Expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu in gallbladder carcinoma in North Indian population

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) although rare is most frequent malignant neoplasm of biliary tract system and sixth most common malignancy of digestive tract. GBC is more common in females and there are studies which show expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 neu (HER2/neu) in GBC suggesting possible molecules for targeted therapy, but results are inconsistent. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to find out expression of ER, PR, and HER2/neu in GBC in North Indian population and their possible association with clinicopathological features. Materials and Methods: A total 59 resected cases of GBC diagnosed by histopathological examination were included in the study. Expression of ER, PR, and HER2/neu was accessed by immunohistochemistry method and correlated with various clinicopathological features. Results: ER expression was absent in all GBC cases. PR expression was present in only one case. Positive expression of HER2/neu was present in 13 (22%) cases, in which 12 cases were of conventional adenocarcinoma and one case was of papillary adenocarcinoma. Well and moderately differentiated tumor had significantly higher HER2/neu expression as compared to poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.001). Pre-obese patients had significantly higher HER2/neu expression as compared to non-obese patients (P = 0.008). Conclusion: In our study, there was no expression of estrogen and PR in GBC in North Indian population. Although small in number, there is a subset of patients who overexpress HER2/neu receptor that may benefit from targeted therapy.

Expression of PGRMC1 in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and its molecular mechanism for regulating ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and glucolipid metabolism / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases in women with reproductive age, which is associated with hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and ovulatory dysfunction. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) can mediate progesterone to inhibit the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells and the growth of follicles, and to induce glucolipid metabolism disorder in ovarian granulosa cells, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of PCOS. This study aims to determine the expression of PGRMC1 in serum, ovarian tissue, ovarian granulosa cells, and follicular fluid in PCOS patients and non-PCOS patients, analyze the value of PGRMC1 in diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of PCOS, and investigate its molecular mechanism on ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and glucolipid metabolism.@*METHODS@#A total of 123 patients were collected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Guangdong Women and Children Hospital (hereinafter referred to as "our hospital") from August 2021 to March 2022 and divided into 3 groups: a PCOS pre-treatment group (n=42), a PCOS treatment group (n=36), and a control group (n=45). The level of PGRMC1 in serum was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic and prognostic value of PGRMC1 was evaluated in patients with PCOS by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Sixty patients who underwent a laparoscopic surgery from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2016 were collected and divided into a PCOS group and a control group (n=30). The expression and distribution of PGRMC1 protein in ovarian tissues were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Twenty-two patients were collected from Reproductive Medicine Center in our hospital from December 2020 to March 2021, and they divided into a PCOS group and a control group (n=11). ELISA was used to detect the level of PGRMC1 in follicular fluid; real-time RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of PGRMC1 mRNA in ovarian granulosa cells. Human ovarian granular cell line KGN cells were divided into a scrambled group which was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) without interference and a siPGRMC1 group which was transfected with specific siRNA targeting PGRMC1. The apoptotic rate of KGN cells was detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of PGRMC1, insulin receptor (INSR), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) were determined by real-time RT-PCR.@*RESULTS@#The serum level of PGRMC1 in the PCOS pre-treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.001), and the serum level of PGRMC1 in the PCOS treatment group was significantly lower than that in the PCOS pre-treatment group (P<0.001). The areas under curve (AUC) of PGRMC1 for the diagnosing and prognosis evaluation of PCOS were 0.923 and 0.893, respectively, and the cut-off values were 620.32 and 814.70 pg/mL, respectively. The positive staining was observed on both ovarian granulosa cells and ovarian stroma, which the staining was deepest in the ovarian granulosa cells. The average optical density of PGRMC1 in the PCOS group was significantly increased in ovarian tissue and ovarian granulosa cells than that in the control group (both P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the PGRMC1 expression levels in ovarian granulosa cells and follicular fluid in the PCOS group were significantly up-regulated (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Compared with the scrambled group, the apoptotic rate of ovarian granulosa cells was significantly increased in the siPGRMC1 group (P<0.01), the mRNA expression levels of PGRMC1 and INSR in the siPGRMC1 group were significantly down-regulated (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively), and the mRNA expression levels of GLUT4, VLDLR and LDLR were significantly up-regulated (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Serum level of PGRMC1 is increased in PCOS patients, and decreased after standard treatment. PGRMC1 could be used as molecular marker for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of PCOS. PGRMC1 mainly localizes in ovarian granulosa cells and might play a key role in regulating ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and glycolipid metabolism.

Correlation analysis of the expression of LACTB and GST-π in focal tissues of endometrialcarcinoma with their survival and estrogen and progesterone receptors / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of LACTB and GST-π in endometrial carcinoma and their correlation with estrogen and progesterone receptors.Methods:A total of 165 patients with endometrial cancer admitted to our hospital from Jan. 2015 to Oct. 2020 were selected to observe the expression of LACTB, GST-π, estrogen and progesterone receptors in patients with different tumor stages, degrees of differentiation, muscular infiltration, tissue type, tumor diameter and whether there was lymph node metastasis. The correlation between the expression of LACTB and GST-π and the expression of female and progesterone receptors and the survival of patients with different expressions of LACTB and GST-π were analyzed.Results:The LATCB positive rate decreased in patients with tumor stage III to IV, high differentiation, myometrial infiltration ≥1/2, tissue type I, tumor diameter <2 cm and no lymph node metastasis ( P<0.05), and the GST-π positive rate was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The positive rate of GST-π in patients with chemotherapy resistance was higher than that in patients with chemotherapy sensitivity, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The positive rate of estrogen receptor decreased in patients with tumor stage III to IV, high differentiation, tissue type II, no lymph node metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The positive rate of progesterone receptor decreased in patients with tumor stage III to IV, low differentiation, tissue type I and no lymph node metastasis, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). In this study, 110 patients with LACTB positive expression were detected, with an average LACTB positive staining intensity (25.92±4.77) %, and 99 patients with GST-π positive expression were detected, with an average GST-π positive staining intensity (27.46±4.83). A total of 50 patients with LACTB positive and GST-π negative had an average survival time of (41.48±5.52) months, a total of 39 patients with LACTB negative and GST-π positive had an average survival time of (21.25±3.15) months, and a total of 60 patients with LACTB positive and GST-π positive had an average survival time of (21.25±3.15) months. The mean survival time of 16 patients with both LACTB negative and GST-π negative was 29.31±3.77 months. The mean survival time was 31.54±4.61 months. Pearson correlation test showed that the staining intensity of LACTB positive staining was positively correlated with the survival time of patients. The positive staining intensity of GST-π was negatively correlated with survival (correlation coefficient =0.392, -0.284, P<0.01). Pearson correlation analysis showed that LACTB was positively correlated with estrogen and progesterone receptors. GST-π was negatively correlated with estrogen receptor ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The expression of LACTB in patients with endometrial cancer is associated with the disease of the patients. The survival of patients with high expression is longer. The expression of GST-π is associated with the chemotherapy resistance of patients, both of which can be used as indicators to evaluate the prognosis of patients. Moreover, the expressions of LACTB and GST-π are correlated with the expression of female and progesterone receptors, which may be regulated by the expression of female and progesterone receptors.

Correlation between progesterone receptor G1978T polymorphism and endometrial cancer / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

To explore the relationship between progesterone receptor (PGR) gene G1978T polymorphism and endometrial carcinoma. METHODS: After searching PubMed, EMBASE, Wan-fang and CNKI databases for literatures on PGR G1978T genotyping of endometrial cancer patients, the data were extracted and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using STATA15. The whole blood samples of endometrial carcinoma cases (EC group) and normal women (control group) were collected. Allelic-specific primers matching G1978T wild type G allele and mutant type T allele were designed with 3' terminal phosphorothioate modification, and the two-directional primer extension was performed using Exo + polymerase to genotype PGR gene G1978T polymorphism and Sanger sequencing was used to verify the genotype. RESULTS: PGR gene G1978T mutation was marginally associated with endometrial carcinoma risk (ORper allele =1.10, 95%CI=0.98-1.24, P= 0.072). At the same time, only 1 normal blood samples were found with PGR gene G1978T mutation, and the differences in genotypes and allele frequency between the case group and the control group were not statistically significantP>0.05. CONCLUSION: The G1978T polymorphism of the PGR gene maybe not be associated with the risk of endometrial carcinoma.

Progestinas y cáncer de mama en terapia de reemplazo hormonal: cómo actúan y qué alternativas son más seguras / Progestins and breast cancer in hormone replacement therapy: how do they work, and what alternatives are safer

En algunos estudios se ha asociado a la terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) con estrógenos y progestinas a un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama que la terapia con estrógenos solos. Sin embargo, dependiendo de su naturaleza algunas progestinas serían más seguras que otras. Se buscaron y analizaron artículos atingentes al tema en las bases de datos Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO y Cochrane, introduciendo los siguientes términos: terapia de reemplazo hormonal y cáncer de mama, progestinas y cáncer de mama, receptor de progesterona. Específicamente se ha asociado a las progestinas sintéticas acetato de medroxiprogesterona, noretisterona y levonorgestrel con un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama, no así a la progesterona natural, a la progesterona oral micronizada ni a la didrogesterona. La progesterona natural, progesterona micronizada y didrogesterona serían más seguras en TRH para evitar el desarrollo de cáncer de mama, lo que estaría dado por la mayor especificidad en su acción.

In some studies, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogens and progestins has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer than therapy with estrogens alone. However, depending on their nature, some progestins may be safer than others. This article analyzes the mode of action of progesterone in breast tissue and also the role of some progestins in the development of this pathology. Articles related to the subject were searched for and analyzed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO and Cochrane databases, introducing the following terms: hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer, progestins and breast cancer, progesterone receptor. Specifically, synthetic progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone, and levonorgestrel have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not natural progesterone, micronized oral progesterone, or dydrogesterone. Natural progesterone, micronized progesterone and dydrogesterone would be safer in HRT to prevent the development of breast cancer, which would be due to the greater specificity of their action.

Correlation of expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu receptor status with clinico- pathological parameters in breast carcinoma

Background: Breast carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of carcinoma death in women, worldwide. The immunohistochemical classification provides both therapeutic and prognostic information. The objective of present study was to know the association of molecular classification with clinicopathological parameters for prognostic significance in breast cancer. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective cum prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology for a period of 2 years. Total 156 patients were included in this study, few patients presenting with palpable breast lump undergoing mastectomy whose clinical symptoms were suggestive of breast cancer, patients having recurrence undergoing further treatment and some of the slides were submitted to the department for second opinion were included. Results: In the present study, 156 cases were included. Out of 156, infiltrating ductal carcinoma were 143 and other variants were 13. The age range of occurrence of carcinoma breast was between 26 years to 76 years. The mean age was 53.2 years. Out of 143 cases, 91 cases (63.63%) were seen in perimenopausal and menopausal age group with 52 of cases (36.37%) occurred below 45 years of age and the youngest being 26 years. Conclusion: ER and PR positive expression was seen in grade 1 tumors and negative expression was seen with tumor size more than 2cm, positive lymph nodes and higher stage of disease. HER2/neu negative expression was seen in the post-menopausal age group, tumor size more than 2 cm, positive lymph nodes and higher stage of disease indicating bad prognosis. HER2/neu expression was inversely related to ER and PR expression. HER2/neu expression was seen in 50% of medullary carcinoma which is rare. Triple negative cases were seen in 54.8% cases of infiltrating duct cell carcinoma indicating bad prognosis

Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on breast invasive ductal carcinoma and changes of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and Ki67 in tissues / 中国综合临床

Objective:To observe the clinical effect on patients of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast by neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and to analyze the changes of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) and Ki67 in neoplasm.Methods:A total of 83 patients which were treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast invasive ductal carcinoma diagnosed were selected in North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hopital from January 2014 to December 2020. There were 30 cases of Luminal type A, 31 cases of Luminal type B, 10 cases of HER-2 positive type and 12 cases of triple negative type. To observe the clinical effect of different molecular subtypes, detect the expression of Er, PR, HER-2 and Ki67 in pathological tissues before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and conduct a retrospective case-control study. Comparison between the two groups use χ2 test, matched χ2 and accurate probability method. Results:Fifty-eight cases were clinically effective, the total effective rate was 69.8% (58/83), and 9 cases were pathological complete response (pCR), accounting for 10.8% (9/83). After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the highest clinical efficacy was luminal type B in 26 cases, and the highest PCR was triple negative type in 3 cases. The pathological results showed that the expression of ER (6 cases of positive expression were increased, χ2=1.03, P=0.310), PR (8 cases of positive expression were increased, χ2=1.56, P=0.210) and HER-2 (2 cases of positive expression were decreased, χ2=0.10, P=0.748) was not different before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The expression of Ki67 was decreased in 25 cases (30.1%) after chemotherapy compared with 59 cases (71.1%) before chemotherapy (34 cases of positive expression were decreased, χ2=27.85, P<0.001). Five cases were added among Luminal type A after chemotherapy, all of which were transformed from Luminal type B, but the kappa value was 0.919 (>0.75), the consistency rate was 91.9%. The consistency was idea before and after chemotherapy. Five cases were added after Luminal type A chemotherapy, all of which were transformed from Luminal type B, but the kappa value was 0.919 ( P>0.75), and the consistency rate was 91.9%,The consistency before and after chemotherapy was good. After chemotherapy, HER-2 expression remained unchanged in 59 cases (clinically effective in 48 cases), up-regulated in 9 cases (clinically effective in 4 cases) and down regulated in 15 cases (clinically effective in 6 cases)( χ2=12.82, P=0.002). Ki67 expression remained unchanged in 35 cases (20 cases were clinically effective), up-regulated in 7 cases (2 cases were clinically effective) and down regulated in 41 cases (36 cases were clinically effective)( χ2=14.63, P=0.001). Conclusion:The clinical effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of breast invasive ductal carcinoma is ideal. The clinical effective rate of Luminal B type is the highest, and the pCR rate of triple negative type is the highest.And it can significantly reduce the expression of Ki67. The down-regulation of HER-2 and Ki67 is significant for clinical efficiency.

Evaluation of progesterone receptor expression in low- and high-grade astrocytomas

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Gliomas are tumors originating from glial cells. Gliomas are the most common primary neoplasms of the central nervous system, with astrocytomas being the most prevalent glioma subtype. Progesterone regulates several reproductive processes, such as ovulation and sexual behavior, and influences neuronal excitability, learning, and the neoplastic proliferation of glial cells. Progesterone functions mainly by interacting with intracellular progesterone receptors to modify the expression of the genes involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and epidermal growth factor production. As not many studies on the hormone receptors in glial tumors have been reported, the objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of these proteins in astrocytomas and to determine whether their expression levels vary according to the tumor grade. METHODS: This was a retrospective study using glial tumor paraffin blocks obtained from the São Marcos Hospital Pathology Department archives. Forty cases were divided equally into two groups, based on histological types and the World Health Organization criteria (low- and high-grade tumors). Progesterone receptor expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient; results with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the mean nuclear progesterone receptor expression of low-grade (0.1495) and high-grade (0.0937) astrocytomas (p=0.2). CONCLUSION: Progesterone receptors are present in both low- and high-grade gliomas; however, there is no significant difference in the levels of progesterone receptor expression between the tumor grades.

Rol del receptor de progesterona como factor pronóstico de recidiva en cáncer de mama / Role of the progesterone receptor as a pronostic factor for breast cáncer recurrence

Introducción: las pacientes con cáncer de mama con receptores hormonales positivos mantienen una tasa de recurrencia significativa durante el seguimiento prolongado. La predicción del patrón de recurrencia puede ayudar en el desarrollo de estrategias específicas de vigilancia y tratamiento en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Material y método: estudio analítico observacional, de cohorte retrospectivo en el cual se analizaron los datos de 203 pacientes del Hospital J. M. Penna en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2005 y enero 2015. Objetivo: el objetivo principal de este trabajo es evaluar la asociación que existe entre los receptores de progesterona (RP) negativos (0%) con probabilidad de recaída local y a distancia luego del tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Resultados: las pacientes con RP negativo mostraron mayor edad que las pacientes con RP positivo (61,24+/-12,4 años vs 57+/-13.7; p=0,0480), menor porcentaje de pacientes premopáusicas (17,54% vs 35,62%; p=0,012); y también una mayor tendencia de compromiso ganglionar axilar (36,9% vs 26,,5%; p=0,098). En el análisis multivariado no se observó que el estatus negativo en los RP sea un factor de riesgo independiente para recidiva local (OR=1,28; IC95%=0,44-3,68), recidiva en forma independiente menor SLE (OR=1,18, IC95%0,52-2,64). Conclusiones: en esta población no se logró demostrar asociación significativa independiente de otros factores entre el estatus negativo de los RP y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad en las pacientes operadas de cáncer de mama. El análisis de los resultados nos demuestra la necesidad de realizar nuevos estudios, con un mayor número de pacientes y mayor tiempo de seguimiento, para dilucidar el real papel del RP

Introduction: patients with breast cancer with positive hormone receptors maintain a significant recurrence rate during prolonged follow-up. Predicting the pattern of recurrence can aid in the development of specific surveillance and treatment strategies in patients with breast cancer. Material and method: observational, retrospective cohort analytic study that analyzed the data of 2003 patients of Hospital José María Penna between january 2005 and january 2015. Objetive: the main objetive of this stydy is to evaluate the correlation that exists between negative (0%) progesterone receptors (PR) and the likelihood of local and distant relapse after treatment of breast cancer. Results: patients with negative PR showed greater age than patients with positive PR (61.24+/-12.4 years old vs 57+/-13.7; p=0,048), lower percentage of postmenopausal patients (17.54% vs 35.62&; p=0.012), and also a greater tendency of axillary lymph node involvement (36.9% vs 26.5%; p=0.098). In the multivariate analysis it was not observed that the negative status in the PR is an independent risk factor for local recurrence (OR 1.28; CI95% 0.44 - 3.68), distant recurrence (OR 1.33; CI95% 0.55 - 3.21), or a factor that conditions independently lower DFS (OR 1.18; CI95% 0.52 - 2.64). Conclusions: in this population it was not possible to demonstrate significant correlation independent of other factors between the negative status of PR and the disease-free survival in patients who underwent surgery for breast cancer. The analysis of the results shows the need to carry out new studies, with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up time, to understand the real role PR plays.

Clinicopathological characterization and correlation of breast tumour with receptor status

Background: Malignancy of breast is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Molecular organisation of breast cancer is considered as better predictive factor for diagnosis and treatment. The present study was done with the aim to find out clinicopathological characterization and correlation of breast tumor with receptor status progesterone (PR), estrogen (ER) and human epidermal receptor protein-2/neu status (HER-2/neu).Methods: This was a prospective study done on 50 patients with breast carcinoma. The expression patterns of PR, ER and HER-2/NEU were studied. Clinical features, pathologic features such as age of the patient, tumour size, grade, and lymph node status and their correlation with receptors were compared.Results: Of the 50 patients, ER positivity was seen in 42% cases, PR positivity in 32% and HER-2/neu (3+) in 30% cases. Majority of grade I tumors were ER and PR positive and majority of grade III tumors were triple negative. Triple negative profile was seen in secretory carcinoma. ER, PR and HER2 status was not significantly associated with age of the patients and tumour size. The immunohistochemical types ER/PR +ve Her2neu +ve and ER/PR -ve Her2neu -ve are significantly related to grading of tumours.Conclusions: From the results, it was concluded that ER, PR and HER-2 status correlates well with histopathological grading. These results highlight the fact that molecular subtypes correlate with diagnosis and aid in targeted therapy.

Study of epidemiological aspects and hormone receptor status of meningiomas

Background: Meningiomas account for about a third of all central nervous system tumours worldwide. Though very common, quite less is known about its epidemiology. This study aims to establish the epidemiological parameters and hormone receptor status (Progesterone Receptor-PR) involved in the development of Meningiomas.Methods: This observational study included 50 patients. Epidemiological parameters studied included age, sex, symptoms, history of hormone intake, smoking, recurrence, family history, history of other hormone related tumours and radiological assessment of tumour site. Surgical samples were grossed and typed according to the WHO standards. Immunohistochemical staining was done using PR to establish the role of hormonal receptors in the development of meningiomas.Results: The mean age was 46.84±13.54 years. The ratio of male and female (Male:Female) was 1.0:2.3. 48.5% of females had history of hormonal pill intake and 28.6% had hormone related tumours, of which fibroid was most common. Amongst the sites involved cerebral convexity was most common (56%). Chi-square (χ2) test showed that there was a significant association between histological grade and PR expression of the patients (p=0.0002).Conclusions: Positivity for hormone receptors like PR, increased intake of hormonal pills by females and association of meningioma with hormone related tumours indicates that hormonal milieu plays a significant role in the growth of meningiomasχχ. This could thus provide an insight to the pathogenesis of meningiomas. In addition, mifepristone, an anti-progestin could be a player in the medical management of meningiomas.

Metabolomic study and in silico approach of DLBS1442 as progesterone receptor agonist

Endometriosis prevalence has been known to be quite high among women of reproductive age and with pelvic painand/or infertility. The reason is that the estrogen level in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis ishigher than in normal endometrium which may possibly be caused by the lack of interaction between progesteroneand progesterone receptor (PR). Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences (DLBS) has developed DLBS1442,a bioactive fraction from Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl fruit, which has been found to be potential to treatsymptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and alleviate endometriosis. Therefore, the identification of DLBS1442 activecompounds which act as a PR agonist was necessary. Identification was performed using metabolomics study whichresulted in 14 compounds. Crystal structure of the PR with asoprisnil as the reference was obtained from PDB (4A2J).Virtual screening validation process was performed using Protein-Ligand ANT System (PLANTS) and Pythonbased Protein-Ligand Interaction Fingerprinting (PyPLIF). According to the virtual screening protocol validation,the highest Enrichment Factor (EF) 1% value was obtained with hydrogen interaction with GLN725 and ARG766residue. Virtual screening of the DLBS1442 metabolomics study showed that only glyceryl pentacosanoate exhibited alower Chem Piecewise Linear Potential (ChemPLP) than the cutoff. This compound might have a role as a PR agonistwhich supported the previous findings of DLBS1442 to alleviate endometriosis. However, this finding requires furtherin vitro and/or in vivo study to ensure the agonist activity of glyceryl pentacosanoate as a DLBS1442 active compound.

Evaluation of Role of Tru-Cut Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Clinically Palpable Breast Lumps

Many diseases affect the breast that range from inflammatory conditions, benign lesions to malignant lesions, most of which present as lumps in the breast. Breast lumps are one of the frequent complaints that we come across in surgical OPDs. Breast lumps not only create apprehension but also can cause unacceptable pain and impairment if they are found to be malignant. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC), Tru-Cut biopsy, incision biopsy and excision biopsy are the pathological investigations available for the diagnosis of breast lesions. This study is done to evaluate the role of Tru-Cut biopsy in diagnosing the breast lesions and compare it with FNAC and histopathology.METHODSThis prospective study is conducted in the Department of General Surgery at a tertiary care centre from September 2015 to November 2016 among patients attending surgical OPD and admitted in general surgical wards with clinically palpable breast lumps.RESULTSThe sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC were 86.36%, 93.75%, 90.47%, 90.90% and 90.74 % respectively. For Tru-Cut biopsy the values were 95.45%, 100%, 100%, 96.96 % and 98.14 % respectively.CONCLUSIONSTru-Cut biopsy has better efficacy over FNAC in our study. The superiority of Tru-Cut biopsy is particularly seen in Sclerosing, papillary, fibro-epithelial lesions and malignancies with inconclusive and suspicious FNAC results.

Immunoexpression of estrogen receptor-? and progesterone receptor in prostate adenocarcinoma, does it inhibit neoplastic proliferation and invasion?

Context: The roles of estrogen and progesterone in human prostate carcinogenesis have been only recently recognized. Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the expressions of esterone receptor-beta (ER-?), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 in benign and malignant lesions of the prostate. Settings and Design: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. It was an analytical cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: We selected a total of 39 cases including 26 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia and 13 cases of adenocarcinoma prostate. The proportion of cases showing expression for ER-?, PR, and Ki-67 was noted for both groups. A difference in immunoexpression between benign and malignant cases was evaluated. Association between receptor expression and Gleason grade was evaluated for malignant cases. Statistical Analysis Used: To compare the difference in expressions of ER-?, PR, and Ki-67 Mann–Whitney U test was used. Association between ER-?, PR, and Ki-67 expression and Gleason grade was analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: ER-? expression was seen in all benign and malignant cases, whereas the majority of the malignant cases (61.54%) were negative for progesterone expression. Epithelial expressions of ER-? and PR were significantly higher in benign as compared with malignant lesions. Malignant cases showed a significantly higher expression of Ki-67. However, we did not find any association between the expressions of these markers with Gleason grade. Conclusions: The expressions of ER-? and PR were significantly higher in the epithelium in benign cases as compared with malignant cases. Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in the malignant group as compared with the benign group.

Survey of low ER-positive expression and its correlation with other clinical and pathological factors in breast cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Owning to the prominent role of biomarkers in molecular classification of breast cancer in recent years, evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2/neu seems to be required for prognosis and treatment of patients. Material and Methods: One-hundred twenty two patients with primary breast carcinoma were selected and immunohistochemistry staining for ER, PR, and Her2/neu were performed on representative paraffin blocks. ER level can be semi-quantified by immunohistochemistry using the H-score. The score, given as the sum of the percent of tumor cells staining multiplied by the intensity level, ranges from 0 to 300 as low, intermediate, and high grades. The statistical association of ER expression with the level of PR and Her2/neu, tumor size, necrosis, microscopic grade, vascular invasion, and lymph node involvement were analyzed using SPSS16 software. Results: Results showed that among 122 studied patients, 44.3% were in the low ER-positive group where most of these cases (22.1%) were Her2/neu negative. Although there was a reciprocal interplay between the expression of ER and Her2/neu, increased expression of ER had a direct relation with PR level. However, there was no statistical relation between ER level with age, tumor size, necrosis, microscopic grade, vascular invasion, and lymph node involvement. Discussion: The study clearly indicated that low ER group encompasses the high frequency of breast cancer patients. Furthermore, the most cases of low ER patients were in Her2/neu negative group.

Primary solitary fibrous tumour of the prostate: A case report and literature review

@#Introduction: Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is a rare mesenchymal tumour with intermediate malignant potential. Although this tumour arises in several sites, prostatic SFT is an extremely rare neoplasm and may prove confusing owing to the lack of clinical experience because of tumour rarity. The diagnosis may be further difficult because SFTs can manifest positive immunoreactivity for CD34 and progesterone receptor, which are known markers of prostatic stromal tumours. Herein, we describe a case of prostatic SFT that was difficult to differentiate from a prostatic stromal tumour of uncertain malignant potential because of positive immunoreactivity to CD34 and progesterone receptor. Case Report: A 40-year-old Japanese man presented with lower abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed a prostatic mass; furthermore, prostate core needle biopsy revealed proliferating bland spindle cells, without necrosis or prominent mitoses. Tumour cells were positive for CD34 and progesterone receptor on immunohistochemical analysis; thus, a prostatic stromal tumour of uncertain malignant potential was initially suspected. However, as the tumour cells showed positive immunoreactivity for STAT6, the final diagnosis was an SFT of the prostate. The patient underwent tumour resection, and at the 6-month postoperative follow-up, neither local recurrence nor distant metastasis occurred. Conclusion: For an accurate diagnosis of an SFT of the prostate, STAT6 immunohistochemistry should be conducted for all mesenchymal tumours of the prostate. When STAT6 immunohistochemical analysis is unfeasible, pathologists should be aware that the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of SFT variable from case to case and diagnose with combined analysis of several immunohistochemical markers.

Establishment of a prognostic scoring model for the breast cancer patients with spinal metastasis / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To explore the prognostic factors for the breast cancer patients with spinal metastasis, and establish a prognostic scoring model. Methods: A total of 160 breast cancer patients with spinal metastasis in Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2008 to January 2016 were retrospectively identified. The clinical characteristics and prognosis were analyzed by univariate and multivariate survival analysis to explore the prognostic factors. And then a prognostic scoring model was developed according to the regression coefficient for each independent prognostic factor. Results: The 160 breast cancer patients with spinal metastasis whose average age was 56.8 years (range 22-82 years) were identified, and the median follow-up was 40 (24, 55) months. The multivariate Cox analysis showed that the patients' general condition, hormone receptor expression, visceral metastasis, and serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) level significantly influenced survival (P<0.05). According to the regression coefficients, a survival prediction scoring model comprising these factors was established, which ranged from 0 to 6 points. Three risk groups with different prognoses were identified : low risk group (0-1 point), intermediate risk group (2-4 points), and high risk group (5-6 points). Conclusion: The general condition, hormone receptor expression, visceral metastasis, and serum CA125 level were independent prognostic factors for the breast cancer patients with spinal metastasis. And the prognostic scoring model comprising these four clinical factors can effectively predict the patients' prognoses.

Outcomes of Breast Cancer Receptor Testing at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation from December 2016 to December 2018

Objectives:To review the outcomes of oestrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer patients at GPHC over a 2 year period from December 2016-December 2018.Hypothesis:There is a higher incidence triple negative(ER (-), PR (-), HER2 (-)) breast cancer among patients in Guyana when compared to the Caribbean.Secondary Objectives:To identify the patients who had hormone receptor testing done at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation (GPHC).To specify the current trends of ER, PR and HER2 in patients at GPHC from December 2016-December 2018.To enumerate the percentage of BC diagnosed in the patients under 40 years.Design and Methods:Retrospective cohort study of 90 BC patients with known receptor status from December 2016-Dcember 2018.Results:In this study of 90 patients 46% of the patients are triple negative BC, while 38% are hormone receptor positive. Of least frequency are the triple positive BC representing 3%.The persons 40years and under represent 16% of the population. Conclusion: There in a high percentage of breast cancer in patients under 40 years representing 16% of the study population.There is a higher percentage of triple negative or non-hormonal receptive breast cancerat GPHC of approximately 46% which supersedes 20% when compared to the Caribbean population.Recommendations: Further study is needed, with screening and development of protocols. Breast receptor testing in all patients need to routinely done and a formal cancer registry and Digital database established.

The Predictive and Prognostic behavior of Breast Cancer by NACT in Relation to Tumor Grade, ER/PR and Her- 2/neu Expression- Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India

Introduction: Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) isconsidered as initial management of all patients with locallyadvanced breast cancers and followed by surgery. NACTenables reduction of breast tumor size- thereby prolongingsurvival and altered the expression of steroid receptor (ER/PR)and Her-2/NEU in the cancer cells. Our aims and objectivewas to look into the association of patient age, tumor grade,expression status of ER/ PR / Her-2/neu receptor status beforeand after NACT in Indian women patients.Material and methods: The study was conducted over aperiod of 4 years. Hormone receptor and Her-2/neu status wasdetermined by IHC over 412 samples. The patients receivingNACT and having both core needle biopsy and surgery(MRM) are considered as NACT group. The other group didnot receive NACT but have core needle biopsy and surgeryare taken as non NACT group. The discordance was comparedbetween these two groups.Results: Patients of more than 40years of age hadpredominantly favorable hormone receptor status expression.In the NACT group favorable receptor status was 60.35%and discordance was higher in ER, PR and HER- 2/neu incomparison to non-NACT group.Conclusions: Significant alteration of hormone receptorsand Her-2/neu expression was found in biopsy of the patientsreceiving NACT. So reevaluation of the hormonal status andHer 2 neu receptor in residual invasive carcinoma may beconsidered as it has advantage on chemotherapy after finalsurgery.

p16 promoter methylation, expression, and its association with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 subtype of breast carcinoma

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate p16 protein expression and promoter methylation of p16 gene and their association with molecular subtypes based on parameter such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Materials and Methods: A total of 114 breast cancer tissue biopsies were collected for methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Results: Seven tissue microarrays were constructed. p16 protein expression was studied in 114 cases, of which 35/114 (30.7%) cases showed strong expression and the majority of them had ER-positive tumor (57.6%), and it was statistically significant (P < 0.0074). Similarly, p16 expression was reduced in the majority of PR-negative tumors (83.9%) and the association was statistically significant (P = 0.0026). p16 methylation was studied in 114 cases and was positive in 71.0% cases. Conclusion: High p16 protein expression was associated with ER-positive, PR-negative, and HER2-negative tumors which is associated with poor prognosis. p16 protein expression may be used as a prognostic indicator to predict treatment response to hormonal therapy.