NCBI GenBank. Interpretation & conclusion: Overall, this study extends our understanding of the molecular evolution of mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary concern, which could aid in developing biotechnological approaches used in Culicidae control programs.

Potential larvicidal bioefficacy of copper sulfide-based hybrid nanoemulsions of eucalyptus oil against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus)

Background & objectives: Nanotechnology, an emerging field, has acquired considerable attention for the control of vectors. The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize copper sulfide- and eucalyptus oil-based hybrid nanoemulsions and investigate their larvicidal potential against Aedes aegypti by studying larvicidal bioassay, morphological aberrations, histopathological alterations, biochemical analysis and evaluation of risk assessment in non-target organisms. Methods: Hybrid nanoemulsions were prepared by mixing aqueous copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) with non-polar eucalyptus oil in five ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) by sonication, screened and characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Larvicidal activity was recorded and toxicity values were calculated by log-probit method. Morphological, histological and biochemical changes were examined in Aedes aegypti larvae after treatment. Nanohybrids were also tested under simulated conditions and against non-target organism. Results: The nanohybrid ratio of 1:5 was found to be stable after thermodynamic stability tests. TEM studies revealed average size of 90±7.90 nm with globular shape. LC50 and LC90 toxicity values of prepared CuSNPs were calculated out to be 5.00 and 5.81ppm after 24 hours treatment. Effective concentration of prepared nanohybrid (6.5ppm) tested under simulated conditions showed maximum larvicidal mortality after 48 hours of exposure. No toxicity towards the Mesocyclops spp. was observed after treatment of these nanohybrids even up to 21 days. Interpretation & conclusion: Copper sulfide based hybrid nanoemulsions were found to show efficient larvicidal property which can be used for the formulation of ecofriendly bio-larvicide against Aedes aegypti.

Recombinant expression of Japanese encephalitis virus non-structural protein NS1 gene and its reaction with Flavivirus antigen and antibody / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract： Objective　To elucidate the antigenic antibody reaction of recombinant expression of non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus with various mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including JE virus, and the antigenic antibody reaction of serum samples of patients infected with JE virus in acute stage. Methods　In this study, Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression vector (pET) system was used to recombinant express Japanese encephalitis virus NS1 gene. Western Blot assay was performed to detect the antibody responses of the recombinantly expressed protein against a variety of mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses, including JE virus, as well as antigen-antibody reactions of serum from patients with acute JE virus infection. Results　The NS1 gene expression product of JE virus (P3 strain) was in the form of an inclusion body, and the denatured and renatured expression product was displayed as a single band in the denatured gel (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, PAGE), with a molecular weight of about 45 000. The results of further antigen-antibody analysis showed that the antigen/antibody hybridization reaction of the expression product with polyclonal or monoclonal antibody of JE virus (mosquito isolates, encephalitis isolates) and serum samples of patients with acute JE virus infection could be completely consistent. The recombinant product showed negative antigen/antibody hybridization reactions with mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses, such as dengue virus and yellow fever virus polyclonal antibodies, but positive reactions with polyclonal antibodies to West Nile virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Conclusions　In this study, the recombinant expression of the NS1 protein of JE virus was successfully obtained, and the antigen/antibody reaction between the recombinant protein and samples of patients infected with mosquito-borne flavivirus and JE virus was analyzed. The study results provide important basic data for elucidating the antigen-antibody reaction between the NS1 protein of JE virus and mosquito-borne flavivirus. The recombinant expression protein obtained in this study provides an important material basis for further research on the function of JE virus NS1 protein.

Detection of mosquito-borne viruses based on high-throughput sequencing / 中华检验医学杂志

Mosquitoes are widely distributed around the world and carry a diverse array of viruses. Among these, mosquito-borne viruses possess the capability to replicate in both blood-sucking arthropods and vertebrate cells, rendering them significant threats to public health. For many years, the surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses mainly relied on traditional methods such as virus isolation and culture. The emergence of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology has not only revealed the entire spectrum of mosquito virome, but also provided a basic methodology for the rapid screening of mosquito-borne pathogens and identification of new species. Consequently, HTS has facilitated the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. This review aims to describe the methods and application of HTS in the detection of mosquito-borne viruses, while also summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of HTS-based detection of mosquito-borne pathogens compared to traditional methods.

Study on prediction model of mosquito breeding in small containers based on random forest / 环境与职业医学

Background Aedes albopictus is the dominant mosquito species in residential areas in Shanghai. There are many types of small containers with accumulated water in residential areas, providing a large number of breeding environments for Aedes alpopicuts and leading to an increasing transmission risk of mosquito-borne diseases. Objective To use random forest to predict breeding of Aedes mosquitoes in small aquatic container habitat in two concentrated reconstruction communities of rural areas in Shanghai, and to understand associated influence of environmental factors on the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes in the process of urbanization.Methods Small-scale habitat surveys of Aedes mosquitoes were carried out in two suburb concentrated reconstruction communities (Community A and B) in Shanghai, and the environment where the habitat was located was recorded and analyzed in both communities. The habitat where eggs, larvae, or pupae were found was recorded as positive. Spatial weight matrix was applied on a household basis, and global Moran's I index was used to carry out spatial autocorrelation analysis on the small-scale habitat and positive habitat in the environment of the two communities. When Moran's I is greater than 0, it means that the data present a positive spatial correlation; when Moran's I is less than 0, it means that the data are spatially negatively correlated; when Moran's I is 0, the spatial distribution is random. Combining the results of P and Z values, we explored the spatial distribution characteristics of small-scale habitat and positive habitat in the community environment. Random forest algorithm in machine learning was used to classify and sort environmental-related factors, and predict the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes in small aquatic habitat; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to carry out model fitting evaluation. Results The environmental factors including building location (χ2=23.35, P<0.001), open space (χ2=8.83, P=0.003), and having trees (χ2=11.02, P=0.001) had a significant impact on the positive rate of small-scale habitat. The results of spatial characteristics analysis showed that the global Moran's I index of small-scale habitat was −0.092 (Z=−1.09, P=0.274) in Community A and 0.034 (Z=0.52, P=0.602) in Community B, and the global Moran's I index of positive habitat was −0.092 (Z=−1.14, P=0.255) in Community A and 0.070 (Z=0.95, P=0.342) in Community B. Since the P values of Community A and B were greater than 0.1 and the Z values were between −1.65 and 1.65, for both small-scale habitat and positive habitat the spatial characteristics were randomly distributed and no significant spatial aggregation was found. In the fitted random forest algorithm classification prediction model with the top 10 characteristic factors of importance, the area under curve (AUC) value was 0.95, and the prediction fitting effect was satisfactory. The results of classification and sorting indicated that counts of household small-scale habitat and positive habitat were the most important factors for breeding. Conclusion The random forest model constructed by environmental factor indicators can be used to predict the breeding situation of Aedes mosquitoes in small-scale aquatic habitat, and provide a basis for scientific prevention and control of mosquito breeding for the target area.

Evaluation of a new type of mosquito trap in monitoring Aedes in community / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo develop a new mosquito trap and evaluate its effectiveness in Aedes albopictus monitoring in an urban community. MethodsThe first-round field test was conducted in a well-greened residential neighborhood with high Aedes albopictus density calculated by human landing catch in August 2022， in Minhang District， Shanghai. 65 new test containers with different designs were randomly deployed in the field. These trap containers were designed by different material， color， hole size， shape and top cover colors. The results of mosquito and its egg trapping were observed and recorded continuously for 7 days. In September 2022， the second round of experiment was conducted. After comparison， an optimized trap container was designed. 140 new trap containers were compared with 140 traditional ones to evaluate the effectiveness. SPSS 22.5 software was used for statistical analysis. ResultsThere were significant changes in the outcome of mosquito and its egg trapping on the 4th and 7th day of the pre-experiment deployment of the three kinds of containers. The 200 ml container cup with three round holes in the body had the best effect on trapping mosquitos and eggs， with a positive rate of 45.5% （5/11）， while other type of contrainer cup only had a positive rate of 12% （6/50） in trapping mosquitos and eggs. Statistical significant differences （χ2=45.443，P <0.001） existed between the two tpyes of cups within the first kind of trapping container. The second kind of trapping container showed round and oval holes had better effect on mosquito trapping， with a positive rate of 55.6% （5/9）. The third kind of hanging container can resist strong wind. The best mosquito trapping effect of three round holes was 66.7% （2/3）. The container wall should not be made of rough material， which was easy to cause the escape of adult mosquitoes. Combined with the three types of containers， the new contariner should be top transparent， and the top 1/3 of the side should paint black with 3 round holes. The effective recovery rate of the new container was higher than that of the traditional one under the exclusion of human factors， and had the advantage of preventing rain， wind and rollover， but the effect of trapping mosquito and its egg was comparable to the traditional one（χ2D4=0.197，P=0.658； χ2D7=0.125 ，P=0.724）. ConclusionThis new type of mosquito trap is worth further exploration and research， which can improve the trapping efficiency， overall recovery rate and the accurate confirmation of the mosquito density.

Biosafety risks and mitigation strategies for mosquito infection in Arthropod Containment Level-2 laboratory / 中国热带医学

@#Arthropods of medical importance such as mosquitoes, ticks and sandflies are one of the key drivers of arthropod-borne diseases outbreak, posing a great threat to global public health security. For further understanding the transmission mechanisms of arthropod-borne diseases and establishing the prevention and control measures, a series of experiments of arthropods infection need to be carried out under laboratory conditions. Besides the regular biosafety requirements, some specific considerations need to be taken into account when performing arthropod infection and the infected arthropod rearing. Except for the physical containment composed of biosafety facilities, a comprehensive assessment of the biosafety risks during operations and corresponding preventive measures are also critical to eliminate or mitigate the biosafety risks. In this paper, we introduce our practice in handling mosquito infection with Risk Group 2 pathogens in Arthropod Containment Level-2 (ACL-2) laboratory, with an aim to provide a reference for researchers in related fields.

Research progress on sRNA regulation of mosquito metabolic detoxification enzyme gene expression / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: With the development of molecular biology, non-coding sRNA has been found to play an important regulatory role in gene expression and protein activity, affecting various biological pathways including mosquito resistance against insecticides. Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of drug resistance is essential for controlling mosquitoes, , of which metabolic resistance being the most critical mechanism, mainly referring to the high expression of metabolic detoxification enzyme-related genes (especially the cytochrome P450 enzyme system) in mosquitoes. On the basis of verification of insecticide resistance-related genes, further research on the correlation between sRNA and mosquito resistance-related genes provides new ideas and directions for further exploring the mechanism of mosquito resistance. The study of mosquito metabolic resistance mechanism is of great significance for the control of vector mosquitoes, drug resistance monitoring and novel insecticide development. This article reviews the progress of research on the resistance genes, sRNAs biosynthesis, genes involved in regulating mosquito metabolic detoxification enzymes and their applications.