Programa de controle do tabagismo em Mato Grosso do Sul: oferta, adesão e efetividade / Smoking control program in Mato Grosso do Sul: offer, adherence and effectiveness / Programa de control del tabaquismo en Mato Grosso do Sul: oferta, adherencia y efectividad

Objetivo: O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o Programa Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo (PNCT) em Mato Grosso do Sul, taxas de cobertura, abandono, cessação, uso de medicamentos, rede de serviços de saúde e as razões pelas quais algumas Equipes de Saúde da Família de Campo Grande ainda não aderiram ao programa. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, baseada em dados primários e secundários sobre o PNCT em Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados primários foram obtidos por meio de questionário aplicado aos profissionais das Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF) de Campo Grande, sem oferta do programa e avaliados quanto à frequência e presença de correlação entre as variáveis analisadas utilizando V de Cramer e teste de χ2. Os dados secundários foram obtidos do consolidado do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva com os registros produzidos pelos serviços. Resultados: As taxas de adesão, efetividade e apoio farmacológico na capital e interior foram: 66,80 e 59,79%; 20,58 e 34,91%; 32,14 e 99,86%, respectivamente. A oferta do programa ocorreu em 49,37% municípios e 43,85% das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) estimadas. Houve correlações entre ser capacitado e implantar o programa; treinamento de ingresso e oferta na UBS. As dificuldades relatadas pelos profissionais foram a pandemia de COVID-19, a sobrecarga e/ou equipe pequena e/ou falta de tempo e a ausência de capacitação/treinamento. Conclusões: O PNCT em Mato Grosso do Sul apresenta baixa cobertura e oferta restrita na rede de saúde, além do desempenho mediano de assistência aos tabagistas. Evidencia-se a necessidade de investimento em capacitação/treinamento, prioritariamente para as ESF de Campo Grande, dando-lhes condições de responder às necessidades de promoção da saúde, reconhecendo o programa como de maior custo-efetividade.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the National Tobacco Control Program (PNCT) in Mato Grosso do Sul, coverage rates, dropout, cessation, use of medication, the health services network and the reasons why Family Health Teams in Campo Grande have not yet joined the program. Methods: This was a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, based on primary and secondary data on the PNCT in Mato Grosso do Sul. The primary data were obtained by means of a questionnaire administered to Family Health Teams (ESF) in Campo Grande, which did not offer the program and evaluated the frequency and presence of correlation between the variables analyzed using Cramer's V test and the χ2 test. The secondary data were obtained from the consolidated records of the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute with the records produced by the services. Results: The rates of adherence, effectiveness and pharmacological support in the capital and interior were: 66.80 and 59.79%; 20.58 and 34.91%; and 32.14 and 99.86%, respectively. The program was offered in 49.37% of the municipalities and 43.85% of the Basic Health Units (UBS) estimated. There were correlations between being trained and implementing the program and entry training and provision in the UBS. The difficulties reported by professionals were the COVID-19 pandemic, overload and/or a small team and/or lack of time and the absence of training. Conclusions: The PNCT in Mato Grosso do Sul has low coverage and restricted supply in the health network, in addition to average performance in assisting smokers. There is a clear need to invest in capacitation/training, primarily for the ESF in Campo Grande, enabling them to respond to the needs of health promotion, recognizing the program as more cost-effective.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el Programa Nacional de Control del Tabaco (PNCT) en Mato Grosso do Sul, las tasas de cobertura, el abandono, la cesación, el uso de medicamentos, la red de servicios de salud y las razones por las que los Equipos de Salud de la Familia en Campo Grande aún no se han unido al programa. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo, basado en datos primarios y secundarios sobre el PNCT en Mato Grosso do Sul. Los datos primarios se obtuvieron por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a los Equipos de Salud de la Familia (ESF) de Campo Grande, que no ofrecían el programa y evaluaron la frecuencia y la presencia de correlación entre las variables analizadas utilizando la V de Cramer y la prueba de la χ2. Los datos secundarios se obtuvieron de los registros consolidados del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva con los registros producidos por los servicios. Resultados: Las tasas de adherencia, eficacia y apoyo farmacológico en la capital y en el interior fueron: 66,80 y 59,79%; 20,58 y 34,91%; 32,14 y 99,86%, respectivamente. El programa fue ofrecido en el 49,37% de los municipios y en el 43,85% de las Unidades Básicas de Salud (UBS) estimadas. Hubo correlación entre estar capacitado e implementar el programa; capacitación de entrada y oferta en las UBS. Las dificultades relatadas por los profesionales fueron la pandemia del COVID-19, la sobrecarga y/o un equipo pequeño y/o la falta de tiempo y la ausencia de capacitación. Conclusiones: El PNCT en Mato Grosso do Sul tiene baja cobertura y oferta restringida en la red de salud, además de un desempeño medio en la asistencia a los fumadores. Hay una clara necesidad de invertir en la creación de capacidad / formación, principalmente para la ESF en Campo Grande, lo que les permite responder a las necesidades de promoción de la salud, reconociendo el programa como más rentable.

Caracterización del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento st en pacientes atendidos en un centro de referencia. Periodo 2021-2023

Introducción: el riesgo de aparición del infarto agudo de miocardio está relacionada con varias comorbilidades, muchas de las cuales son prevenibles y tratables. El infarto agudo de miocardio tiene un impacto relevante en términos de mortalidad y número de hospitalizaciones. Objetivos: determinar las características clínica-epidemiológicas del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en pacientes atendidos en el Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo 2021-2023. Metodología: el diseño del estudio fue observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, sobre las características clínica-epidemiológicas del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en pacientes mayores de edad atendidos en el Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional, durante el periodo 2021-2023. Resultados: se analizaron 102 expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST con una media de 64 ± 12 años; el 68 % (n = 69) correspondió al sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 62 años, y en relación a las mujeres el promedio fue de 64 años. El motivo de consulta principal fue el dolor precordial y la cara miocárdica más afectada de acuerdo con el electrocardiograma inicial fue la cara anteroseptal. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 16 %, el 68 % correspondió a varones. La comorbilidad más frecuente fue la hipertensión arterial. Conclusión: La hipertensión arterial es la patología más prevalente. Asimismo, son habituales la obesidad, el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus. Las comorbilidades están en relación directa con la edad y prevalecen en mayores de 60 años. El infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST es más frecuente en el sexo masculino.

Introduction: the risk of acute myocardial infarction is related to several comorbidities, many of which are preventable and treatable. Acute myocardial infarction has a relevant impact in terms of mortality and number of hospitalizations. Objectives: the design of the study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, on the clinical characteristics of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, in adult patients treated at the Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional, during the period 2021-2023. Methodology: the design of the study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, on the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation in adult patients treated at the National Medical Center-National Hospital, during the period 2021-2023. Results: 102 records of patients with a diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with a mean age of 64 ± 12 years were analyzed; 68 % (n = 69) were male, with an average age of 62 years, and in relation to women the average was 64 years. The main reason for consultation was precordial pain and the most affected myocardial aspect according to the initial electrocardiogram was the anteroseptal aspect. In-hospital mortality was 16 %, 68 % of which were men. The most frequent comorbidity was arterial hypertension. Conclusion: high blood pressure is the most prevalent pathology. Likewise, obesity, smoking and diabetes mellitus are common. Comorbidities are directly related to age and prevail in those over 60 years of age. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is more common in males.

Smoking characteristics and years since quitting smoking of US adults diagnosed with lung and bladder cancer: A national health and nutrition examination survey analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose: Smoking is a recognized risk factor for bladder BC and lung cancer LC. We investigated the enduring risk of BC after smoking cessation using U.S. national survey data. Our analysis focused on comparing characteristics of LC and BC patients, emphasizing smoking status and the latency period from smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis in former smokers. Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the National Health and Examination Survey (2003-2016), identifying adults with LC or BC history. Smoking status (never, active, former) and the interval between quitting smoking and cancer diagnosis for former smokers were assessed. We reported descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and median with interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables. Results: Among LC patients, 8.9% never smoked, 18.9% active smokers, and 72.2% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 8 years (IQR 2-12) between quitting and LC diagnosis, with 88.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. For BC patients, 26.8% never smoked, 22.4% were active smokers, and 50.8% former smokers. Former smokers had a median interval of 21 years (IQR 14-33) between quitting and BC diagnosis, with 49.3% quitting within 0-19 years before diagnosis. Conclusions: BC patients exhibit a prolonged latency period between smoking cessation and cancer diagnosis compared to LC patients. Despite smoking status evaluation in microhematuria, current risk stratification models for urothelial cancer do not incorporate it. Our findings emphasize the significance of long-term post-smoking cessation surveillance and advocate for integrating smoking history into future risk stratification guidelines.

Influência da exposição ambiental na percepção do estado de saúde de indivíduos de cinco países latino-americanos / Effect of environmental exposure on the perceived health status of individuals from five Latin American countries

OBJETIVO: A relação entre exposição ambiental e risco à saúde é amplamente reconhecida e a avaliamos em cinco países da América Latina com condições culturais distintas, mas com Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano semelhantes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 3.016 indivíduos (18 a 75 anos) oriundos de: Argentina (n = 878), Brasil (n = 1.030), México (n = 272), Paraguai (n = 508) e Peru (n = 328). A seleção foi aleatória e todos responderam questionário padronizado (fatores sociodemográficos, fatores ambientais e hábitos de vida) derivado do Clinical Screening Tool for Air Pollution Risk. Segundo o estado atual de saúde, foram categorizados em: saúde regular/má/péssima ou excelente/boa. Tendo-a como desfecho, realizou-se análise multivariada.Os dados foram apresentados como razão de verossimilhança (RV) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%), tendo-se 5% o nível de significância. RESULTADOS: Foram significantemente associados a pior percepção de situação de saúde: morar em qualquer um dos países, ter umidade na residência (OR = 1,68; IC 95%: 1,33-2,12), dirigir automóvel com janelas abertas (OR = 1,31; IC 95%: 1,03-1,65), ter baixa renda familiar (OR = 1,59; IC 95%: 1,26-2,01), nível educacional incompleto (OR = 1,54; IC 95%: 1,22-1,94), histórico pessoal/familiar de hipertensão arterial (OR = 2,25; IC 95%: 01,64-3,09), doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica/asma (OR = 1,74; IC 95%: 1,28-2,36), diabete melito (OR = 3,74; IC 95%: 2,23-6,29), obesidade (OR = 1,84; IC 95%: 1,84-3,19) ou comorbidades oftalmológicas (OR = 1,89; IC 95%: 1,55-2,30); realizar exercícios ao ar livre (OR = 1,60; IC 95%: 1,31-1,96). CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das diferentes exposições a que foram submetidos, alguns fatores permanecem muito significativos, e ter baixa renda familiar, expor-se à poluição e ter antecedentes de doenças crônicas foram associados à percepção de condição ruim de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between environmental exposure and health outcomes is well known.We investigated this relationship in five Latin American countries with different cultural backgrounds but similar Human Development Indexes. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 3,016 individuals (18 to 75 years old) from Argentina (n=878), Brazil (n=1030), Mexico (n=272), Paraguay (n=508), and Peru (n=328). Participants were randomly selected and responded to a standardized questionnaire (including sociodemographic and environmental factors and lifestyle habits) derived from a clinical screening tool for air pollution risk. Based on their current health status, participants were categorized as having regular/bad/very bad or excellent/good health. Multivariate analysis was conducted, and data were presented as likelihood ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Living in any of the study countries; indoor humidity (OR=1.68; 95%CI: 1.33-2.12); driving with the windows open (OR=1.31; 95%CI: 1.03-1.65); low family income (OR=1.59; 95%CI: 1.26-2.01); incomplete education (OR=1.54; 95%CI: 1.22-1.94); personal/family history of hypertension (OR=2.25; 95%CI: 01.643.09), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma (OR=1.74; 95%:CI: 1.28-2.36), diabetes (OR=3.74; 95%CI:2.23-6.29), obesity (OR=1.84; 95%CI: 1.84-3.19), or ocular comorbidities (OR=1.89; 95%CI: 1.55-2.30); and exercising outdoors (OR=1.60; 95%CI: 1.31-1.96) were significantly associated with a worse perceived health status. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the different exposures to which participants were subjected, some factors remain very significant. Low family income, exposure to pollution, and a history of chronic diseases were associated with the perception of a poor health condition.

Efectos de una Charla Antitabaco en Adolescentes Fumadores de Colegios Públicos y Privados en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile / Effects of an Anti-Smoking talk on Adolescent Smokers in Public and Private Schools in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile

Introducción. El tabaquismo es responsable de una gran cantidad de muertes en el mundo, la gran prevalencia del tabaquismo entre adolescentes, así como la baja edad de inicio del consumo, genera preocupación y la necesidad de implementar intervenciones específicas a esta población. Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de una charla antitabaco en adolescentes de colegios públicos y privados en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo cuasi-experimental, se realizó una charla antitabaco en dos colegios (público y privado), se evaluó la motivación para dejar de fumar con el Test de Richmond en una muestra de 13 estudiantes pre y post charla. Resultados. hubo una mejora en los puntajes de Richmond post charla en ambos colegios, siendo mayor en el colegio público, sin embargo, la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0,09). Discusión. La evidencia respalda la efectividad de las charlas antitabaco. Existe una relación entre nivel socioeconómico y tabaquismo, sin embargo, no hay otros estudios que comparen la efectividad en los distintos estratos sociales. Se reconocen limitaciones del estudio como el tamaño de la muestra y el muestreo no aleatorio, se recomiendan nuevos estudios que incluyan otras variables. Conclusiones. A pesar de limitaciones del estudio, se respalda la implementación de charlas antitabaco en entornos educativos, enfatizando la necesidad de adaptar estrategias a contextos socioeconómicos específicos para mejorar la salud pública.

Background. Introduction: Smoking is responsible for a significant number of deaths worldwide, and the high prevalence of smoking among adolescents, as well as early age of onset, raises concerns, and the need of targeted interventions for this group. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of an anti-smoking talk on students from public and private schools in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. Methods. A quasi-experimental quantitative study involving an anti-smoking talk in two schools (public and private) assessed the motivation to quit smoking using the Richmond Test in a sample of 13 students pre and post the talk. Results. There was an improvement in Richmond scores post-talk in both schools, with a greater increase observed in the public school. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.09). Discussion. The evidence supports the effectiveness of anti-smoking talks. A relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking exists, yet there are no studies comparing effectiveness across different socioeconomic strata. Study limitations, such as sample size and non-random sampling, are acknowledged, and further research incorporating additional variables is recommended. Conclusions. Despite study limitations, advocating for the implementation of anti-smoking talks in educational settings is supported, emphasizing the need to adapt strategies to specific socioeconomic contexts to enhance public health.

Prevalência e Fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco em acadêmicos da saúde em Goiânia, Goiás / Prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health students in Goiânia, Goiás

Introdução: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar e identificar a prevalência e fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco entre acadêmicos da saúde. Métodos: A pesquisa contou com 407 acadêmicos dos cursos de Biomedicina, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Farmácia, Fisioterapia e Nutrição de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de maio de 2020, por um formulário eletrônico, disponibilizado em e-mail institucional, grupos de estudos e redes sociais. O procedimento ocorreu após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, cujo parecer 3.966.951. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes (79,6%) eram do sexo feminino, solteiros (75,2%) com idade média de 25,32 anos. O consumo de tabaco foi confirmado por 10,8% participantes. Quanto ao consumo de produtos derivados de tabaco 24,1% dos entrevistados já consumiram produto de tabaco, 8,6% assumiram tabagismo ocasional, e 4,2% tabagismo ativo. Conclusões: A associação entre tabagismo e as variáveis sociodemográficas demonstrou que alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 5,25 [IC:1,34-20,22] p=0,017), homens (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91]), estudantes turno matutino (OR: 1,96 [IC:1,02-3,78] p=0,04) e que residem com tabagistas (OR:4,44 [IC: 2,24-8,80]) apresentaram maiores chances de serem tabagista. A associação em relação ao consumo de derivados do tabaco, os homens apresentaram maiores prevalências de consumo de derivados de tabaco (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91] p=0,045) bem como, alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 6,40 [IC:2,31-17,7] P<0,01), que estudam no turno Noturno (OR:1,85 [IC:1,16-8,82] p=0,009) e entre os que residem com tabagistas (OR: 4,49 [IC:2,24-8,80] p<0,001).

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate and identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health academics. Methods: The survey involved 407 students from Biomedicine, Physical Education, Nursing, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Nutrition courses at a Higher Education Institution. Data collection was carried out in May 2020, through an electronic form, available in institutional email, study groups and social networks. The entire procedure took place after approval by the Ethics Committee. Results: Most participants (79.6%) were female, single (75.2%) with a mean age of 25.32 years. Tobacco consumption was confirmed by 10.8% of the participants. As for the consumption of tobacco products, 24.1% of the interviewees had already consumed some tobacco product, 8.6% assumed occasional smoking, and 4.2% active smoking. Conclusions: The association between smoking and sociodemographic variables showed that Pharmacy students (OR: 5.25 [CI:1.34-20.22] p=0.017), men (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91]), morning shift students (OR: 1.96 [CI:1.02-3.78] p=0.04) and those who live with smokers (OR:4.44 [CI : 2.24-8.80]) were more likely to be smokers. The association in relation to the consumption of tobacco derivatives, men had a higher prevalence of consumption of tobacco derivatives (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91] p=0.045) as well as Pharmacy students (OR: 6.40 [CI:2.31-17.7] P<0.01), those who study the night shift (OR:1.85 [CI:1.16-8.82] p=0.009 ) and among those who live with smokers (OR: 4.49 [CI:2.24-8.80] p<0.001).

The Effect of Smoking on the Semen Quality in Male Infertile / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of smoking on the semen quality in infertile men.Methods A total of 360 male infertility patients were enrolled and divided into the smoking group(n=190)and non-smoking group(n=170)based on whether they smoked or not.Furthermore,the smoking group was subdivided into group A(≤10 sticks/d,n=63),group B(11～20 sticks/d,n=80),and group C(>20 sticks/d group,n=47)according to the amount of smoking.Semen volume,liquefaction time,sperm concentration,motility,DNA fragmentation rate and normal morphological rate were observed and compared between and within the groups.Results There were significant differences in semen volume,liquefaction time,sperm motility,normal morphological rate and DNA fragmentation rate between the smoking group and the non-smoking group(P<0.05).The semen volume,sperm motility and normal morphological rate of the smoking group were lower than those in the non-smoking group,and the DNA fragmentation rate and semen liquefaction time were higher than those in the non-smoking group.And with the increase of smoking volume,sperm motility and normal morphological rate decreased,semen liquefaction time and DNA fragmentation rate increased,and there was no significant difference in the sperm concentration between the smoking group and non-smoking group(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in the semen volume between the three groups with different smoking amounts(P>0.05).Conclusion Smoking has a negative impact on the sperm quality parameters such as semen volume,sperm motility,normal morphological rate,sperm motility,liquefaction time and DNA fragmentation,and the effect of heavy smoking is particularly obvious.We should strengthen the comprehensive health education,promote the healthy lifestyles and reduce smoking.

Analysis of passive smoking exposure and its influencing factors in non-smokers aged ≥18 in Tianjin / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the passive smoking exposure and its influencing factors in non-smokers aged≥18 in Tianjin.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. Based on the 2018 Tianjin Adults Noncommunicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, non-smokers aged≥18 years old at 7 surveillance sites were selected as the research objects, taking 2018 population data of Tianjin as the standard population, the sample data were weighted to analyze the general demographic characteristics, the level of passive smoking exposure, the cognition of tobacco harm, and the influencing factors of passive smoking exposure. Pearson χ 2 test was used to compare the rate between groups, and the influencing factors were analyzed by unconditional logistic regression. Results:After weighted, the passive smoking exposure rate was 51.5%, among non-current smokers, the awareness rates of smoking related lung cancer and passive smoking related adult lung cancer were 83.3% and 80.0%, respectively. The awareness rates of smoking related stroke and passive smoking related heart disease in adults were 61.4% and 66.4%, respectively. The awareness rate that smoking related stroke was higher in the non-passive smoking exposed group than in the secondhand smoke exposed group (62.7% vs 60.3%, P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the awareness rate of smoking related heart attacks and lung cancer as well as passive smoking related adult heart disease, adult lung cancer, and lung disease in children between the passive smoking exposed group and the non-passive smoking exposed group (all P>0.05). The awareness rate of smoking related three diseases (stroke, heart attack and lung cancer) was 57.9% and the awareness rate of passive smoking related three diseases (heart disease in adults, lung cancer and lung disease in children) was 64.9% in non-current smokers. Among men, undergraduate or above was a protective factor for second-hand smoke exposure. Heads, clerical and related personnel of state organs, party and mass organizations, enterprises and public institutions were risk factors for secondhand smoke exposure. Among women, age ≥60 years and high education were protective factors for secondhand smoke exposure. Conclusions:Non smokers aged 18 and above in Tianjin have a higher level of passive smoking exposure, and the awareness rate of tobacco exposure related cardiovascular diseases is low. In future, the health education of relevant knowledge should be strengthened.

Optimizing outdoor smoking points outside large exhibition halls based on real-time on-site PM2.5 and CO2 monitoring / 环境与职业医学

Background Improper settings of outdoor smoking points in public places may increase the risk of secondhand smoke exposure among the population. Conducting research on air pollution in and around smoking spots and related influencing factors can provide valuable insights for optimizing the setting of outdoor smoking points. Objective To investigate the influence of the number of smokers at outdoor smoking points and the distance on the diffusion characteristics of surrounding air pollutants, in order to optimize the setting of outdoor smoking points. Methods Surrounding the exhibition halls in the China International Import Expo (CIIE), two outdoor smoking points were randomly selected, one on the first floor (ground level) and the other on the second floor (16 m above ground), respectively. At 0, 3, 6, and 9 m from the smoking points in the same direction, validated portable air pollutant monitors were used to measure the real-time fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations for consecutive 5 d during the exhibition, as well as the environmental meteorological factors at 0 m with weather meters including wind speed, wind direction, and air pressure. An open outdoor atmospheric background sampling point was selected on each of the two floors to carry out parallel sampling. Simultaneously, the number of smokers at each smoking point were double recorded per minute. The relationships between the number of smokers, distance from the smoking points, and ambient PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations were evaluated by generalized additive regression models for time-series data after adjustment of confounders such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Results The median numbers of smokers at smoking points on the first and second floors were 6 [interquartile range (IQR): 3, 9] and 9 (IQR: 6, 13), respectively. Windless (wind speed <0.6 m·s−1) occupied most of the time (85.9%) at both locations. The average concentration of ambient PM2.5 at the smoking points (0 m) [mean ± standard deviation, (106±114) μg·m−3] was 4.2 times higher than that of the atmospheric background [(25±7) μg·m−3], the PM2.5 concentration showed a gradient decline with the increase of distance from the smoking points, and the average PM2.5 concentration at 9 m points [(35±22) μg·m−3] was close to the background level (1.4 times higher). The maximum concentration of CO2 [(628±23) μmol·mol−1] was observed at 0 m, and its average value was 1.3 times higher than that of the atmospheric background [(481±40) μmol·mol−1], and there was no gradient decrease in CO2 concentration with increasing distance at 0, 3, 6, and 9 m points. The regression analyses showed that, taking smoking point as the reference, every 3 m increase in distance was associated with a decrease of ambient PM2.5 by 24.6 [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 23.5, 25.8] μg·m−3 (23.2%) and CO2 by 54.1 (95%CI: 53.1, 55.1) μmol·mol−1 (8.6%). Every one extra smoker at the smoking point was associated with an average increase of PM2.5 and CO2 by 2.0 (95%CI: 1.7, 2.8) μg·m−3 and 1.0 (95%CI: 0.7，1.2) μmol·mol−1, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that, under windless conditions, the concentrations of PM2.5 and CO2 at the smoking points were even higher but the decreasing and dispersion characteristics remained consistent. Conclusion Outdoor smoking points could significantly increase the PM2.5 concentrations in the surrounding air and the risks of secondhand smoke exposure, despite of the noticeable decreasing trend with increasing distance. Considering the inevitable poor dispersion conditions such as windless and light wind, outdoor smoking points are recommended to be set at least 9 m or farther away from non-smoking areas.

Analysis of associated factors of attempting e-cigarettes use among senior high school students in Beijing City between 2019 and 2023 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze prevalence and associated factors of attempting e cigarettes use among senior high school students in Beijing City between 2019 and 2023, in order to providing references for the construction of smoke free senior high schools environments.@*Methods@#In 2019, 9 137 students from 44 senior high schools in Beijing City were monitored, including 27 general senior high schools and 17 vocational senior high schools. In 2023, the study included 6 709 students from 30 senior high schools comprising 21 general senior high schools and 9 vocational senior high schools. On site investigations using anonymous questionnaires were conducted. The monitoring content included demographic information, second hand smoke exposure, tobacco product use and tobacco awareness. Chi square test was used to compare the differences of various indicators in different groups, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was adopted to analysis the influencing factors among senior high school students attempting to use e cigarettes between 2019 and 2023.@*Results@#In 2019, the rates of vocational senior high school and general senior high school students attempting to use e-cigarettes were 22.57% and 9.78%, respectively. In 2023, it decreased to 14.39% and 6.43%, respectively. In 2019 ( OR =1.59,95% CI =1.35-1.88) and 2023 ( OR =1.71,95% CI =1.38-2.11), vocational senior high school students both hold higher risk of attempting to use e-cigarettes,compared with general senior high school students. In 2019, non-indigenous senior high school students attempting to use e cigarettes were more than indigenous senior high school students ( OR = 1.28 , 95% CI =1.05-1.56). In 2019 ( OR =1.62, 95% CI =1.34-1.95) and 2023 ( OR =1.77, 95% CI =1.35-2.31), smoking anywhere in households increased the risk of attempting to use e-cigarettes among senior high school students. In both 2019 and 2023, not attempting to smoke cigarettes ( OR =0.24,95% CI =0.21-0.29; OR =0.15,95% CI =0.11-0.19), not currently smoking cigarettes ( OR =0.29,95% CI =0.22-0.40; OR =0.30,95% CI =0.17-0.53), not being exposed to secondhand smoke in school ( OR =0.62, 95% CI = 0.53 -0.72; OR =0.51, 95% CI =0.41-0.64) or in outdoor public places ( OR =0.74, 95% CI =0.63-0.86; OR = 0.62 , 95% CI =0.50-0.78) all reduced the risk of attempting to use e-cigarettes among senior hgih school students( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The influencing factors of attempts by senior high school students in Beijing City to use e-cigarettes are generally consistent between 2023 and 2019, with a focus on vocational senior high schools to ensure the continuity of intervention measures and promote the construction of smoke free senior high schools.

Tobacco retailer outside middle schools in Wuhan City and its impact on smoking behavior among students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the distribution of tobacco retailer within 100 meters outside middle schools in Wuhan City and its impact on smoking behavior of middle school students, so as to provide basis and feasible suggestions for the development of tobacco control policy for adolescents.@*Methods@#From February to May 2023, a multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 20 middle schools from 4 districts in Wuhan City. To investigate the distribution of tobacco retailer within 100 metres outside the school and the sale of tobacco to minors. A total of 4 882 students were surveyed using the core questions of the 2021 Chinese Adolescent Tobacco Prevalence Questionnaire. Fisher exact probability test, Chi square test and Chi square trend test were used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#Nearly 70.00% of middle schools had tobacco retailer within 100 metres, with an average of (1.10±0.97) per middle school. The awareness rate (100.00%) and labeling rate (87.50%) of licensed tobacco retailer were higher than those of non licensed tobacco retailer (33.33%, 16.67%) ( P <0.05). The rates of tried smoking, current smoking and buying cigarettes within 30 days were 7.13%, 1.99% and 2.54%, respectively. The rates of students who tried smoking ( 8.58 %), current smoking (2.29%) and buying cigarettes within 30 days (2.85%) in schools with tobacco retailer within 100 metres were higher than those in schools without tobacco retailer (3.79%, 1.28%, 1.83%)( χ 2=35.80, 5.37, 4.37 , P <0.05). And as the grade increased, the rates of tried smoking, current smoking and buying cigarettes among middle school students all showed an upward trend ( χ 2 trend =66.20, 36.10, 16.17, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#Middle school students in Wuhan City have high tobacco availability. The findings suggest that school ban should be extended from 50 meters to 100 meters, and the regulatory authorities must strictly prohibit selling tobacco products to minors at tobacco retailer.

Effect of self efficacy and smoking rationalization tendency in the association of physical activity and smoking cessation beliefs among college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the roles of self efficacy and smoking rationalization tendency in the relationship between college students physical activity and smoking cessation beliefs, in order to provide a basis for the positive effects of college students physical activity on smoking cessation beliefs.@*Methods@#From May 6 to 23 in 2023, 3 048 students from 10 colleges in Jiangxi Province were recruited and surveyed using the Physical Activity Participation Scale, the Smoking Cessation Self efficacy Scale, the Smoking Rationalization Tendency Scale and the Smoking Cessation Belief Scale. The Harman one way test was adopted for common method bias test. Bias correction was unfolded by Bootstrap method, and 95% confidence intervals of parameter estimates were analyzed using repeated sampling 5 000 times.@*Results@#The results of the sequential mediation model analysis showed that physical activity was positively associated with college students beliefs about smoking cessation ( β =0.17), and physical activity, self efficacy and smoking rationalization tendency were positively associated with each other ( β =0.41, 0.08, 0.19) ( P <0.05). Both self efficacy and smoking rationalization tendency positively predicted smoking cessation beliefs ( β =0.19, 0.17, P <0.01). Self efficacy and smoking rationalization tendency mediated the relationship between physical activity and smoking cessation beliefs, with a mediating effect value of 0.09, accounting for 62.82% of the total effect value (0.15).@*Conclusions@#Self efficacy and smoking rationalization tendency have a serial mediating effect between physical activity and smoking cessation beliefs among college students. Interventions should be actively used to enhance college students beliefs about smoking cessation, promote smoking cessation behaviors.

Tobacco use and associated factors among high school students in Shannan City, Tibet in 2023 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current situation and related factors of tobacco use among high school students in Shannan City, so as to provide reference for tobacco control strategies for high school students.@*Methods@#A self administered questionnaire survey was conducted among 10 052 high school students from 6 high schools in Shannan City, Tibetan Autonomous Region by census methods from April to July in 2023. The comparison of rates was conducted by using Chi square test, and the influencing factors of tobacco use among high school students were analyzed using binomial classification Logistic regression.@*Results@#The rate of high school students in Shannan City trying cigarettes was 17.63%, and the current smoking rate was 10.07%, both of which were higher in boys than girls, and higher in urban areas than in rural areas ( χ 2 gender = 1 262.35 , 869.79; χ 2 area =35.90, 29.16, P <0.01). The smoking rate of students with parents and good friends smoking was higher than that of students with parents and good friends not smoking( χ 2= 190.50 ,1 741.44), and the current smoking rate showed an upward trend with age and age ( χ 2 trend =74.87, 122.86)( P <0.01). The tobacco dependence rate was 41.80%; 75.30% wanted to quit smoking, 83.99% had received smoking cessation assistance, but had received less professional smoking cessation assistance ( 13.41 %). Logistic regression analysis showed that vocational high school students, senior students (second and third grade), parents smoking (both smoking, mother smoking), and good friends smoking (some smoking, most smoking, all smoking) were positively correlated with smoking cigarettes among high school students ( OR=1.51, 1.54, 2.17, 2.22, 1.69, 5.30, 13.28, 8.59, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The smoking rate of high school students in Shannan City is high and second hand smoke exposure is common. Vocational high schools are the key to prevention and control. Effective cooperation between families, schools, and society should be strengthened to create a smoke free environment and protect students from tobacco hazards.

Disease Burden of Esophageal Cancer Attributable to Smoking from 1990 to 2019 in China / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo analyze the trends in the disease burden of esophageal cancer attributed to smoking in China from 1990 to 2019. MethodsUsing the Joinpoint 4.9.1.0 software， based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 data， we examined the mortality， Disability-Adjusted Life Years （DALY） data， and death rates of esophageal cancer attributed to smoking in China from 1990 to 2019， along with national population data. The trends in disease burden was described and the age-period-cohort model was employed to analyze the effects of age， period， and cohort on the trends in disease burden due to smoking. ResultsJoinpoint analysis indicated that the age-standardized mortality rate （ASMR） and DALY rate attributable to smoking showed an average annual percent change （AAPC） of -1.42% and -1.72%， respectively. For females， the AAPC values for ASMR and DALY rate were -3.26% and -3.70%， respectively， while for males， these were -1.28% and -1.54%， respectively. The disease burden by age attributable to smoking showed a general declining trend across all age groups in mortality and DALY rates. The disease burden from smoking， measured by age， displayed a consistent downward trend in both mortality and DALY rates across all age groups. The 40-44 age group saw the sharpest decline， with Annual Average Percent Changes （AAPC） of -3.05% for mortality and -3.04% for DALY rates. This was closely followed by the 45-49 age group， which experienced AAPC values of -2.73% and -2.72%， respectively. Analysis using the age-period-cohort model showed that the impact of age on mortality and DALY rates due to smoking initially increases with age before subsequently decreasing. The period effect revealed a general increase in the mortality rate from smoking in China， except for a dip between 2005 and 2010； otherwise， the trend was upward over time. The DALY rate demonstrated variability across different periods. The cohort effect indicated a decrease in both mortality and DALY rates due to smoking as successive birth cohorts progressed. ConclusionsOur study reveals that the disease burden of esophageal cancer attributed to smoking factors exhibits gender differences and shows an overall declining trend over time. Efforts should be intensified to enhance health education for men， particularly focusing on smoking cessation education for smokers aged 35-39， in order to improve the overall level of primary prevention of esophageal cancer.

Smoking status among grassroots healthcare workers in Shaoxing City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of smoking among grassroots healthcare workers in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into effective implementation of tobacco control measures in primary healthcare organizations.@*Methods@#Grassroots healthcare workers of community health service centers (health institutes) were sampled from four streets (townships) in each of 6 counties (cities, districts) in Shaoxing City using a stratified cluster sampling method from May to June 2023. Participants' demographics, current smoking and quit smoking information were collected through questionnaire surveys, and factors affecting current smoking among grassroots healthcare workers were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#Totally 2 801 questionnaires were allocated, and 2 595 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 92.65%. Participants included 719 men (27.71%) and 1 876 women (72.29%), with a mean age of (39.39±10.11) years. There were 119 current smokers and the prevalence of current smoking was 4.59%. The median number of cigarettes smoked per day was 10.00 (interquartile range, 14.25) and the median duration of smoking was 20.00 (interquartile range, 15.00) years. There were 52 people with intention to quit smoking (43.70%), and 51 people with attempts to quit smoking (42.86%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified men (OR=22.998, 95%CI: 10.912-48.473), alcohol consumption (OR=3.907, 95%CI: 2.528-6.037) and length of service (15 years and more, OR=3.115, 95%CI: 1.305-7.434) as factors affecting current smoking among grassroots healthcare workers.@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of current smoking among grassroots healthcare workers in Shaoxing City is 4.59%, and there is low willingness to quit smoking. Current smoking status may be affected by gender, alcohol consumption and length of service.

Passive smoking among pregnant women in Jinshan District / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the status of passive smoking among pregnant women in Jinshan District, Shanghai Municipality, so as to provide insights into developing targeted smoking control measures and promoting maternal and infant health.@*Methods@#Pregnant women who had early pregnancy registration at Jinshan District Community Health Service Center from April 2021 to December 2023 were selected as subjects. The basic information, passive smoking and awareness of passive smoking hazards among pregnant women were collected through questionnaire surveys, and passive smoking rate and awareness rate of passive smoking hazards were analyzed.@*Results@#Totally 8 273 questionnaires were allocated, and 8 216 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 99.31%. The mean age of participants was (29.52±4.60) years. There were 4 991 participants with an education of college degree or above, accounting for 60.75%; 3 565 participants with the first pregnancy, accounting for 43.39%; 3 990 primiparas, accounting for 48.56%; 3 193 participants living with smokers, accounting for 38.86%. A total of 3 710 participants passively smoked, with a passive smoking rate of 45.16%. There were 2 817 participants passively smoked in public places, accounting for 75.93%; 2 253 participants passively smoked in workplaces, accounting for 60.73%; 1 563 participants that passively smoked at home, accounting for 42.13%. The awareness rates regarding the hazards of passive smoking to health, causing lung cancer in adults, causing lung diseases in children, causing preterm birth and low birth weight infants, and causing heart diseases in adults were 92.13%, 88.85%, 87.99%, 82.05% and 62.56%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The rate of passive smoking among pregnant women in Jinshan District is comparatively high, while their awareness regarding non-respiratory diseases emanating from passive smoking is comparatively low.

Influencing factors for nicotine dependence among smoking patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the nicotine dependence of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who smoke and analyze its influencing factors, so as to provide insights into targeted smoking cessation interventions for smoking COPD patients.@*Methods@#The smoking COPD patients were selected from three hospitals in Lanzhou City using the convenience sampling method from October 2022 to April 2023. Demographic data, smoking status, and willingness to quit smoking were collected using questionnaire surveys. Nicotine dependence was assessed according to Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. The influencing factors of nicotine dependence in smoking COPD patients were analyzed using a multiple linear regression model.@*Results@#A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, and 171 valid questionnaires were collected, with a response rate of 85.50%. The median age was 48.00 (interquartile range, 10.00) years. There were 158 males, accounting for 92.40%; 53 cases with a college degree or above, accounting for 30.99%. The median smoking duration was 15.00 (interquartile range, 11.00) years. There were 73 patients (42.69%) smoking 21 to 30 cigarettes per day, and 159 patients (92.98%) with the willingness to quit smoking. The median nicotine dependence score was 3.00 (interquartile range, 1.00) points. There were statistically significant differences in nicotine dependence scores among smoking COPD patients with different ages, educational levels, occupations, interpersonal relationships, smoking duration, daily cigarette consumption, awareness of smoking hazards and willingness to quit smoking (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that nicotine dependence was related with educational level (β=-0.251), interpersonal relationship (β=-0.246), smoking duration (β=0.038), daily cigarette consumption (β=0.518) and willingness to quit smoking (β=-0.173) among smoking COPD patients (all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The nicotine dependence among smoking COPD patients was influenced by educational level, interpersonal relationships, smoking duration, daily cigarette consumption and willingness to quit smoking.

O que a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde tem a dizer sobre a influência do gasto com cigarro no rendimento domiciliar? / What does the Brazilian National Health Survey have to say about the influence of cigarette spending on household income? / ¿Qué dice la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña sobre la influencia del gasto en cigarrillos en los ingresos del hogar?

Em um Brasil no qual os indicadores de empobrecimento da população seguem aumentando, preocupa o fato de que indivíduos gastem dinheiro para comprar cigarro em vez de usarem esse recurso em ações que fortaleçam aspectos do bem-estar de suas jornadas de vida e de suas famílias. Estimou-se, a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, a influência que o gasto com cigarro industrializado teve no orçamento familiar nos domicílios com pelo menos um fumante, estratificada por características sociodemográficas. Os fumantes brasileiros destinaram cerca de 8% do rendimento médio mensal domiciliar per capita para a compra de cigarros industrializados. O percentual do gasto médio mensal chegou a quase 10% desse rendimento, entre os fumantes de 15 a 24 anos, e foi ainda maior para aqueles com Ensino Fundamental incompleto (aproximadamente 11%). Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do país, esse gasto ultrapassou os 9%. O estado com o maior comprometimento da renda domiciliar foi o Acre (13,6%), seguido por Alagoas (11,9%), Ceará, Pará e Tocantins (todos com aproximadamente 11%). Nossos achados reforçam, portanto, a importância de fortalecer a implementação de medidas efetivas de redução da proporção de fumantes, tal como a política tributária. Dessa forma, o dinheiro que atualmente é destinado pelos indivíduos à compra de cigarros poderá ser revertido no atendimento de suas necessidades básicas, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde e melhoria da qualidade de vida.

In a country whose indicators of population impoverishment continue to increase, it is concerning that individuals spend money to buy cigarettes instead of using this resource in actions that strengthen aspects of the well-being of their lives and that of their families. Based on the Brazilian National Health Survey conducted in 2019, the influence of spending on manufactured cigarettes on the family budget in households with at least one smoker was estimated, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. Brazilian smokers allocated around 8% of their average per capita monthly household income to the purchase of manufactured cigarettes. The percentage of average monthly expenditure on cigarettes reached almost 10% of this income among smokers aged 15 to 24 and was even higher for those with incomplete elementary education (approximately 11%). In the North and Northeast regions of the country, this expenditure exceeded 9%. The state with the most significant impact on household income was Acre (13.6%), followed by Alagoas (11.9%), Ceará, Pará, and Tocantins (all with approximately 11%). Our findings, therefore, reinforce the importance of strengthening the implementation of effective measures, such as tax policy, to reduce the proportion of smokers. Thus, the money that individuals currently allocate to purchase cigarettes can be used to meet their basic needs, contributing to the promotion of health and improving the quality of life.

En un Brasil donde los indicadores de empobrecimiento de la población siguen aumentando, es preocupante el hecho de que las personas gasten dinero para comprar cigarrillo en lugar de usarlo en acciones para fortalecer los aspectos del bienestar de sus vidas y la de sus familias. A partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud brasileña realizada en 2019, se estimó la influencia del gasto en cigarrillo industrializado en el presupuesto familiar de los hogares donde vivía al menos un fumador, estratificado por características sociodemográficas. Los fumadores brasileños destinaron alrededor del 8% del ingreso per cápita mensual promedio del hogar para la compra de cigarrillos industrializados. El porcentaje del gasto mensual promedio en cigarrillos alcanzó casi el 10% de este ingreso entre los fumadores de 15 a 24 años y fue aún mayor para los que tenían educación primaria incompleta (aproximadamente el 11%). En el Norte y Nordeste del país, ese gasto superó el 9%. El estado con un mayor compromiso con los ingresos del hogar fue Acre (el 13,6%), seguido por Alagoas (el 11,9%), Ceará, Pará y Tocantins (todos con aproximadamente el 11%). Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de fortalecer la implementación de medidas efectivas para reducir la proporción de fumadores, tal como la política tributaria. Así, el dinero que actualmente las personas destinan a la compra de cigarrillos podría utilizarse en la atención de sus necesidades básicas, contribuyendo a promover la salud y la mejora de la calidad de vida.

Uso del cigarrillo electronico y riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias por el uso del cigarrillo electrónico. Materiales y métodos: Revisión integrativa, basada en el análisis de artículos científicos completos en bases de datos como: PubMed, Scopus y SciELO utilizando el método PRISMA, en el periodo 2018-2023, en los idiomas inglés y español. Resultados: Se obtuvo 95 artículos científicos, de los cuales se excluyeron un total de 75 por no cumplir con los criterios de selección, quedando seleccionados 20 artículos científicos que responden a los objetivos planteados. Conclusiones: Este estudio identificó los riesgos de padecer enfermedades respiratorias por el uso del cigarrillo electrónico, siendo las más relevantes: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, neumonía, lesión pulmonar asociada al cigarrillo electrónico o al vapeo, síndrome de distrés respiratorio, hipertensión pulmonar y asma, además de acompañarse de signos y síntomas como infección de las vías aéreas, el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y el inicio de adicciones. El estudio identificó que el sexo masculino es el predominante en exponerse más al riesgo de enfermedades respiratorias y la edad oscila entre los 14 a 35 años, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública que cada año va en aumento.

Objective: To determine the risk of respiratory diseases due to the use of electronic cigarettes. Materials and Methods: Integrative review, based on the analysis of complete scientific articles in databases such as: PubMed, Scopus and SciELO, using the PRISMA method, in the period 2018-2023, in English and Spanish. Results: Of the 95 scientific articles that were obtained, 20 met the selection criteria and were selected to meet the stated objectives. The remaining 75 articles were excluded. Conclusions: This study identi fied the risks of suffering from respiratory diseases associated with the use of electronic cigarettes. The most significant risks include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, lung injury associated with electronic cigarettes or vaping, respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and asthma. Symptoms may also include signs and symptoms of respiratory infections, development of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, and the onset of addiction. The study found that males are more susceptible to respiratory diseases, with the 14-35 age group being particularly affected. This is becoming a growing public health concern.

Objetivo: Determinar o risco de doenças respiratórias devido ao uso de cigarros eletrônicos. Materiais e métodos: Revisão integrativa, baseada na análise de artigos científicos completos em bases de dados como: PubMed, Scopus e SciELO, utilizando o método PRISMA, no período de 2018 a 2023, em inglês e espanhol. Resultados: Foram obtidos 95 artigos científicos, dos quais um total de 75 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de seleção, restando 20 artigos científicos selecionados que respondem aos objetivos estabelecidos. Conclusões: Este estudo identificou os riscos de doenças respiratórias decorrentes do uso de cigarros eletrônicos, sendo as mais relevantes a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, pneumonia, lesão pulmonar associada ao cigarro eletrônico ou vaping, síndrome do desconforto respiratório, hipertensão pulmonar e asma, além de serem acompanhadas de sinais e sintomas como infecção das vias aéreas, desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular, doença gastrointestinal e início de dependência. O estudo identificou que o sexo masculino está predominantemente exposto ao risco de doenças respiratórias e a idade varia de 14 a 35 anos, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública que aumenta a cada ano.

Programa de intervención educativa para disminuir los riesgos asociados al tabaquismo

El tabaquismo constituye un problema de salud de gran magnitud a nivel mundial, y en Cuba muestra una tendencia al aumento de su incidencia, sobre todo, en las edades de la adolescencia. Se realizó un estudio de intervención en el Consultorio Médico No. 1 del Policlínico Universitario "René Vallejo Ortiz", del municipio Manzanillo, en el período comprendido de enero a julio del 2023, con el objetivo de evaluar el resultado de la aplicación de un programa de intervención educativa para disminuir los riesgos asociados al tabaquismo. El universo estuvo conformado por los 114 pacientes fumadores del área, seleccionada una muestra de 50 pacientes por muestreo aleatorio simple. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, nivel educacional, edad de inicio del tabaquismo, enfermedades asociadas al hábito de fumar, nivel de conocimiento. En el estudio predominó el sexo masculino en las edades de 45 a 59 años, con nivel educacional secundaria terminada, se identificó la adolescencia como edad en la que comenzaron a fumar. La patología predominante asociada al tabaquismo fue la Hipertensión arterial. Con la aplicación del Programa educativo, se incrementó el nivel de conocimiento acerca de los riesgos del hábito de fumar y como disminuir los mismos, la mayoría de los pacientes se motivó hacia la deshabituación tabáquica, demostrándose el impacto positivo de la investigación en la comunidad estudiada.

Smoking constitutes a health problem of great magnitude worldwide, and in Cuba it shows a tendency to increase its incidence, especially in adolescence. An intervention study was carried out in the Medical Office No. 1 of the René Vallejo Ortiz University Polyclinic, in the municipality of Manzanillo, from January to July 2023, with the objective of evaluating the results of the application of an educational intervention program to reduce the risks associated with smoking. The universe consisted of 114 smoking patients in the area, with a sample of 50 patients selected by simple random sampling. The following variables were studied: age, sex, educational level, age of smoking onset, pathologies associated with smoking, level of knowledge. In the study, the predominant age group was male, between 45 and 59 years old, with secondary education level completed; adolescence was identified as the age at which they started smoking. The predominant pathology associated with smoking was arterial hypertension. With the application of the educational program, the level of knowledge about the risks of smoking and how to reduce them increased, most of the patients were motivated to quit smoking, demonstrating the positive impact of the research in the community studied.

O tabagismo é um problema de saúde de grande magnitude em todo o mundo, e em Cuba há uma tendência de aumentar sua incidência, especialmente na adolescência. Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção no Consultório Médico nº 1 da Policlínica Universitária "René Vallejo Ortiz", no município de Manzanillo, no período de janeiro a julho de 2023, com o objetivo de avaliar o resultado da aplicação de um programa de intervenção educativa para reduzir os riscos associados ao tabagismo. O universo foi composto por 114 pacientes fumantes na área, e uma amostra de 50 pacientes foi selecionada por amostragem aleatória simples. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: idade, sexo, escolaridade, idade de início do tabagismo, doenças associadas ao tabagismo e nível de conhecimento. No estudo, predominou o sexo masculino, com idade entre 45 e 59 anos, com ensino médio completo, e a adolescência foi identificada como a idade em que começaram a fumar. A patologia predominantemente associada ao tabagismo foi a hipertensão arterial. Com a aplicação do programa educativo, o nível de conhecimento sobre os riscos do tabagismo e como reduzi-los aumentou, a maioria dos pacientes foi motivada a parar de fumar, demonstrando o impacto positivo da pesquisa na comunidade estudada.