Characteristics and distribution of monoclonal gammopathy in clinical patients: a single-center study / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and distribution of monoclonal gammopathy in clinical patients.Methods:A total of 936 171 patients (508 449 males and 427 722 females) who received capillary zone electrophoresis in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from January 2012 to December 2021 were selected, from which 14 945 patients with abnormal bands were screened as the study subjects, including 10 173 males and 4 772 females and the age 21-102 (65±13) years old. According to the age, patients were divided into 8 groups: 21-30 years old (168 cases), 31-40 years old (405 cases), 41-50 years old (1 326 cases), 51-60 years old (3 068 cases), 61-70 years old (4 985 cases), 71-80 years old (3 288 cases), 81-90 years old (1 519 cases), and≥91 years old (186 cases). The diagnostic results of the 14 945 patients with abnormal bands were collected and were divided into tumor group (5 196 cases) and non-tumor disease group (9 749 cases) according to the presence of tumor. The distribution of abnormal bands in different gender, age, and disease groups were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 14 945 patients, 4 988 cases underwent immunofixation electrophoresis, excluding 336 negative cases and 412 cases of double clonal bands reaction, and 4 240 patients with monoclonal immunoglobulin (M protein) reaction were selected as the study subjects, including 2 794 males and 1 446 females aged 21-102 (67±12) years old. They were divided into 8 groups according to the age: 21-30 years old (18 cases), 31-40 years old (91 cases), 41-50 years old (364 cases), 51-60 years old (862 cases), 61-70 years old (1 455 cases), 71-80 years old (904 cases), 81-90 years old (486 cases), and≥91 years old (60 cases). The diagnostic results and immunoglobin subtypes (IgA-κ, IgA-λ, IgG-κ, IgG-λ, IgM-κ, IgM-λ, κ, λ) of patients were collected, and the distribution of monoclonal gammopathy in different gender, age and disease groups were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among 936 171 patients, 14 945 cases showed abnormal bands in electropherograms with a detection rate of 1.60%; the detection rates of abnormal bands in males and females were 2.00% (10 173/508 449) and 1.12% (4 772/427 722), respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the detection rate of abnormal bands among different age groups ( P<0.01); among them, the highest detection rate of abnormal band in group of ≥91 years old was 5.98%, and the ratio of male to female was 1.67∶1. Among the 14 945 cases of abnormal bands, patients aged 51-60, 61-70 and 71-80 accounted for 20.53% (3 068 cases), 33.36% (4 985 cases) and 22.00% (3 288 cases), respectively, and the differences among the age groups were statistically significant (χ 2=115.82, P<0.01). In the tumor group, the top 3 tumors with abnormal bands were plasmacytoma with 1 123 cases, lymphoma with 289 cases, and leukemia with 49 cases. The detection rate of abnormal bands in electropherograms of plasmacytoma was 89.92% (1 123/1 249), which was higher than that in lymphoma and leukemia [6.73% (289/4 296) and 6.40% (49/766), respectively, P<0.01]. Among 4 240 patients with positive M protein, the proportion of 51-60, 61-70 and 71-80 years old patients were 20.33% (862/4 240), 34.32% (1 455/4 240) and 21.32% (904/4 240), respectively, and the differences among age groups were statistically significant ( P<0.01). The results of M protein types showed that the proportion of IgG-κ type was the highest in both genders, with 32.28% (902/2 794) in males and 34.30% (496/1 446) in females. In the 21-30, 31-40, and 41-50 age groups, the proportion of IgG-λ was the highest, which were 38.89% (7/18), 36.26% (33/91) and 34.07% (124/364) in these groups respectively. However, the proportions of IgG-κ were the highest in either of the 51-60, 61-70, 71-80, 81-90 and ≥91 years old groups, which were 33.87% (292/862), 34.16% (497/1 455), 31.53% (285/904), 34.57% (168/486), 28.33% (17/60), respectively, and the differences among all age groups and gender groups had statistical significance ( P<0.01). Among patients with positive M protein in the tumor group, plasmacytoma accounted for 14.22% (603/4 240), followed by lymphoma 6.30% (267/4 240); among non-tumor diseases, M proteinemia accounted for the highest proportion (7.24%, 307/4 240), followed by pulmonary infection (5.47%, 232/4 240). Conclusions:The detection rate of abnormal bands in capillary zone electrophoresis may increase with age, and is higher in males than in females in the same age group; different malignant tumor diseases can also show abnormal bands in capillary zone electrophoresis, but they are still mainly hematological tumors. Among the positive results of M protein, 61-70 years old group accounts for the highest proportion; the most common type of monoclonal gammopathy is IgG type; in the age group of 21-50 years, the proportion of IgG-λ type is the highest; in the group of >50 years old, the proportion of IgG-κ type is the highest; in the diagnosis of positive monoclonal gammopathy, the top 3 diseases are all hematological diseases, including plasmacytoma, monoclonal gammopathies and lymphoma.

Plasmocitoma extramedular mamario. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the breast: case report and literature review / Plasmocitoma extramedular mamário: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

El plasmocitoma extramedular es una neoplasia infrecuente y el compromiso mamario es en extremo raro, con alrededor de 83 casos reportados desde 1928. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 63 años con antecedente de mieloma múltiple, con cuadro clínico de un mes de evolución de masa blanda de 4.5 cm en la mama derecha, indolora, con progresión rápida. Se realizó ecografía mamaria con reporte Bi-RADS 4, por sospecha de malignidad se realizó biopsia y fue remitida al servicio de mastología. El estudio básico de patología e inmunohistoquímica concluye que la lesión corresponde a un plasmocitoma extramedular y luego de múltiples líneas de tratamiento oncológico el plasmocitoma mamario presenta una excelente respuesta clínica e imagenológica. Se hace la descripción del caso y la revisión de literatura.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare neoplasm, and involvement of the breast is extremely uncommon, with approximately 83 cases reported since 1928. We present the case of a 63-year-old patient with a history of multiple myeloma, who presented with a one-month history of a rapidly progressing, painless, soft mass measuring 4.5 cm in the right breast. Breast ultrasound showed a Bi-RADS 4 lesion, and due to suspicion of malignancy, a biopsy was performed and the patient was referred to the mastology department. Basic pathological and immunohistochemical studies concluded that the injury corresponded to an extramedullary plasmacytoma. After multiple lines of oncological treatment, the breast plasmacytoma showed an excellent clinical and imaging response. The case is described, and a literature review is presented.

O plasmocitoma extramedular é neoplasia pouco frequente e o acometimento mamário extremamente raro, com cerca de 83 casos relatados desde 1928. Apresentamos o caso de uma doente de 63 anos com antecedentes de mieloma múltiplo, com quadro clínico com um mês de evolução de uma massa mole de 4,5 cm na mama direita, indolor, de rápida evolução. Foi realizada ultrassonografia mamária com laudo Bi-RADS 4, realiza-da biópsia por suspeita de malignidade e encaminhada ao serviço de mastologia. O estudo básico de patologia e imuno-histoquímica conclui que a lesão corresponde a um plasmocitoma extramedular e após múltiplas linhas de tratamento oncológico, o plasmocitoma mamário apresenta uma excelente resposta clínica e imagiológica. É feita a descrição do caso e revisão da literatura.

Multiple Myeloma (Part 1) - Update on Epidemiology, Diagnostic Criteria, Systemic Treatment and Prognosis / Mieloma múltiplo (Parte 1) - Atualização sobre epidemiología, critérios diagnósticos, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by unregulated and clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow; these cells produce and secrete an anomalous monoclonal immunoglobulin, or a fragment of this, called M protein. The clinical manifestations of MM result from the proliferation of these plasmocytes, the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin and the suppression of normal humoral immunity, leading to hypercalcemia, bone destruction, renal failure, suppression of hematopoiesis and humoral immunity, increasing the risk for the development of infections. The increase in life expectancy of the world population led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of MM, a pathology that usually affects the elderly population. The aim of this review is to update the reader on epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis with other monoclonal gam-mopathies, systemic treatment and prognosis of MM.

Resumo O mieloma múltiplo (MM) constitui neoplasia maligna de origem hematológica caracterizada pela proliferação desregulada e clonal de plasmócitos na medula óssea; estas células produzem e secretam imunoglobulina monoclonal anômala, ou um fragmento desta, denominado proteína M. As manifestações clínicas do MM decorrem da proliferação destes plasmócitos, da produção excessiva de imunoglobulina monoclonal e da supressão da imunidade humoral normal, levando à hipercalcemia, destruição óssea, insuficiência renal, supressão da hematopoiese e da imunidade humoral,aumentandooriscoparaodesenvolvimento de infecções. O aumento na expectativa de vida da população mundial levou a concomitante incremento na prevalência do MM, patologia que habitualmente acomete a população idosa. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a epidemiologia, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial com outras gamopatias monoclonais, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico do MM.

Dermatological manifestations of hematologic neoplasms. Part I: secondary specific skin lesions

Abstract Cutaneous manifestations occur during the course of hematologic malignancies and precede, follow, or are late events in relation to the diagnosis. They result from paraneoplastic phenomena, tumor infiltrations, and immunosuppression resulting from the hematologic neoplasia itself or its treatment. The dermatologist must be aware of these conditions, which can help both in the diagnosis of the underlying disease and in the reduction of patient morbidity. This review (part I) addresses skin lesions associated with direct infiltration by systemic hematologic malignancies.

Clinical features and prognosis analysis of 31 cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical features, treatment options and prognostic factors of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck.Methods:Clinical data of 31 cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck treated in Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University from January 2005 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the involvement sites, the lesions were divided into the Waldeyer's ring involvement and non-involvement groups. The differences between two groups were compared by one-way ANOVA. The overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. The OS rate and local recurrence free survival (LRFS) rate between two groups were compared by log-rank test.Results:All 31 patients received radiotherapy. The median follow-up time was 98 months (7-192 months). Among them, 16 patients received radiotherapy and surgery, 10 patients received radiochemotherapy, and 2 patients received surgery and radiochemotherapy. Waldeyer's ring involvement was found in 15 patients, and Waldeyer's ring was not involved in 16 patients. The 10-year OS rate was 84.8%. Two cases showed local recurrence and 2 cases progressed to multiple myeloma. The 10-year OS rate in patients ≤55 years old was 100% vs. 67% in those >55 years old ( P=0.039). The 10-year OS rates in patients with and without Waldeyer's ring involvement were 93.3% vs. 75.2% ( P=0.031). The 10-year LRFS rate in patients with Waldeyer's ring involvement was 100% vs. 66.7% in those without Waldeyer's ring involvement ( P=0.022). The 10-year OS rate was 95% and 35.7% for patients with longest diameter of tumor ≤5 cm and >5 cm before radiotherapy, respectively ( P=0.02). Conclusions:Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck patients with longest diameter of tumor ≤5 cm obtain higher 10-year OS rate. Those with Waldeyer's ring involvement have better 10-year OS and LRFS rates.

Recent Research Progress of Extramedullary Plasmacytoma --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Extramedullary plasma cell tumor (EMP) is a kind of plasma cell tumor, and its pathogenesis is not completely clear. According to whether it is independent of myeloma disease, it can be divided into primary and secondary EMP, which have different biological and clinical characteristics. Primary EMP has low invasion, fewer cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities and good prognosis, and surgery and / or radiotherapy are the mainly treatments. Secondary EMP, as the extramedullary invasive progression of multiple myeloma (MM), is often accompanied by high-risk cellular and molecular genetic abnormalities and poor prognosis, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are the mainly treatment. This paper reviews the latest research progress of EMP in the pathogenesis, cytogenetics molecular genetics and treatment, so as to provide reference for clinical work.

Solitary Plasmacytoma of Mandible – A Rare Dyscrasia- Case Report and Review of Literature

Introduction: The plasma cell neoplasms may present in soft tissue as extramedullary plasmacytomas, bone as a solitary plas- macytoma of bone, or as part of the multifocal disseminated disease multiple myeloma. Aim of study: The study aims to report solitary plasmacytoma in the gnatic bone oral cavity, which is also mimicking as malig- nant neoplasm of bone, seen in a female patient. Case Report: A 38-year-old female patient reported to the outpatient department of our hospital complaining of pain and swelling over the left lower one-third region of the face for one month CBCT analysis shows a hypodense area involving 35 regions extending towards ascending rami of the mandible. Conclusion: Plasmacytoma, despite being a lesion with slow, asymptomatic growth, can assume large volumes, making proper treatment difficult. When there is no bone involvement and it is diagnosed early, the success of treatment is generally higher. The treatment of choice is radiotherapy, with good results for the remission of the lesion

Plasmocitoma traqueal: Una causa inusual de hemoptisis / Plasmacytoma of the Trachea: an Unusual Cause of Hemoptysis

RESUMEN Presentamos el caso de un paciente afectado por un mieloma múltiple refractario a diversas líneas de tratamiento, que ingresó por hemoptisis causada por la aparición de un plasmocitoma en la tráquea. El hallazgo se produjo por broncoscopia y el diagnós tico y tratamiento se realizó mediante técnicas endoscópicas, con muy buen resultado funcional. El caso es de interés por su escasa frecuencia, así como para dar a conocer a la comunidad este tipo de presentación atípica y su posible manejo.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a patient affected by multiple myeloma refractory to various lines of treatment who was admitted due to hemoptysis caused by the appearance of a plasmacytoma in the trachea. The finding was obtained from a bronchoscopy, and the diagnosis and treatment were made by means of endoscopic techniques, with a very good functional result. This case is of interest because it is unusual and also because it allows us to raise awareness among the community of this atypical presentation and possible managemen

Plasmocitoma extramedular solitario rinosinusal: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the rhinosinusal cavity: a case report and literature review

Resumen El plasmocitoma extramedular solitario (PES) es una neooplasia maligna infrecuente caracterizada por una proliferación aislada de células plasmáticas monoclonales en tejido extramedular. La localización más frecuente es en cabeza y cuello con predominio en el territorio rinosinusal, sin embargo, estas lesiones malignas representan menos del 1% de los tumores de esta región anatómica. El diagnostico requiere una alta sospecha clínica, análisis histopatológico acucioso, estudios serológicos y exámenes radiológicos sistémicos de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos establecidos en la literatura internacional. Se analiza el caso de un paciente masculino con un PES que se presentó como un tumor de fosa nasal derecha y obstrucción nasal de meses de evolución con hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos inespecíficos. El diagnóstico definitivo se realizó mediante biopsia endoscópica nasal y estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento fue abordado de manera multidisciplinaria entre otorrinolaringología, hematología y radiooncología. De acuerdo a las guías internacionales, se decidió realizar radioterapia localizada con buen resultado clínico precoz. El PES requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario para lograr un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, siendo imprescindible la exclusión del mieloma múltiple debido a las diferencias terapéuticas y en pronóstico clínico. El tratamiento puede realizarse con radioterapia y/o cirugía, siendo la radioterapia el pilar de tratamiento.

Abstract Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (SEP) is a rare malignant neoplasm characterized by isolated proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in extramedullary tissue. The most frequent location is in the head and neck with a predominance in the rhinosinusal territory; however, these malignant lesions represent less than 1% of the tumors in this anatomical region. The diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion, careful histopathological analysis, serological studies and systemic radiological examinations according to the diagnostic criteria established in the international literature. We analyze the case of a male patient with SEP that presented as a tumor of the right nostril and nasal obstruction of months of evolution with nonspecific clinical and imaging findings. The definitive diagnosis was made by nasal endoscopic biopsy and histopathological study. The treatment was approached by multidisciplinary teamwork. According to international guidelines, it was decided to perform localized radiotherapy with good early clinical results. SEP requires a multidisciplinary approach to achieve a timely diagnosis and treatment, being essential exclusion of multiple myeloma due to the therapeutic differences and prognosis. Treatment can be done with radiation therapy and/or surgery; radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment.

Plasmocitoma extramedular de canal auditivo externo: caso clínico / Extramedullary plasmacytoma of external auditory canal: a case report

Resumen El plasmocitoma extramedular es una neoplasia de células plasmáticas poco frecuente, que se ubica en 80% a 90% de los casos en la cabeza o cuello. Esta neoplasia representa menos del 1% de toda la patología maligna de cabeza y cuello. Dada la poca frecuencia de la patología y la escasez de casos publicados, esta entidad presenta una gran dificultad clínica y terapéutica. El diagnóstico se basa en el análisis histológico con inmunohistoquímica de la muestra obtenida, y el tratamiento varía según la ubicación, donde se puede realizar radioterapia o cirugía. En este artículo presentamos el caso de una paciente de 56 años, con antecedentes de otorrea de larga data en oído derecho, al examen físico presentaba un tumor que obstruía todo el conducto auditivo externo. Se realizó exéresis tumoral y la biopsia evidenció un plasmocitoma.

Abstract Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell neoplasm, affecting 80% to 90% of the head or neck. This neoplasm represents less than 1% of all malignant head and neck pathology. Given the infrequency of the pathology and the scarcity of published cases, this entity presents great clinical and therapeutic difficulty. Diagnosis is based on histology and immunohistochemistry and treatment varies depending on the location, where radiation therapy or surgery can be performed. In this article, we present the case of a 56-year-old patient with a history of long-standing otorrhea in the right ear. Physical examination presented a tumor that obstructed the entire external auditory canal. Tumor excision was performed, and the biopsy revealed a plasmacytoma.

Near-miss Thoracic Spine Solitary Plasmacytoma with Neurological Deficit during Pregnancy: A Case Report

@#Solitary plasmacytoma (SPC) account for only 5% of plasma cell neoplasms, and the literature hardly reports spinal SPC with a neurological deficit. Furthermore, spinal surgical intervention during pregnancy is rarely encountered and often requires multidisciplinary collaboration and management. The objective of this case report is to highlight this near-miss diagnosis and spinal surgical intervention during pregnancy. A 31-year-old woman with 24 weeks gestation presented with sudden paralysis and incontinence, with an underlying history of chronic backpain over a twomonth period. Initially, she was treated for musculoskeletal back pain by obstetric colleagues during an antenatal visit, and no radiograph was performed. A non-contrasted spinal MRI was eventually requested when she started to show bilateral lower limb weakness, numbness and incontinence. The MRI highlighted thoracic vertebrae T11 vertebra plana with kyphotic deformity and a paraspinal soft tissue mass compressing the spinal cord causing spinal cord oedema. Our initial working diagnosis was spinal tuberculosis (TB), considering TB is highly endemic in Malaysia. However, TB workup was negative, and we proceeded with spinal surgery and transpedicular biopsy. Neurology improved significantly after surgery. Eventually, serum protein electrophoresis reported plasma dyscrasia, and HPE confirmed plasmacytoma. The patient was referred to a haematologist for steroidal and chemotherapy treatment.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of 46 patients with macrofocal multiple myeloma / 中华内科杂志

The clinical characteristics, laboratory results, response to treatment, and prognosis of 46 macrofocal multiple myeloma(MFMM) patients at our center from January 2013 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The other 92 patients were selected as matched-controls based on diagnostic period and treatment. Among the 1 137 MM patients, 46 patients met the definition criteria of MFMM (4.0%), with median age 56 years, which was not statistically different from whole MM population ( P=0.066). According to the international staging system (ISS) and Revised ISS, the proportion of patients with advanced stage in MFMM group was less common than that of controls ( P<0.05). More plasmacytomas in MFMM patients were presented (43.5% vs. 18.5%, P<0.05). Regarding cytogenetic abnormalities, there were minor patients manifesting high-risk features in MFMM group (15.8% vs. 32.2%, P=0.058). Translocation(11;14) could be detected in 32.4% MFMM patients and 9.4% typical myeloma patients ( P<0.05). The treatment regimens were comparable. As to the best response of treatment, the complete response (CR) rate in MFMM group was significantly higher than that of controls (78.3% vs. 60.9%, P<0.05). The median follow-up time was 37.9 months. The median progression-free survival in MFMM and control groups were 77.5 vs. 39.8 months, respectively ( P<0.05). The overall survival (OS) of MFMM patients was significantly longer (not reached vs. 68.2 months, P<0.05).

Cavidad oral como sitio de asiento de enfermedades oncohematológicas. Plasmocitoma extramedular: a propósito de dos casos / The oral cavity as a reservoir of oncohematological diseases. Extramedullary plasmocytoma: a propos of two cases

Las neoplasias malignas de la cavidad oral en gran medida (90%) consisten en carcinoma de células escamosas que surgen de la mucosa de revestimiento. El 10% restantes de neoplasias malignas orales de un grupo heterogéneo de tumores de diferente etiología. Presentamos dos casos de patología oncohematológica: Mieloma Múltiple (AU)

Malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity largely (90%) consist of squamous cell carcinoma arising from the lining mucosa. e remaining 10% of oral malignancies from a heterogeneous group of tumors of different etiology. We present two cases of oncohematological pathology: Multiple Myeloma (AU)

Acúfeno como síntoma inicial de plasmocitoma de hueso temporal

Resumen Los tumores de base de cráneo son inusuales, entre ellos el plasmocitoma surge de las células plasmáticas y puede ser el precursor del mieloma múltiple. Existen 2 tipos de plasmocitoma: el óseo solitario y el extramedular. Además, el plasmocitoma temporal es aún menos frecuente. El acúfeno puede ser la presentación inicial de estos tumores inusuales. Se presenta caso de una paciente femenina de 74 años, que inicia con acúfeno derecho, así como hipoa-cusia derecha. Acompañado de dolor cervical y limitación de la flexión cervical e inestabilidad. Como único dato a la otoscopia derecha presenta hipervascularidad del promontorio. Se realizan estudios de imagen reportando tumor con erosión ósea de ambas porciones petrosas de hueso temporal, esfenoides y columna cervical. Se realizó una biopsia transesfenoidal reportando plasmocitoma CD 138 positivo. Se inició quimioterapia y radioterapia. El acúfeno unilateral debe estudiarse ampliamente ya que puede ser síntoma de diagnósticos inusuales como neoplasias de base de cráneo.

Abstract Skull-base tumors are unusual, Plasmacytoma arises from plasma cells and could be the precursor of multiple myeloma. There are 2 types of plasmacytoma: solitary bone and extramedullary. Temporal bone plasmacytoma is even more infrequent. Tinnitus could be the initial symptom of this unusual tumors. We present the case of a 74-year-old female patient, who started with right tinnitus as well as right hearing loss. Accompanied by cervical pain and limitation of cervical flexion and instability. As the only data on right otoscopy, there was an hypervascular promontory. Imaging studies were performed reporting tumor with bone erosion of both petrous portions of temporal bone, sphenoid, and cervical spine. A transsphenoidal biopsy was performed, reporting positive CD 138 plasmacytoma. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy were indicated. Unilateral tinnitus should be fully studied because it might be a symptom of unusual diagnoses such as skull base neoplasms.

Huge Sellar Plasmacytoma as Differential Diagnosis of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma: A Case Report

Sellar plasmacytomas are rare tumors arising from plasma cells. They are often misdiagnosed as adenomas.We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with headache, cranial nerve III palsy and decreased visual acuity. Imaging revealed an extensive lesion centered on the clivus, extending to the cavernous sinus bilaterally and into the sphenoid sinus. The hormonal tests were compatible with panhypopituitarism and mild hyperprolactinemia. The first hypothesis was invasive pituitary adenoma. Partial resection was achieved, and the immunohistochemical evaluation was compatible with plasmacytoma. After a few weeks, she developed lumbar and hip pain, and the imaging confirming osteolytic lesions. The final diagnosis was multiple myeloma.

Influence of long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 in cell proliferation, invasion and glucose transporter 3 expression in glioma / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective:To study the influence of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) in glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) expression, and cell proliferation and invasion in glioma.Methods:(1) The correlation between PVT1 and GLUT3 gene expressions and their influences in overall survival (OS) were analyzed using data from 222 cases of primary gliomas from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas mRNAseq_325 data set. (2) Fifteen glioma specimens, including 8 from patients with low-grade glioma (LGG group) and 7 from patients with glioblastoma (GBM group), were collected in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2019; the PVT1 expression was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); the GLUT3 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. (3) Normal human astrocyte (NHA) and glioblastoma cell lines U87, LN229 and U251 (NHA group, U87 group, ln229 group and U251 group) were cultured in vitro; real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the PVT1 and GLUT3 mRNA expressions; Western blotting was used to detect the GLUT3 protein expression; U87 and LN229 cells were divided into PVT1 overexpression plasmid group and blank plasmid group, PVT1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) group and negative control shRNA group; the GLUT3 mRNA and protein expressions were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. (4) In U87 and LN229 cells of negative control shRNA group and PVT1 shRNA group, CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were used to detect the cell proliferation and Transwell assay was used to detect the cell invasion. (5) Ten female BALB/c-nu nude mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group ( n=5); the U87 cells from PVT1 shRNA group and negative control shRNA group were transplanted into the mice to establish subcutaneously transplanted tumor models. The animals were sacrificed and the tumors were weighed and measured 4 weeks after transplantation; the Ki-67 and GLUT3 protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results:(1) The gene expressions of PVT1 and GLUT3 were positively correlated in the 222 cases of primary glioma from mRNAseq_325 data set ( r=0.514, P=0.000); the OS of patients in the PVT1 high-expression group or GLUT3 high-expression group was significantly shorter as compared with that in the PVT1 low-expression group or GLUT3 low-expression group, respectively ( P<0.05). (2) As compared with the low-grade glioma group, the glioblastoma group had significantly increased PVT1 and GLUT3 protein expressions ( P<0.05). (3) As compared with NHA cells, the U87, LN229 and U251 cells had significantly increased PVT1 and GLUT3 mRNA and protein expressions ( P<0.05). As compared with those in the blank plasmid group, the GLUT3 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased in the U87 and LN229 cells of PVT1 overexpression plasmid group ( P<0.05); as compared with those in the negative control shRNA group, the GLUT3 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly decreased in the U87 and Ln229 cells of PVT1 shRNA group ( P<0.05). (4) As compared with negative control shRNA group, PVT1 shRNA group had significantly reduced optical density value, significantly smaller numbers of clone formation and invasive cells in U87 and LN229 cells ( P<0.05). (5) As compared with those in the control group, the subcutaneous transplanted tumor volume was significantly smaller, the subcutaneous transplanted tumor mass and Ki-67 and GLUT3 protein expressions were significantly lower in the experimental group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Down-regulation of PVT1 can decrease the GLUT3 expression, therefore, inhibit the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells.

Cutaneous involvement of multiple myeloma

@#Cutaneous multiple myeloma (MM) is a rare disease. It can be primary or secondary in origin. The secondary type is further classified into specific and nonspecific types. The specific type is uncommon and is known as a secondary cutaneous plasmacytoma. We report a case of secondary cutaneous plasmacytoma in a 58-year-old man who had a history of plasma cell tumour of the lung and multiple myeloma. He achieved complete remission after the completion of chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). However, five months later, he developed multiple erythematous nodules on the whole body. Skin biopsy revealed diffuse neoplastic cells infiltrate in the reticular dermis with sparing of the upper papillary dermis and epidermis. The neoplastic cells were monotonous and homogenous with variable degrees of cytological atypia. Occasional cells showed distinctive plasma cell features. Plasma cell lineage was confirmed with CD138. The cells were immunoreactive to Kappa. Ki-67 was greater than 90%. They were non-immunoreactive to CD45, CD3, CD20, CD79 alpha and CK AE1/AE3. The findings were consistent with secondary cutaneous plasmacytoma. Our case illustrates that MM may present with nonspecific dermatological manifestations. As specific cutaneous involvement of MM is very uncommon; a high degree of clinical suspicion, detailed medical history and histopathological examination are required to arrive at an early diagnosis.

Plasmacytoma of the cervix / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

@#Plasmacytoma is a rare disease entity that represents only 5%‒10% of all plasma cell neoplasms. It is rarely found in the female genital tract. There are 8 identified case reports on plasmacytoma of the cervix. The clinical symptoms are nonspecific and biopsy with immunohistochemistry is used to diagnose. Due to the paucity of cases, there is no standard treatment modality. We present a case of a 34-year-old patient who had a history of postcoital bleeding. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry were done which confirmed the diagnosis of plasmacytoma. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy with transposition of ovaries was the chosen treatment option.

Imaging features of solitary bone plasmacytoma / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective:To investigate the imaging features of solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) and to improve the diagnosis of SBP.Methods:The imaging and clinical data of 8 cases clinically diagnosed as SBP at different sites from September 2012 to September 2020 in Yuanping First People's Hospital of Shanxi Province were retrospectively analyzed. Imaging examinations included CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plain scan and enhanced MRI scan.Results:The lesion sites of 8 patients included 3 cases of thoracic vertebrae, 2 cases of lumbar vertebrae, 2 cases of skull, and 1 case of rib. Among them, 1 case was misdiagnosed as thoracic metastatic tumor, 1 case as thoracic tuberculosis, 1 case as lumbar lymphoma and 1 case as cranial meningioma. Osteolytic destruction of bone was found in all cases accompanied by expansible changes of bone and soft tissue masses. There were 5 cases of vertebral bodies compressed and flattened; CT showed equal/low density, T1WI showed equal/low signal, T2WI showed low/slightly high signal, and 2 cases showed typical "mini brain sign". There were 2 cases of skull with slight hyperintensity on CT, isointensity on T1WI, and equal/mixed hyperintensity on T2WI. The rib cases showed isodensity on CT, T1WI showed isointensity, T2WI showed slightly high intensity. The lesions of 4 SBP patients showed obvious uniform enhancement on MRI enhanced scan.Conclusions:SBP at different sites can show osteolytic destruction with uniform enhancement of lesions and soft tissue masses. "Mini brain sign" is the SBP-specific imaging sign of the spine.

The mechanism and clinical significance of long non-coding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation gene 1 in regulating the differentiation, proliferation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells through target genes / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To analyze the mechanism and significance of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plasmacytoma variant translocation gene 1 (PVT1) in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells through the target gene.Methods:From January 2018 to December 2019, the expression levels of LncRNA PVT1 and microRNA (miR)-1207-5p in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and normal breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was transfected with PVT1 overexpression vector plasmid, PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid and negative control plasmid, and the expression levels of PVT1 and miR-1207-5p after transfection were detected. The activities of proliferation differentiation, metastasis and invasion in transfected breast cancer cells were detected by CCK-8 method, cell scratch test and Transwell invasion experiment. The expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and P21 mRNA/protein after transfection miR-1207-5p were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting method.Results:The expression levels of PVT1 and miR-1207-5p in breast cancer cells were significantly higher than those in normal breast epithelial cells (1.271 ± 0.305 vs. 0.023 ± 0.006 and 1.679 ± 0.347 vs. 0.031 ± 0.009), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). The expression levels of PVT1 and miR-1207-5p in breast cancer cells after transfection PVT1 overexpression vector plasmid were significantly higher than those in breast cancer cells after transfection negative control plasmid and PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid (2.357 ± 0.271 vs. 1.000 ± 0.000 and 0.103 ± 0.021, 3.265±0.375 vs. 1.000 ± 0.000 and 0.265 ± 0.024), the indexes in breast cancer cells after transfection negative control plasmid were significantly higher than those in breast cancer cells after transfection PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The proliferation activity in breast cancer cells 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after transfected with PVT1 overexpression vector plasmid was significantly higher than that in breast cancer cells transfected with negative control plasmid and PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid, proliferation activity in breast cancer cells transfected with negative control plasmid was significantly higher than that in breast cancer cells transfected with PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The metastasis activity and invasion activity in breast cancer cells 24 h after transfected with PVT1 overexpression vector plasmid were significantly higher than those in breast cancer cells transfected with negative control plasmid and PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid, the metastasis activity in breast cancer cells transfected negative control plasmid was significantly higher than that in breast cancer cells transfected PVT1 silencing lentivirus plasmid, and there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The STAT6 and P21 mRNA in transfection miR-1207-5p overexpression group were significantly lower than those in transfection mimic group (0.476 ± 0.102 vs. 1.000 ± 0.000 and 0.429 ± 0.097 vs. 1.132 ± 0.236), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01); the STAT6 and P21 protein in miR-1207-5p overexpression group was significantly lower than that in mimic group (0.396 ± 0.104 vs. 1.062 ± 0.002 and 0.434 ± 0.067 vs. 1.141 ± 0.218), and there were statistical differences ( P<0.01). Conclusions:LncRNA PVT1 may be a regulated host gene of miR-1207-5p, which synergistically affects the proliferation, differentiation, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells through the regulation of target gene STAT6. Inhibiting the transcription of this gene may be a new research direction for breast cancer treatment.