Gender-based comparison of nutritional status in tribal and non-tribal populations: a study in the Udaipur region

Background: It is imperative to examine the nutritional quality of adult populations, both tribal and non-tribal, in the Udaipur region of Rajasthan in order to comprehend the health dynamics of these societies. Tribal communities frequently encounter particular difficulties with regard to healthcare access, socioeconomic standing, and cultural customs that may have an impact on their nutritional well-being that is distinct from that of non-tribal communities. Methods: Our study group consisted of 300 tribals and 300 non tribals. The blood was tested to determine various nutritional parameters like minerals iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamins like vitamin, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin B12. Results: Comparable levels of parameters like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D3 were found in both non-tribal and tribal people, suggesting that both groups' nutritional statuses were generally similar. Non-tribal males and females exhibited significantly higher iron levels compared to their tribal counterparts. Both non-tribal males and females had considerably higher levels of vitamin C and B12 compared to tribal peers. Conclusions: The study highlights the differences in iron, vitamin C, and vitamin B12 levels that occur in the Udaipur region between non-tribal and tribal individuals.

Utilidad de los anticuerpos anti-células parietales gástricas y anti-factor intrínseco en el estudio de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 asociada a gastritis autoinmune y anemia perniciosa / Usefulness of anti-gastric parietal cell and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies in the study of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia / Utilidade de anticorpos anti-células parietais gástricas e anti-fator intrínseco no estudo da deficiência de vitamina B12 associada à gastrite autoimune e à anemia perniciosa

Resumen La gastritis autoinmune (GAI) es una afección inflamatoria progresiva de la mucosa oxíntica caracterizada por la destrucción de células parietales, pérdida de factor intrínseco, malabsorción de vitamina B12 (cobalamina), hierro y otros micronutrientes y puede progresar hacia un estado avanzado de anemia megaloblástica conocida como anemia perniciosa (AP). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la deficiencia de vitamina B12 debida a malabsorción utilizando la detección de anticuerpos anti-células parietales gástricas (ACPG) y anti-factor intrínseco (AFI). Se analizaron 2050 sueros de pacientes con un inmunoanálisis quimioluminiscente para vitamina B12 total y 2,8% de éstos con las pruebas de inmunofluorescencia indirecta para ACPG y enzimoinmunoanálisis para AFI. La deficiencia de vitamina B12 (<200 ng/mL) fue del 13,1%. En la detección de anticuerpos se encontró: 2 doble positivos ACPG/AFI, 17 simple positivos ACPG y 4 simple positivos AFI. Todas las muestras ACPG y/o AFI positivas tuvieron valores de vitamina B12 total <200 ng/mL. En 5 pacientes con ACPG positivos se diagnosticó gastritis crónica confirmada por biopsia. En los 6 pacientes AFI positivos se realizó el diagnóstico de AP y en 2 de ellos se confirmó por histopatología. La positividad de ACPG y/o AFI permitió la clasificación de pacientes con sospecha de GAI en candidatos para la examinación histológica y la aplicación de esquemas terapéuticos adecuados. Se destaca la importancia de las pruebas de laboratorio como parte de una estrategia de diagnóstico temprano y vigilancia endoscópica, para evitar las manifestaciones relacionadas con la deficiencia de hierro y vitamina B12 y las complicaciones de la enfermedad avanzada.

Abstract Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is a progressive inflammatory condition of the oxyntic mucosa, characterised by gastric parietal cell destruction, loss of intrinsic factor, and malabsorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), iron and other micronutrients; conditioning progress to a state of megaloblastic anemia known as pernicious anemia (PA). The aim of this study was to determine vitamin B12 deficiency due to malabsorption utilizing anti-parietal cell (APCA) and anti-intrinsic factor (IFA) antibodies detection. 2050 patient serum samples were analised by chemiluminescent immunoassay for vitamin B12. A total of 2.8% of them were tested for APCA by indirect immunofluorescence and for IFA by enzyme immunoessay. Vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 ng/mL) was 13.1%. Regarding antibody detection: 2 APCA/IFA double positives, 17 APCA simple positives and 4 IFA simple positives were found. APCA and/or IFA positive samples had total vitamin B12 values <200 ng/mL. Chronic gastritis confirmed by biopsy was diagnosed in 5 patients with positive ACPG antibodies. All 6 IFA positive patients were diagnosed with PA, while 2 of them also received histopatologic confirmation. APCA and/or IFA confirmation allowed for the classification of patients with suspicion of AIG as possible candidates for histologic examination and application of appropriate therapeutic schemes. Importance of laboratory testing is to be noted; as part of a strategy that enables early diagnosis and adequate endoscopic surveillance, to avoid manifestations related to iron and vitamin B12 deficiency and the complications of advanced disease.

Resumo A gastrite autoimune (GAI) é uma doença inflamatória progressiva da mucosa oxíntica, caracterizada pela destruição das células parietais gástricas, perda do fator intrínseco, má absorção de vitamina B12 (cobalamina), ferro e outros micronutrientes pode progredir para um estado avançado de anemia megaloblástica conhecida como anemia perniciosa (AP). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a deficiência de vitamina B12 por má absorção usando a detecção de anticorpos anti-células parietais gástricas (ACPG) e anti-fator intrínseco (AFI). Foram analisados 2050 soros de pacientes com um imunoensaio quimioluminiscente para vitamina B12 total, 2,8% deles com testes de imunofluorescência indireta para ACPG e enzimaimunoensaio para AFI. A deficiência de vitamina B12 (<200 ng/mL) foi de 13,1%. Na detecção de anticorpos foram encontrados: 2 duplo positivos ACPG/AFI, 17 simples positivos ACPG e 4 simples positivos AFI. Todas as amostras ACPG e/ou AFI positivas apresentaram valores de vitamina B12 total <200 ng/mL. Gastrite crônica confirmada por biópsia foi diagnosticada em 5 pacientes positivos para ACPG. Nos 6 pacientes AFI positivos o diagnóstico de AP foi feito e em 2 deles foi confirmado por histopatologia. A positividade para ACPG e/ou AFI permitiu a classificação de pacientes com suspeita de GAI em candidatos para exame histológico e a aplicação de esquemas terapêuticos adequados. Destaca-se a importancia dos testes laboratoriais, como parte de uma estratégia de diagnóstico precoce e vigilância endoscópica, para evitar manifestações relacionadas à deficiência de ferro e vitamina B12 e complicações da doença avançada.

Preparation and in vivo Distribution of Essential Oil from Alpinia zerumbet Fructus Encapsulated Nanoemulsions / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo prepare oral nanoemulsions encapsulating essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet fructus（EOFAZ） and to investigate its pro-absorption effect in vitro and distribution in vivo. MethodThe proteoglycan conjugate polysaccharides of vinegar-processed Bupleuri Radix-bovine serum albumin（VBCP-BSA） was prepared by Maillard reaction of VBCP and BSA. Taking VBCP-BSA as emulsifier， vitamin B12（VB12） as absorption enhancer， and medium chain triglycerides mixed with EOFAZ as oil phase， the nanoemulsions loaded with EOFAZ was prepared by high energy emulsification method. The particle size， particle size distribution， surface Zeta potential， EOFAZ content and appearance and morphology of the nanoemulsions were characterized， and fluorescein tracer method was used to investigate the absorption effect of fluorescein-labeled EOFAZ nanoemulsions in vitro and their distribution in vivo. ResultVBCP-BSA was formed by Maillard reaction for 48 h with high grafting rate. Using VBCP-BSA as emulsifier， the homogeneous pink nanoemulsions was prepared and denoted as EOFAZ@VBCP-BSA/VB12. The particle size of the nanoemulsions was less than 100 nm and the particle size distribution was uniform. The surface of the nanoemulsions was a weak negative charge， and the shape was spherical. The encapsulation rate of the nanoemulsions for EOFAZ was greater than 80%， which had a good absorption effect in vitro and could enhance liver accumulation after oral administration. ConclusionThe designed proteoglycan nanoemulsions can effectively load EOFAZ， promote oral absorption and enhance liver distribution， which can provide experimental basis for the development of oral EOFAZ liver protection preparations.

Sensory peripheral neuropathy aggravated by vitamin B12 in elder patient. A case report

Background@#Vitamin B12 is one of the common drugs used by physicians to treat peripheral neuropathy (PN), although many patients have a good response, however, overdose and toxicity aggravate the condition and worsen the patient’s symptoms. The purpose of this paper is to highlight association between Vitamin B12 toxicity and deterioration of PN symptoms.@*Case Summary@#An elder Sudanese man with acute onset of sensory PN, the patient’s symptoms started by tingling sensations and paresthesia affecting both hands and feet. After patient received cobalamin (vitamin B 12) prescribed by his doctor, the patient symptoms were markedly aggravated and his condition worsened to extend that impaired the normal patient ordinary work. No symptoms related to motor system. Other possible etiologies were studied and excluded. Investigations of his condition revealed blood level of B12 was 1900 pg/mL, the patient condition improved dramatically with discontinuation of the drug.@*Conclusion@#Cobalamin toxicity aggravate sensory PN symptoms. Clinicians are advised to adjust the dose and check Cobalamin level before and during treatment to avoid its toxicity.

Serum levels of phoenixin and nesfatin in patients with iron, vitamin B12 or vitamin D deficiency: a comparative study / Níveis séricos de fenixina e nesfatina em pacientes com deficiência de ferro, vitamina B12 ou vitamina D: um estudo comparativo

ABSTRACT Objective Micronutrient deficiencies are recognized as critical factors contributing to the global burden of disease. Phoenixin-14 and nesfatin-1 newly discovered neuropeptides which have been related to various physiological processes and potential therapeutic applications. This study was conducted to test whether circulating concentrations of nesfatin-1 and phoenixin-14 were altered in individuals with iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D and combined deficiencies. Method Our study group consists of 33 patients with iron deficiency, 30 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, 33 patients with vitamin D deficiency, 32 patients with combined deficiency, 24 patients who received vitamin D supplementation and 32 control subjects. Serum nesfatin-1 and phoenixin-14 concentrations were determined measured by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay method. Results Serum phoenixin-14 values were significantly lower in subjects with iron, vitamin B12, vitamin D and combined deficiency compared with the healthy group. After vitamin D supplementation, serum phoenixin-14 levels did not differ significantly with the healthy group. Serum nesfatin-1 concentrations were significantly lower in subjects with iron, vitamin B12 and combined deficiency compared with the healthy group. There was no significant difference in nesfatin-1 values between those with vitamin D deficiency, those taking vitamin D3 supplements and the healthy controls. Conclusion Significant differences in phoenixin-14 and nesfatin-1 levels between iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12 deficiency and the healthy control group supports that these molecules related to the pathogenesis of micronutrient deficiencies. Phoenixin-14 and nesfatin-1 may be considered potential biomarkers of micronutrient deficiencies.

RESUMO Objetivo As deficiências de micronutrientes são reconhecidas como fatores críticos que contribuem para a carga global de doenças. Neuropeptídeos recém-descobertos Phoenixin-14 e nesfatin-1 que foram relacionados a vários processos fisiológicos e potenciais aplicações terapêuticas. Este estudo foi realizado para testar se as concentrações circulantes de nesfatina-1 e fenixina-14 estevam alteradas em indivíduos com deficiência de ferro, vitamina B12, vitamina D e combinada. Método Nosso grupo de estudo consiste em 33 pacientes com deficiência de ferro, 30 pacientes com deficiência de vitamina B12, 33 pacientes com deficiência de vitamina D, 32 pacientes com deficiência combinada, 24 pacientes que receberam suplementação de vitamina D e 32 controles. As concentrações séricas de nesfatina-1 e fenixina-14 foram determinados pelo método Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. Resultados Os valores séricos de fenixina-14 foram significativamente menores em pacientes com deficiência de ferro, vitamina B12, vitamina D e combinada em comparação com o grupo controle. Após a suplementação de vitamina D, os níveis séricos de fenixina-14 não diferiram significativamente com o grupo controle. Os valores séricos de nesfatina-1 foram significativamente menores em pacientes com deficiência de ferro, vitamina B12 e combinada em comparação com o grupo controle. Não houve diferença nos níveis de nesfatina-1 entre aqueles com deficiência de vitamina D, recebendo vitamina D3 ou aqueles controles saudáveis. Conclusão Nosso estudo observou diferenças significativas nas concentrações de fenixina-14 e nesfatina-1 entre ferro, vitamina D, deficiência de vitamina B12 e o grupo controle. A fenixina-14 e a nesfatina podem estar relacionadas à patogênese das deficiências de micronutrientes.

National and regional population attributable fractions for anemia risk factors (iron, folate, and vitamin B12) in Belize: potential impact of fortification / Fracciones atribuibles poblacionales nacionales y regionales de factores de riesgo de anemia (hierro, folato y vitamina B12) en Belice: posible impacto del enriquecimiento de los alimentos con suplementos / Frações atribuíveis populacionais nacionais e regionais de fatores de risco para anemia (ferro, ácido fólico e vitamina B12) em Belize: potencial impacto da fortificação

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the national and regional population attributable fraction (PAF) and potential number of preventable anemia cases for three nutritional risk factors (iron, red blood cell folate [RBCF], and vitamin B12 deficiencies) among women of childbearing age in Belize. Methods. A national probability-based household and micronutrient survey capturing sociodemographic and health information was conducted among 937 nonpregnant Belizean women aged 15-49 years. Blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin, ferritin, alpha-1-glycoprotein (AGP), RBCF, and vitamin B12 status. All analyses used sample weights and design variables to reflect a complex sample survey. Logistic regression was used to determine adjusted prevalence risk (aPR) ratios, which were then used to estimate national and regional PAF for anemia. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL) was 21.2% (95% CI [18.7, 25.3]). The prevalence of anemia was significantly greater among women with iron deficiency (59.5%, 95% CI [48.7, 69.5]) compared to women without iron deficiency (15.2%, 95% CI [12.2, 18.3]; aPR 3.9, 95% CI [2.9, 5.1]). The three nutritional deficiencies examined contributed to 34.6% (95% CI [22.1, 47.1]) of the anemia cases. If all these nutritional deficiencies could be eliminated, then an estimated 5 953 (95% CI [3 807, 8 114]) anemia cases could be prevented. Conclusions. This study suggests that among women of child-bearing age in Belize, anemia cases might be reduced by a third if three modifiable nutritional risk factors (iron, RBCF, and vitamin B12 deficiencies) could be eliminated. Fortification is one potential strategy to improve nutritional status and reduce the burden of anemia in this population.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Calcular la fracción atribuible poblacional a nivel nacional y regional y el número de casos de anemia que podrían prevenirse para tres factores de riesgo nutricional (deficiencia de hierro, folato eritrocitario y vitamina B12) en las mujeres en edad reproductiva en Belice. Metodología. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta probabilística nacional sobre características de los hogares y micronutrientes en la que se recopiló información sociodemográfica y de salud de 937 mujeres beliceñas no embarazadas de entre 15 y 49 años. Se extrajeron muestras de sangre para determinar los niveles de hemoglobina, ferritina, alfa-1-glucoproteína, folato eritrocitario y vitamina B12. En todos los análisis se emplearon ponderaciones muestrales y variables calculadas para tener en cuenta que se trataba de una encuesta con una muestra compleja. Se estimaron mediante regresión logística las razones de riesgos de prevalencia ajustados, que posteriormente se utilizaron para calcular la fracción atribuible poblacional con respecto a la anemia a nivel nacional y regional. Resultados. La prevalencia global de la anemia (hemoglobina <12 g/dl) fue del 21,2% (IC del 95%: 18,7-25,3). La prevalencia de la anemia fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres con ferropenia (59,5%, IC del 95%: 48,7-69,5) que en las que no tenían ferropenia (15,2%, IC del 95%: 12,2, 18,3); razón de riesgos de prevalencia ajustados = 3.9, IC del 95%; 2,9-5,1). Las tres deficiencias nutricionales examinadas explicaban al 34,6% (IC del 95%: 22,1-47,1) de los casos de anemia. Se estima que si pudieran eliminarse todas estas deficiencias nutricionales, se prevendrían unos 5953 (IC del 95%: 3807-8114) casos de anemia. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los casos de anemia en las mujeres en edad reproductiva de Belice podrían reducirse en un tercio si se pudieran eliminar tres factores de riesgo nutricionales modificables (deficiencias de hierro, folato eritrocitario y vitamina B12). Una posible estrategia para mejorar el estado nutricional y reducir la carga de la anemia en este grupo poblacional es en el enriquecimiento de los alimentos con suplementos.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar a fração atribuível populacional (FAP) nacional e regional e o potencial número de casos preveníveis de anemia para três fatores de risco nutricionais (deficiência de ferro, ácido fólico eritrocitário e vitamina B12) entre mulheres em idade fértil em Belize. Métodos. Realizou-se um inquérito probabilístico domiciliar nacional sobre micronutrientes, que coletou informações sociodemográficas e de saúde de 937 mulheres belizenhas não grávidas com idade entre 15 e 49 anos. Coletaram-se amostras de sangue para dosagem de hemoglobina, ferritina, alfa-1-glicoproteína (AGP), ácido fólico eritrocitário e vitamina B12. Todas as análises usaram variáveis de delineamento e ponderações amostrais para refletir um inquérito amostral complexo. Aplicou-se regressão logística para determinar razões ajustadas de risco de prevalência (RPa), que foram usadas para estimar a FAP nacional e regional para anemia. Resultados. A prevalência geral de anemia (hemoglobina <12 g/dL) foi de 21,2% (IC 95% [18,7-25,3]). A prevalência de anemia foi significativamente maior em mulheres com deficiência de ferro (59,5%, IC 95% [48,7-69,5]) que em mulheres sem deficiência de ferro (15,2%, IC 95% [12,2-18,3]); RPa 3,9, IC 95% [2,9-5,1]). As três deficiências nutricionais analisadas contribuíram para 34,6% (IC 95% [22,1-47,1]) dos casos de anemia. Caso se eliminassem todas essas deficiências nutricionais, seria possível evitar cerca de 5.953 (IC 95% [3.807-8.114]) casos de anemia. Conclusões. Este estudo sugere que, nas mulheres belizenhas em idade fértil, os casos de anemia poderiam ser reduzidos em um terço caso fosse possível eliminar três fatores de risco nutricionais modificáveis (deficiência de ferro, ácido fólico eritrocitário e vitamina B12). A fortificação é uma possível estratégia para melhorar o estado nutricional e reduzir a carga de anemia nessa população.

Deficiencia de vitamina B12 en gastritis autoinmune y anemia perniciosa. Pruebas bioquímicas y mecanismos inmunológicos implicados / Vitamin B12 deficiency in autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia. Biochemical tests and immunological mechanisms involved / Deficiência de vitamina B12 em gastrite autoimune e anemia perniciosa. Testes bioquímicos e mecanismos imunológicos envueltos

Resumen La deficiencia funcional de vitamina B12 o cobalamina puede ser causada por defectos adquiridos en su absorción, metabolismo y transporte; el origen de la misma puede deberse a la presencia de una enfermedad autoinmune primaria como la gastritis autoinmune o la anemia perniciosa. Es importante destacar que el metabolismo de la cobalamina puede verse afectado por diversas condiciones, como la deficiencia de factor intrínseco, enfermedad celíaca, enfermedad de Crohn, gastritis autoinmune, cirugía gástrica y el abuso de alcohol, entre otras. El diagnóstico oportuno de la deficiencia y diferencial de su etiología es crítico para evitar los síntomas neurológicos que pueden ser irreversibles. El objetivo de esta revisión fue considerar la deficiencia de vitamina B12 asociada a gastritis autoinmune y a otras enfermedades autoinmunes. Primero, se revisó el metabolismo de la cobalamina, proteínas transportadoras y derivados biológicamente activos y se continuó con las diferentes pruebas de laboratorio disponibles para el estudio de la deficiencia de vitamina B12. Al mismo tiempo, es de interés comprender los mecanismos inmunológicos implicados en la patogénesis de la gastritis autoinmune y anemia perniciosa. Del mismo modo, se hizo referencia a otras enfermedades autoinmunes, las que por presentarse con deficiencia de cobalamina deberían ser consideradas para su estudio.

Abstract Functional deficiency of vitamin B12 or cobalamin can be caused by acquired defects in its absorption, metabolism, and transport, with its cause possibly linked to the presence of a primary autoimmune disease such as autoimmune gastritis or pernicious anemia. It is important to note that cobalamin metabolism can be affected by various conditions, including intrinsic factor deficiency, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, autoimmune gastritis, gastric surgery, and alcohol abuse, among others. Timely diagnosis of deficiency and distinguishing its etiology is critical to prevent potentially irreversible neurological symptoms. The aim of this review was to consider vitamin B12 deficiency associated with autoimmune gastritis and other autoimmune diseases. Cobalamin metabolism, transport proteins, and biologically active derivatives were reviewed, followed by a consideration of different laboratory tests available to study vitamin B12 deficiency. At the same time, understanding the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia is of interest. Likewise, reference was made to other autoimmune diseases, which, when presenting with cobalamin deficiency, should be considered for study.

Resumo A deficiência funcional de vitamina B12 ou cobalamina pode ser causada por defeitos adquiridos na sua absorção, metabolismo e transporte; sua origem pode ser devido à presença de uma doença autoimune primária, como gastrite autoimune ou anemia perniciosa. É importante ressaltar que o metabolismo da cobalamina pode se ver afetado por diversas condições, como a deficiência de fator intrínseco, doença celíaca, doença de Crohn, gastrite autoimune, cirurgia gástrica e o abuso de álcool, entre outras. O diagnóstico oportuno da deficiência e a diferenciação da sua etiologia é fundamental para evitar sintomas neurológicos que podem ser irreversíveis. O objetivo desta revisão foi considerar a deficiência de vitamina B12 associada à gastrite autoimune e a outras doenças autoimunes. Primeiramente, foi revisto o metabolismo da cobalamina, as proteínas transportadoras e os derivados biologicamente ativos, seguidos pelos diferentes testes laboratoriais disponíveis para o estudo da deficiência de vitamina B12 . Ao mesmo tempo, é interessante compreender os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos na patogênese da gastrite autoimune e da anemia perniciosa. Da mesma forma, foi feita referência a outras doenças autoimunes que, por apresentarem deficiência de cobalamina, devem ser consideradas para estudo.

Efectos del déficit de vitaminas B9 y B12 en la génesis de la anemia megaloblástica

La anemia megaloblástica pertenece al subgrupo de anemias carenciales. Con el objetivo de describir el efecto del déficit de vitaminas B9 y B12 en la génesis de la anemia megaloblástica se realizó la presente investigación. La anemia megaloblástica se presenta cuando los niveles de ácido fólico (Vitamina B9) y cianocobalamina (vitamina B12) son bajos, generando así una disminución en la capacidad celular de sintetizar ácido desoxirribonucleico, lo que ocasiona alteraciones hematológicas en todas las líneas celulares de la médula ósea (eritrocitos y plaquetas), principalmente provocando la generación de hematíes de gran tamaño y con baja concentración de hemoglobina. Las vitaminas B9 y B12 participan en la síntesis normal de ácidos nucleicos, implicándose directamente en la síntesis de purinas y pirimidinas, así como la maduración celular. El déficit de estas vitaminas tiene efecto sobre el funcionamiento del sistema nervioso central.

Megaloblastic anemia belongs to the subgroup of deficiency anemias. With the objective of describing the effect of B9 and B12 vitamins deficiency on the genesis of megaloblastic anemia, this research was carried out. Megaloblastic anemia occurs when the levels of folic acid (Vitamin B9) and cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) are low, thus generating a decrease in the cellular capacity to synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid, which causes hematological alterations in all cell lines of the marrow bone (erythrocytes and platelets), mainly causing the generation of large red blood cells with low hemoglobin concentration. Vitamins B9 and B12 participate in the normal synthesis of nucleic acids, being directly involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, as well as cell maturation. The deficiency of these vitamins has an effect on the central nervous system functioning.

Vitaminas B neurotrópicas y neuropatía periférica: estado del arte y acuerdo de expertos / Neurotropic B vitamins and peripheral neuropathy: State of the art and agreement of experts

Propósito: La neuropatía periférica tiene un espectro clínico inespecífico y multifactorial, con frecuente subdiagnóstico y terapéutica de eficacia variable. Existe una heterogénea prescripción de vitaminas B, las cuales pueden desempeñar un rol importante en el manejo de diferentes neuropatías; sin embargo, en Colombia no existen guías clínicas al respecto. El propósito de este trabajo es orientar en el reconocimiento temprano de las neuropatías periféricas y generar recomendaciones sobre el uso adecuado de vitaminas B neurotrópicas. Descripción de la metodología: Acuerdo de expertos sobre la neuropatía periférica y el rol terapéutico de las vitaminas B con énfasis en la epidemiología en Colombia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Contenidos: En Colombia, la prevalencia de neuropatía periférica se estima cercana al 10 %, sin embargo, no hay datos recientes. Dentro de las etiologías más frecuentes se encuentran la neuropatía diabética, infecciosa, inflamatoria, carenciales, toxica y farmacológica. Se recomiendan las siguientes herramientas de tamizaje en población de riesgo: DN4, MNSI, test de monofilamento, test de vibración y valoración de reflejos. Las vitaminas B1, B6 y B12 son seguras, accesibles y pueden ser eficaces en neuropatía periférica, incluso cuando el déficit no ha sido demostrado, pero con requerimientos particulares en su administración conjunta. Conclusiones: Las neuropatías periféricas son un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico que requiere la identificación oportuna para el tratamiento de la etiología subyacente y el control de síntomas. El uso de vitaminas B neurotrópicas es efectivo y seguro en neuropatía periférica carencial, y también parece ser eficaz en el manejo de neuropatías periféricas de diferentes etiologías.

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy has a nonspecific and multifactorial clinical spectrum, with frequent underdiagnosis and therapeutics of variable efficacy. There is a high but heterogeneous prescription of B vitamins, which can play an important role in the management of different neuropathies; however, in Colombia there are no clinical guidelines in this regard. The purpose of this article is to guide the early recognition of peripheral neuropathy and generate recommendations on the proper use of neurotropic B vitamins. Description of the methodology: Expert agreement on peripheral neuropathy and the therapeutic role of B vitamins with emphasis on epidemiology in Colombia, diagnosis and treatment. Contents: In Colombia, there are no recent data to estimate the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy; the main etiologies are: diabetes mellitus, nutritional deficiencies, herpes zoster and neuropathies due to chemotherapy. Given risk factors in the anamnesis, the use of DN4, MNSI, monofilament test, vibration test and assessment of reflexes is recommended. Vitamins B1, B6, and B12 are safe and can be effective in peripheral neuropathy, even when the deficit has not been demonstrated, but with special requirements in their joint administration. Conclusions: peripheral neuropathies are a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and require timely identification, for the treatment of the underlying etiology and symptom control. The use of neurotropic B vitamins is effective and safe in deficient peripheral neuropathy, and also appears to be effective in the management of peripheral neuropathies of different etiologies.

Elevated B12 levels and mortality among inpatients at a university hospital in Colombia / Hipervitaminemia B12 y mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital universitario en Colombia

Abstract Introduction: An association between high vitamin B12 levels and the occurrence of multiple diseases has been reported. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of inpatients with high levels of vitamin B12, as well as their 1-year mortality rate. Materials and methods: Retrospective observational study conducted in 93 patients with elevated B12 levels treated at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in Bogotá (Colombia) between 2013 and 2020. Data are described using measures of central tendency and dispersion. Bivariate analyses were performed (unpaired two-samples t-test, chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test depending on the type of variable) to determine differences between patients with high B12 levels and those with very high levels. Results: Participant's median age was 68 years, 62.36% were male, and 61.29% had two or more comorbidities related to high B12 levels. In addition, in 86.02% of the patients, vitamin B12 level was not interpreted as abnormal by the treating physician. Significant differences were found between patients with high B12 levels and those with very high levels in terms of history of smoking (p=0.043) and the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (p=0.012). Finally, the 1-year mortality rate was 59.13%. Conclusion: The 1-year mortality rate was high, and a high percentage of patients had at least two comorbidities that were associated with high B12 levels. Moreover, in most of the participants, the treating physician did not correctly interpret the elevated level of this vitamin.

Resumen Introducción. Se ha reportado una asociación entre los niveles altos de vitamina B12 y la ocurrencia de múltiples enfermedades. Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con hipervitaminemia B12, así como la tasa de mortalidad a 1 año. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado en 93 pacientes con hipervitaminemia B12 atendidos en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio de Bogotá (Colombia) entre 2013 y 2020. Los datos se describen utilizando medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Se realizaron análisis bivariados (prueba t de dos colas no pareada, prueba chi-cuadrado o prueba U de Mann-Whitney según el tipo de variable) para determinar diferencias entre los pacientes con niveles altos de B12 y aquellos con niveles muy altos. Resultados. La mediana de edad fue 68 años y el 62.36% de los pacientes eran hombres. El 61.29% de los participantes tenía dos o más comorbilidades asociadas con la hipervitaminemia B12. Además, en 86.02% el nivel de vitamina B12 no fue interpretado como anormal por el médico tratante. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el antecedente de tabaquismo (p=0.043) y la presencia de lupus eritematoso sistémico (p=0.012) entre los pacientes con niveles altos de B12 y aquellos con niveles muy altos. Finalmente, la tasa de mortalidad a 1 año fue de 59.13%. Conclusión. La tasa de mortalidad a 1 año fue alta y un elevado porcentaje de pacientes tenía al menos dos comorbilidades asociadas a la hipervitaminemia B12. Además, en la mayoría de participantes, el médico tratante no interpretó correctamente el nivel elevado de esta vitamina.

Prevalencia de déficit de vitamina B12 en sangre periférica de madres cursando el puerperio inmediato en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell / Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in peripheral blood of mothers undergoing immediate puerperium at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center / Prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 no sangue periférico de mães no puerpério imediato no Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell

Objetivo: evaluar la prevalencia del déficit de vitamina B12 en mujeres cursando puerperio inmediato. Material y método: estudio observacional descriptivo de captación prospectiva de la cohorte en estudio. Muestra de 133 mujeres cursando el tercer trimestre de embarazo en la maternidad del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR), Montevideo, Uruguay, entre setiembre de 2021 y octubre de 2022. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre materna en el puerperio inmediato por punción venosa periférica. Estas muestras fueron procesadas mediante inmunoensayo de electroquimioluminiscencia. Además, se aplicó una entrevista para la evaluación de los hábitos nutricionales. Resultados: todas las pacientes reportaron tener una dieta omnívora, excepto una, que manifestó llevar una dieta vegana y recibía suplementación diaria de vitamina B12. El 75,9% de la muestra del estudio presentó un nivel socioeconómico bajo, puntuado según el cuestionario de medición de nivel socioeconómico del INSE (Índice de nivel socioeconómico, 2018 - Cámara de Empresas de Investigación Social y Mercado del Uruguay, CEISMU). Se registró una prevalencia de déficit de vitamina B12 de 39,10% (n: 52). Conclusiones: a pesar de que esta muestra de embarazadas presenta una dieta omnívora, se detectó una elevada prevalencia de déficit de vitamina B12. Dada la importancia de esta vitamina en la salud materna, fetal y neonatal, se deberían considerar políticas de salud pública de prevención de la deficiencia tanto en embarazadas como en madres lactantes.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in women during the immediate postpartum period. Method: Descriptive observational study with prospective cohort recruitment, involving a sample of 133 women in their third trimester of pregnancy at the Maternity Department of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center (CHPR) in Montevideo, Uruguay, between September 2021 and October 2022. Maternal blood samples were obtained during the immediate postpartum period through peripheral venous puncture. These samples were processed using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay. Additionally, a nutritional interview was conducted to assess dietary habits. Results: All patients reported following an omnivorous diet, except for one who reported following a vegan diet and received daily vitamin B12 supplementation. Seventy-five point nine percent (75.9%) of the study sample exhibited a low socioeconomic status as determined by the Socioeconomic Level Measurement Questionnaire of the INSE (Socioeconomic Level Index, 2018 - CEISMU, Uruguay). Resulting in a vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence of 39.10% (n: 52). Conclusions: Despite the fact that this sample of pregnant women maintains an omnivorous diet, a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency was detected. Given the significance of vitamin B12 for maternal, fetal, and neonatal health, public health policies for preventing deficiency should be considered for both pregnant women and lactating mothers.

Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina B12 em mulheres durante o pós-parto imediato. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo de recrutamento prospectivo da coorte em estudo; amostra com 133 mulheres no terceiro trimestre de gravidez na maternidade do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell (CHPR), em Montevidéu Uruguai, entre setembro de 2021 e outubro de 2022. As amostras de sangue materno foram obtidas no pós-parto imediato por punção venosa periférica que foram processadas por imunoensaio eletroquimioluminescente. Além disso, foi realizada uma entrevista nutricional para avaliar hábitos nutricionais. Resultados: Todas as pacientes relataram ter dieta onívora, exceto uma que relatou ter dieta vegana e receber suplementação diária de vitamina B12. 75,9% da amostra apresentou baixo nível socioeconômico de acordo com o Questionário de Medição do Nível Socioeconômico do INSE (Índice de Nível Socioeconômico, 2018 - CEISMU, Uruguai). Uma prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 de 39,10% (n: 52) foi registrada. Conclusões: Embora esta amostra de gestantes tenha dieta onívora, uma alta prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 foi detectada. Dada a importância da vitamina B12 na saúde materna, fetal e neonatal, devem ser consideradas políticas de saúde pública para prevenir a deficiência tanto em mães grávidas como em lactantes.

Infantile tremor syndrome: a case report

Infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) is a rare but significant clinical condition characterized by a tetrad of pallor, developmental delay or regression, skin pigmentation abnormalities, and sparse brown scalp hair, often accompanied by involuntary tremors. ITS primarily affects children aged 5 months to 3 years, with a higher prevalence in males, especially in regions like the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The exact cause of ITS remains uncertain, but a strong association with vitamin B12 deficiency has been observed in numerous studies. Malnutrition, including deficiencies of zinc, magnesium, iron, calcium, and hypoalbuminemia, is common among affected infants, who often come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds with vegetarian mothers lacking animal food in their diets. In this case report, an 8-month-old female child presented with progressive tremors, poor feeding, and developmental delay. The child had been exclusively breastfed by a vegetarian mother and lacked proper complementary feeding. Clinical examination revealed pallor, hypopigmented hair, hyperpigmented knuckles, and generalized hypotonia. Laboratory tests confirmed vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia and other nutritional deficiencies. Neuroimaging showed cerebral atrophy. Treatment involved addressing the nutritional deficiencies, primarily through vitamin B12 supplementation, iron, magnesium, calcium, and a protein-rich diet. Tremors were managed with propranolol and phenobarbitone. Within a month of treatment, the child exhibited significant improvement in tremors, developmental milestones, and overall well-being. This case emphasizes the importance of considering ITS in infants with specific clinical features and highlights the role of healthcare providers in educating parents about proper nutrition during pregnancy and infancy. Early diagnosis and management, including nutritional interventions and symptom control, can lead to substantial improvements in affected children's health and development. Further research is necessary to better understand the etiology and optimal management strategies for ITS.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH METFORMIN AND METFORMIN IN COMBINATION WITH DPP-4 INHIBITORS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receiving metformin and metformin in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors. To evaluate the vitamin B12 levels induced by long-term metformin usage.Methods: It is a retrospective, comparative study of 6 mo, conducted at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. 300 diabetic patients of age group between 30-85 y of either gender were divided into Group-A, receiving metformin and Group-B, receiving metformin+DPP-4 inhibitors. Ethics committee approval was o btained. The baseline and after 6 mo values of Vitamin B12 were noted and analyzed by using SPSS software.Results: The majority of the patients were from the age group of 56-65 y (n=42, 28%) in Group-A and 46-55 y (n=61, 40.7%) in Group B. Male predominance was observed in both groups (n=81, 54% and n=76, 50.7%). Duration of Diabetes mellitus was ?5 y in both groups (n=87, 58% and n=112, 74.7%). Vitamin B12 mean values for Group-A (Baseline-478.61, After 6 mo-195.94) and Group-B (Baseline-527.82, After 6 mo-299.05) were obtained. Mean reduction with a statistical significance in both study groups was observed (Group-A-282.66 and Group-B-228.77). Most of the patients showed numbness (14%) in Group-A and general weakness (7.3%) in Group B, respectively.Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic patients who were on metformin therapy only have a prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency compared to Metformin in combination with DPP-4 inhibitors receiving patients.

Imerslund-Gräsbeck Syndrome: Clinical Case

Introduction: Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (IGS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by decreased vitamin B12, megaloblastic anemia, and proteinuria. Clinical case: A 58-year-old woman with four episodes of generalized tonic movements whose paraclinical findings showed cyanocobalamin deficiency. The presence of gait disturbances and constitutional syndrome was reported upon questioning, which required further investigation. The extension tests confirmed type 1 IGS, so it was decided to continue the cyanocobalamin management and nutrition evaluation, with which an adequate evolution was achieved. The patient was eventually discharged. Conclusion: This pathology is low prevalence and mainly affects the first decade of life. It prefers the female sex and is characterized by a decrease in vitamin B12, which can predispose to other disorders such as ataxia and growth retardation.

Introducción: el síndrome de Imerslund-Gräsbeck es un trastorno congénito infrecuente caracterizado por disminución de la vitamina B12, anemia megaloblástica y proteinuria. Caso clínico: mujer de 58 años de edad con cuatro episodios de movimientos tónicos generalizados cuyos paraclínicos mostraban deficiencia de cianocobalamina, por lo que en el interrogatorio se reportaba la presencia de alteraciones en la marcha y síndrome constitucional que requería ampliar los estudios. Los exámenes de extensión confirmaron el síndrome de Imerslund-Gräsbeck tipo 1, de modo que se decidió continuar el manejo con cianocobalamina y valoración con nutrición, con lo que se obtuvo una adecuada evolución y se decidió dar egreso a la paciente. Conclusión: esta patología tiene una baja prevalencia y afecta principalmente a la primera década de la vida, tiene predilección por el sexo femenino y se caracteriza por una disminución de la vitamina B12, que puede predisponer a otras alteraciones como ataxia y retraso en el crecimiento.

Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Disease: An Unusual Presentation of Hyperhomocysteinemia / Accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico: una inusual presentación de hiperhomocisteinemia / Acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico: uma apresentação incomum da hiper-homocisteinemia

Introduction: Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with hemorrhagic stroke being the deadliest form of acute stroke. Therefore, the cause of the event should be determined to direct the associated therapy and take preventive measures. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been described as a rare etiology of stroke. Although hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with venous thrombotic events, altered endothelial function, and procoagulant states, its clinical role in stroke remains controversial. Case description: We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism who presented with dysarthria, facial paresis, and left upper-limb monoparesis after sexual intercourse. A simple skull computed tomography scan showed hyperintensity in the right basal ganglion, indicating an acute hemorrhagic event. Etiological studies were performed, including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, cerebral angiography, and transthoracic echocardiogram, which ruled out underlying vascular pathology. During follow-up, vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia were detected, without other blood biochemical profile alterations. Supplementation was initiated, and homocysteine levels gradually decreased, without new neurological deficits observed during follow-up. Conclusion: Quantification of homocysteine should be considered in patients with a cerebrovascular disease without apparent cause, as documenting hyperhomocysteinemia and correcting its underlying etiology are essential not only for providing appropriate management but also for preventing future events.

Introducción: el accidente cerebrovascular es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, y el accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico es la forma más mortífera de accidente cerebro- vascular agudo. La determinación de la causa del evento es esencial para dirigir la terapia asociada y poder tomar medidas preventivas. La hiperhomocisteinemia se ha descrito como una etiología poco frecuente de accidente cerebrovascular. Aunque esta se ha asociado con eventos trombóticos venosos, disfunción endotelial alterada y estados procoagulantes, sigue siendo controvertido su papel clínico en el accidente cerebrovascular. Descripción del caso: se presenta el caso de un hombre de 60 años con hipotiroidismo autoinmune primario que presentó disartria, paresia facial y monoparesia del miembro superior izquierdo después de un encuentro sexual. Una simple tomografía computarizada de cráneo mostró hipointensidad en la región del ganglio basal derecho, que indicaba un evento hemorrágico agudo. Se realizaron estudios etiológicos, incluyendo monitorización ambulatoria de la presión arterial, angiografía cerebral y ecocardiograma transtorácico, que descartaron patología vascular subyacente. Durante el seguimiento, se detectó deficiencia de vitamina B12 e hiperhomocisteinemia, sin otras alteraciones en el perfil bioquímico sanguíneo. Se inició la suplementación y los niveles de homocisteína disminuyeron gradualmente, sin observar nuevos déficits neurológicos durante el seguimiento. Conclusión: la cuantificación de homocisteína debe ser considerada en casos de enfermedad cerebrovascular sin causa aparente, dado que documentar la hiperhomocisteinemia y corregir su etiología subyacente es esencial no solo para proporcionar un manejo adecuado, sino también para prevenir eventos futuros.

Introdução: o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo o AVC hemorrágico a forma mais letal de AVC agudo. A determinação da causa do evento é essencial para direcionar a terapia associada e poder tomar medidas preventivas. A hiperhomocisteinemia tem sido descrita como uma etiologia rara de acidente vascular cerebral. Embora a hiper-homocisteinemia tenha sido associada a eventos trombóticos venosos, disfunção endotelial alterada e estados pró-coagulantes, seu papel clínico no AVC permanece controverso. Descrição do caso: apresentamos o caso de um homem de 60 anos com hipotireoidismo autoimune primário que apresentou disartria, paresia facial e monoparesia do membro superior esquerdo após relação sexual. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio mostrou hipointensidade na região do gânglio da base direito, indicando evento hemorrágico agudo. Foram realizados estudos etiológicos, incluindo monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, angiografia cerebral e ecocardiograma transtorácico, que descartaram patologia vascular subjacente. Durante o acompanhamento, foram detectados deficiência de vitamina B12 e hiper-homocistei- nemia, sem outras alterações no perfil bioquímico sanguíneo. A suplementação foi iniciada e os níveis de homocisteína diminuíram gradualmente, sem novos déficits neurológicos observados durante o acompanhamento. Conclusão: a quantificação da homocisteína deve ser considerada em casos de doença vascular cerebral sem causa aparente, pois documentar a hiper-homocisteinemia e corrigir sua etiologia subjacente é essencial não apenas para fornecer manejo adequado, mas também para prevenir eventos futuros.

Infantile tremor syndrome: Case report

Infantile tremor syndrome (ITS) is a very rare disease with an incidence of <0.2% in India. Affecting children are around 1 year of age and characterized by developmental delay, skin pigmentation, and coarse tremors. Studies since 1990 conclude that ITS is caused by nutritional deficiencies, most prominently of Vitamin B12. Since lactating mothers from a poor socioeconomic background in regions where vegetarianism is prevalent because of cultural reasons are most likely to be deficient in Vitamin B12, the syndrome is most likely to affect this segment. The case described herein is unique because it is from Mangalore in India which is a coastal town with very low levels of vegetarianism. A 14-month-old girl presented with fever, vomiting, and loose stools coupled with abnormal movements of eyes, tongue, and hands which were coarse, rhythmic, continuous of low amplitude, present throughout the day, and absent during sleep. Although initial suspicions were of seizures and the patient was administered anti-epileptics, there was no improvement in the condition of the patient. On suspicions of symptoms being of ITS, an MRI-brain was done which showed diffuse mild loss of white matter. Consequently, blood investigations showed macro-to-microcytic hypochromic anemia. Thereafter, the child was started on injectable B12 supplementation and propanolol at 0.5 mg/kg/day for tremors. The child responded well clinically.

Degeneración combinada subaguda / Subacute combined degeneration

Introducción: La degeneración combinada subaguda (DCS) es un trastorno caracterizado por la degeneración difusa de la sustancia blanca a nivel del SNC, que afecta específicamente los cordones posteriores y laterales de la médula espinal, con pérdida de la mielinización periférica y central. De manera frecuente, las manifestaciones clínicas son parestesias y debilidad generalizada causada por deficiencia de vitamina B12. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 79 años, con cuadro clínico de 3 meses de evolución de limitación funcional para la marcha acompañado de desorientación. Al examen físico evidenció desorientación, cuadriparesia e hiporreflexia, con niveles séricos bajos de vitamina B12, RM cervical con focos hiperintensos en el segmento C3/C6 y endoscopia de vías digestivas altas con atrofia de la mucosa gástrica. Presentamos un caso clínico de DCS. Discusión: Este es un caso de DCS que se manifiesta por medio de una alteración neuropsiquiátrica, con una presentación inicial inespecífica que comprende deterioro de la marcha, movimientos anormales con afectación cognitiva y psiquiátrica dada por alucinaciones visuales y desorientación. Su sospecha es importante en pacientes con factores de riesgo por medio del conocimiento de la patología, para una adecuada sospecha diagnóstica y una instauración oportuna de reposición vitamínica, la cual presenta una excelente respuesta. Conclusión: La DCS es un trastorno en el que se evidencia anemia con deficiencia de vitamina B12, des-mielinización del tejido nervioso y en muchos casos signos sugestivos de atrofia gástrica, y para ello es crucial la detección temprana de esta enfermedad por medio de la determinación de niveles séricos de vitamina B12, asociado a síntomas neurológicos, para así lograr su adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Introduction: Subacute combined degeneration (DCS) is a disorder characterized by diffuse degeneration of white matter at the CNS level, specifically affecting the posterior and lateral cords of the spinal cord, also with loss of peripheral and central myelination, frequently the clinical manifestations are paresthesias and generalized weakness caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Case presentation: A 79-year-old male patient with a 3-month history of functional limitation for walking accompanied by disorientation. On physical examination, he revealed disorientation, quadriparesis, and hyporeflexia, with low serum levels of vitamin B12, cervical MRI with hyperintense foci in segment C3/C6, and upper digestive tract endoscopy with atrophy of the gastric mucosa. We present a clinical case of DCS. Discussion: This is a case of DCS that manifests itself through neuropsychiatric alteration with a nonspecific initial presentation with gait impairment, abnormal movements with cognitive and psychiatric affectation given by visual hallucinations and disorientation. Its suspicion is important in patients with risk factors. risk through knowledge of the pathology for an adequate diagnostic suspicion and a timely establishment of vitamin replacement for which it presents an excellent response. Conclusion: DCS is a disorder where anemia with vitamin B12 deficiency, demyelination of the nervous tissue and in many cases signs suggestive of gastric atrophy are evident, for which early detection of this disease is crucial through the determination of serum levels of vitamin B12 associated with neurological symptoms, in order to achieve its proper diagnosis and treatment.

Flow cytometry-detected changes in megaloblastic anemia secondary to cobalamin deficiency

Introduction: Megaloblastic anemias secondary to Vitamin B12 deficiency are a group of pathologies produced by defective nuclear DNA synthesis. Objective: To describe the maturation alterations found in hematopoietic precursors of the bone marrow in a series of patients with megaloblastic anemia. Methods: Were included patients attended at the Regional Hospital of Concepción with bone marrow samples sent for the study of cytopenia by flow cytometry whose final diagnosis was megaloblastic anemia. The immunophenotype was performed with CD45, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR, markers of neutrophil (CD13, CD11b, CD10, CD16) and/or erythroblast (CD105, CD71, CD36) maturation. Results: From the flow cytometry laboratory database, 8 patients with megaloblastic anemia were identified, and myelodysplastic syndromes (n=9) and normal or reactive bone marrow (n=10) were used as controls. 44% were men, with a median age of 58 years. Megaloblastic anemia was associated with a higher proportion of size and complexity of erythroid and myeloid progenitors compared to lymphocytes compared to controls. The total percentage of erythroblasts and the proportion of CD34+ myeloid cells associated with erythroid lineage was higher in megaloblastic anemia, associated with a maturation arrest in the CD105+ precursor stage (69% vs 19% and 23%, p<0.001). The heterogeneity of CD36 and CD71 in megaloblastic anemia was similar to myelodysplastic syndromes. Conclusions: Megaloblastic anemia produces a heterogeneous involvement of hematopoiesis, characterized by a greater size and cellular complexity of precursors of the neutrophil and erythroid series and a maturation arrest of the erythroblasts.

Introducción: Anemias megaloblásticas secundarias a la deficiencia de vitamina B12 son patologías producidas por una síntesis defectuosa del ADN nuclear. Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones madurativas encontradas en precursores hematopoyéticos de la médula ósea de una serie de pacientes con anemia megaloblástica. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Regional de Concepción con muestras de médula ósea enviadas para estudio de citopenias por citometría de flujo cuyo diagnóstico fue anemia megaloblástica. El inmunofenotipo se realizó con CD45, CD34, CD117, HLA-DR, marcadores de maduración de serie de neutrófilo (CD13, CD11b, CD10, CD16) y/o eritroblasto (CD105, CD71, CD36). Resultados: Se identificaron 8 pacientes con anemia megaloblástica y como controles se utilizaron síndromes mielodisplásicos (n=9) y médula ósea normal o reactiva (n=10). El 44% eran hombres, con una mediana de edad de 58 años. La anemia megaloblástica se asoció con una mayor proporción de tamaño y complejidad de progenitores eritroides y mieloides con respecto de los linfocitos en comparación a los controles. El porcentaje total de eritroblastos y la proporción de células mieloides CD34+ comprometidas con el linaje eritroide fue mayor en anemia megaloblástica, asociado a una parada madurativa en la etapa de precursor CD105+ (69% vs 19% y 23%, p <0.001). La heterogeneidad de CD36 y CD71 en anemia megaloblástica fue similar a los síndromes mielodisplásicos. Conclusiones: la anemia megaloblástica produce una afectación heterogénea de la hematopoyesis, caracterizada por un mayor tamaño y complejidad celulares de precursores de la serie neutrófilo y eritroide y una detención madurativa de los eritroblastos.

Role of serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels in abruptio placentae and the fetomaternal outcome

Background: Over the course of pregnancy, there is a steady decline in maternal plasma folate concentration and vitamin B12 concentration about 50%of non pregnant levels. Insufficient folate and vitamin B12 status has been associated with many reproductive complications including abruption, IUGR, pre eclampsia, early pregnancy loss. The aim of the study was to determine the role of serum folic acid and vitamin B12levels in patients with abruptio placentae and to study the feto-maternal outcome in these patients. Feto maternal outcome is seen in terms of mode of delivery whether vaginal or caesarean, period of gestation whether term or preterm, need of blood transfusion, stillbirths.Methods: In this prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital from 2018-2020, 50 pregnant women with abruptio placentae were included and their serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were measured by ELIZA method using commercially available kits.Results: Serum folic acid levels were not low in the cases of placental abruption with range= 25 ng/ml to 80.5 ng/ml. Mean folic acid level 盨D is 47.98�.15 ng/ml and median is 48 ng/ml. In this study vitamin B12 levels were low in the cases, range 14 pg/ml to 70 pg/ml. Mean vitamin B12 value 盨D is 27.15�.63 pg/ml and median is 25 pg/ml.The rate of caesarean section was 44%, preterm delivery was 64% and stillbirth was 38% in these cases with mean folic acid levels of 48.7�.4 ng/ml, 46.94�.85 ng/ml and 46.03�13 ng/ml respectively and mean vitamin B12 levels of 23.34�74 pg/ml, 28.73�.44 pg/ml and 28.32�.75 pg/ml respectively. There was a significant association (p=0.006) between vitamin B12 and mode of delivery. No other significant association was seen between serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels and the different fetomaternal outcome.Conclusions: Low levels of vitamin B12 is seen in cases with abruptio placentae. The rate of caesarean section, preterm delivery, stillbirth and need of blood transfusion is high but no significant association is seen.

Relationship between vitamin B12 levels and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean / Relação entre níveis de vitamina B12 e resistência à insulina em mulheres na pós-menopausa da Colômbia Caribe

Introduction: The high prevalence of low vitamin B12 serum levels has been recognized as a public health problem in Latin America; however, the current magnitude of this deficiency in Colombia is uncertain. Low levels of vitamin B12 can induce clinical and subclinical hematological and neurological disorders. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of vitamin B12 in insulin resistance has been poorly studied. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin B12 serum levels and biochemical and anthropometric markers related to CVDs and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean. Methods: Correlational, descriptive study. By convenience sampling, 182 postmenopausal women from the medical consultation service of a health institution were linked. Serum vitamin B12 levels, anthropometric variables (body mass index, abdominal perimeter), and biochemical variables (glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, HOMA IR) were evaluated. Results: The average value of the vitamin B12 serum level was 312.5 ± 122.5 pg/mL (230.6 ± 90.4 pmol/L); 46.7% of the women had less than adequate levels of 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), and 9. 9% were deficient, with levels of less than 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L). The women with metabolic syndrome were 63.7%, and according to HOMA IR, 52.7 % had insulin resistance. A significant inverse relationship was shown between serum vitamin B12 levels with basal glycemic (P =0.002) and HOMA-IR (P =0.040). Conclusions: A significant inverse relationship between vitamin B12 levels and basal glycemia and HOMA-IR was observed. These findings highlight vitamin B12 deficiency in postmenopausal women and suggest nutritional supplementation.Keywords: Vitamin B12, Insulin resistance, Diet, Postmenopause, Cardiovascular diseases (AU).

Introdução: A alta prevalência de baixos níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foi reconhecida como um problema de saúde pública na América Latina, mas a magnitude atual dessa deficiência na Colômbia é incerta. Baixos níveis de vitamina B12 podem induzir distúrbios hematológicos e neurológicos clínicos e subclínicos. Na verdade, estudos epidemiológicos demonstram uma relação entre deficiência de vitamina B12 e doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs). No entanto, o papel da vitamina B12 na resistência à insulina tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 e marcadores bioquímicos e antropométricos relacionados com doenças cardiovasculares e resistência à insulina em mulheres pós-menopáusicas da Colômbia Caribe. Métodos: Estudo correlacional, descritivo. Por amostragem de conveniência, foram vinculadas 182 mulheres na pós-menopausa do serviço de consulta médica de uma instituição de saúde. Níveis séricos de vitamina B12, variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, perímetro abdominal) e variáveis bioquímicas (glicemia, insulina, perfil lipídico, HOMA IR) foram avaliadas. Resultados: O valor médio do nível sérico de vitamina B12 foi de 312,5 ± 122,5 pg/mL (230,6 ± 90,4 pmol/L); 46,7% das mulheres tinham níveis abaixo do adequado de 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), e 9,9% eram deficientes, com níveis abaixo de 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L).As mulheres com síndrome metabólica foram 63,7% e, segundo o HOMA IR, 52,7% apresentavam resistência à insulina. Uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 com glicemia basal (P = 0,002) e HOMA-IR (P = 0,040) foi mostrada. Conclusões: Foi observada uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis de vitamina B12 e glicemia basal e HOMA-IR. Esses achados destacam a deficiência de vitamina B12 em mulheres na pós-menopausa e sugerem suplementação nutricional (AU).