Effects of omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 nutraceuticals on pain and fertility in peritoneal endometriosis in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the nutraceuticals omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 on endometriosis-associated infertility and pain. Methods: Controlled experimental study, with each group composed of eight female rats. Fertility groups: sham-operated control (0.9% saline solution); control with endometriosis (0.9% saline); omega-6/3 (1.2 g/kg/day); omega-9/6 (1.2 g/kg/day); and meloxicam (0.8 mg/kg/day). Pain groups: sham-operated control (0.9% saline); control with endometriosis (0.9% saline); omega-6/3 (1.2 g/kg/day); omega-9/6 (1.2 g/kg/day); medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 mg/kg/every 3 days); and meloxicam (0.8 mg/kg/day). Peritoneal endometriosis was surgically induced. Pain was evaluated with the writhing test. Fertility was evaluated by counting the number of embryos in the left hemi-uterus. Results: The mean number of writhings was as follows: sham-operated, 11.1 ± 2.9; control with endometriosis, 49.3 ± 4.4; omega-6/3, 31.5 ± 2.7; omega-9/6, 34.1 ± 4.5; medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.1 ± 0.8; meloxicam, 1 ± 0.3. There was a significant difference between both controls and all drugs used for treatment. Regarding fertility, the mean values were as follows: sham-operated, 6.8 ± 0.6; control with endometriosis, 4.2 ± 0.7; omega-6/3, 4.7 ± 1; omega-9/6, 3.8 ± 0.9; and meloxicam, 1.8 ± 0.9. Conclusions: The omega-6/3 and omega-9/6 nutraceuticals decreased pain compared to the controls. There was no improvement in fertility in any of the tested groups.

Development of a subcutaneous endometriosis rat model

PURPOSE: To present a rat model of subcutaneous endometriosis for the study of pathophysiology and the effects of drugs. METHODS: Fifty three-month-old female Wistar rats (Rattus norvergicus) were distributed into one control group and four treatment groups: estradiol (2.5; 5; 10mg/kg sc), medroxyprogesterone acetate (0.5; 2; 5mg/kg sc), triptorelin pamoate (0.18; 0.56mg/kg sc) and acetylsalicylic acid (3mg/kg per os). The animals were autoimplanted subcutaneously with 4x4-mm uterine fragments to induce endometriosis. The endometriomas were measured on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. The relative dry and wet weights of the endometrioma were used to evaluate response to the drug. Endometrial -like tissue was confirmed by histology. The greatest weight gain was observed on day 14 (relative wet weight: 29.1 ± 6.7mg%, relative dry weight: 5.3 ± 0.9mg %). Treatments were administered between day 5 and day 14. RESULTS: The relative wet weight of the hemiuterus in the 10mg/kg estradiol group differed significantly from control and the other two estradiol groups (p=0.0001). In the medroxyprogesterone acetate group the weight decreased significantly but this decrease was not dose-dependent. Weight reduction was also significant in the triptorelin pamoate and the acetylsalicylic acid groups. CONCLUSION: The model of subcutaneous endometriosis is reproducible, low-cost and easy to perform, and suitable for the study of pathophysiology and the effects of drugs. .

BK polyomavirus in Kidney transplant recipients: screening, monitoring and clinical management / BK poliomavírus em receptores do transplante renal: rastreamento, monitoramento viral e manuseio clínico

BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a causal agent of nephropathy, ureteral stenosis and hemorrhagic cystitis in kidney transplant recipients, and is considered an important emerging disease in transplantation. Regular screening for BKPyV reactivation mainly during the first 2 years posttransplant, with subsequent pre-emptive reduction of immunosuppression is considered the best option to avoid disease progression, since successful clearance or reduction of viremia is achieved in the vast majority of patients within 6 months. The use of drugs with antiviral properties for patients with persistent viremia has been attempted despite unclear benefits. Clinical manifestations of BKPyV nephropathy, current strategies for diagnosis and monitoring of BKPyV infection, management of immunosuppressive regimen after detection of BKPyV reactivation and the use of antiviral drugs are discussed in this review.

BK Poliomavírus (BKPyV) é um agente causal de nefropatia, estenose ureteral e cistite hemorrágica em receptores de transplante renal, sendo considerado uma importante doença emergente na transplantação. Rastreamento regular para reativação do BKPyV, principalmente nos dois primeiros anos pós-transplante, com subsequente redução preemptiva da imunossupressão é considerada a melhor conduta para evitar a progressão da doença, já que a eliminação ou redução da viremia é alcançada na grande maioria dos pacientes dentro de 6 meses. O uso de drogas com propriedades antivirais para os pacientes com viremia persistente tem sido tentado, embora sem benefícios claros. As manifestações clínicas da nefropatia por BKPyV, as estratégias para o diagnóstico e monitoramento da infecção por BKPyV, o manejo do regime de imunossupressão após a detecção da reativação do BKPyV e o uso de drogas antivirais são discutidas nesta revisão.

Association between perineal trauma and pain in primiparous women / Associación entre el trauma perineal y dolór em primíparas / Associação entre trauma perineal e dor em primíparas

Objective To identify the association between perineal trauma and pain in 473 primiparous women. Method Cross-sectional study in which pain was measured by the numerical pain scale (0 to 10 - 0 being no pain and 10 maximal pain). Results The prevalence and mean intensity of pain were 33.0% and 4.7 points (standard deviation = 2.0) in the numeric scale, respectively. Episiotomy represented the most frequent trauma (46.7%). The occurrence and intensity of the pain were associated with perineal trauma and postpartum time. Having perineal trauma tripled the chance of pain. Each hour elapsed following the birth reduced the chance of pain by 4.8%. Conclusion Primiparous women are subject to a high frequency of perineal trauma, with episiotomy being the most prominent. Perineal pain affects approximately one-third of primiparous women and is associated with the postpartum time and perineal traumas. .

Objetivo Identificar la asociación entre el trauma y el dolor perineal en 473 primíparas. Método Estudio transversal, en el que el dolor se midió por medio de la escala numérica del dolor (0 a 10; 0 = ningún dolor y 10 = dolor máximo). Resultados La prevalencia y el promedio de intensidad del dolor fueron 33,0% y 4,7 (Desviación Estándar = 2,0) puntos en la escala, respectivamente. La episiotomía fue el trauma más frecuente (46,7%). La ocurrencia y la intensidad del dolor se asociaron con el trauma y el tiempo del postparto. Tener trauma perineal triplica la probabilidad de tener dolor. Cada hora transcurrida después del nacimiento reduce la posibilidad de dolor en 4,8%. Conclusión Las primíparas están sujetas a altas tasas de trauma perineal, especialmente episiotomía. El dolor perineal afecta aproximadamente a un tercio de las primíparas y se asocia con el tiempo de postparto y el traumatismo perineal.

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Objetivo Identificar a associação entre trauma perineal e dor em 473 primíparas. Método Estudo transversal, no qual dor foi mensurada por meio da escala numérica de dor (0 a 10 – sendo 0 ausência de dor e 10 dor máxima). A prevalência e a média de intensidade de dor foram 33,0% e 4,7 (Desvio Padrão = 2,0) pontos na escala numérica, respectivamente. Resultados A episiotomia foi o trauma mais frequente (46,7%). A ocorrência e a intensidade da dor foram associadas ao trauma perineal e ao tempo de pós-parto. Ter trauma perineal triplicou a chance de dor. Cada hora decorrida depois do parto reduziu a chance de dor em 4,8%. Conclusão As primíparas estão sujeitas a elevada frequência de trauma perineal, sobretudo episiotomia. A dor perineal afeta, aproximadamente, um terço das primíparas e está associada ao tempo de pós-parto e aos traumas locais. .

Impacto dos contraceptivos hormonais na densidade óssea: evidências atuais para contracepção na adolescência / Impact of hormonal contraceptives on bone density: current evidences for contraception in adolescence

Devido aos efeitos adversos dos contraceptivos hormonais, algumas mulheres são privadas de seus benefícios, que se estendem além da contracepção. Especialmente em adolescentes, é preocupante o impacto dos hormônios sobre o osso. Buscando reunir evidências nesse sentido, três revisores independentes fizeram buscas nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, Ibecs, Scielo e Cochrane, utilizando descritores relacionados à contracepção e densidade óssea. Foram critérios de inclusão: revisões sistemáticas e estudos com nível de evidência A e B. Foram excluídos estudos com contraceptivos utilizados para fins terapêuticos e não contraceptivos. Das 66 publicações encontradas, foram selecionados 15 estudos, e evidenciou-se que compostos com progesterona isolada de depósito e possivelmente os de baixa dose estrogênica têm impacto negativo na fase do pico de massa óssea. Contudo, o efeito esteve restrito à idade de iniciação e ao tempo de uso, havendo recuperação após interrupção da contracepção. Não há evidências de relação entre uso de contraceptivos e fraturas. O aconselhamento contraceptivo deve considerar o efeito negativo que a progesterona isolada de depósito e a baixa dose estrogênica podem ter sobre a massa óssea na adolescência, considerando que tal efeito é reversível e limitado ao tempo de uso

Due to the adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives, some women are deprived of the benefits they provide that extend beyond contraception. In adolescents, the main concern is the impact hormones can have on their bone structure. Three independent reviewers researched the databases Medline, Lilacs, Ibecs, Scielo and Cochrane, by using descriptions related to contraception and bone density. The inclusion criteria were: systematic reviews and studies with levels of evidence A and B. Contraceptives used for therapeutic purposes, other than contraception itself, were excluded from the study. Of the 66 publications found, 15 studies were selected. Compounds isolated from progesterone deposit, and possibly the low-dose estrogen, have a negative impact on the stage the bone mass peaks, but the effect was restricted to the age of initiation and the time of use, with recovery after discontinuation of contraception. There is no evidence of a relationship between the use of contraceptives and bone fractures. The negative effects that the deposit of progesterone and low-dose estrogen may have on bone mass should be taken into account when adolescents engage in the use of contraceptives ? bearing in mind that said effects are reversible and limited to the time of use

Assessment of DNA nucleo base oxidation and antioxidant defense in postmenopausal women under hormone replacement therapy.

Background and Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate oxidative stress byinvesting oxidatively damaged DNA AS Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) -sensitive sites, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities reduced glutathione (GSH) level and nitrite level as satble end product of in women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Materials and Methods: 127 healthy postmenopausal women receiving HRT and 25 healthy control postmenopausal women were included in this study. Women receiving HRT, comprised surgical menopausal women who underwent surgery for benign conditionsand received conjugated equine estrogen, 0.625 mg/day for 1year (group 1), 5 years (group 2) and more than 10 years (group 3), spontaneous postmenopausal women received conjugated equine estrogen, 0.625 (Premarin) mg/day and medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg/day (Premelle) for 1 year (group 4), 5 years (group 5) and more than 5 years (group 6).We investigated in the present study the effects of HRT on nitrite level and GSH level, activities of SOD and GPx and oxidative damage to DNA by comet assays by measuring levels of Fpg-sensitive sites. Results: Although no significant differences were found in the SOD activities, in total group receiving HRT, increased DNA oxidation (P<0.001) together with an increased GPx activity (P<0.001) and nitrite level (P<0.001) as well as a decreased GSH level (P < 0.05) as compared with controls were observed. Conclusion: Estrogen alone or oestrogen in combination with progesterone and duration of use did not significantly alter the results. We evaluated that caused oxidative stress by investigating oxidative DNA damage as Fp-sensitive sites and GSH.NO levels in women receiving HRT.

Estradiol transdérmico e perfil lipídico: efeitos em um grupo específico de mulheres brasileiras pós-menopausadas / Transdermal estradiol and lipid profile: effects on a specific group of brazilian postmenopausal women / Estradiol transdérmico y perfil lipídico: efectos en un grupo específico de mujeres brasileñas posmenopáusicas

Fundamento: Em mulheres pós-menopausadas, mudanças significantes ocorrem, que podem induzir doenças cardiovasculares, tais como o perfil lipídico aterogênico devido a um aumento nos níveis de colesterol total e LDL, e uma diminuição nos níveis de HDL. A terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH) pode evitar essas mudanças no perfil lipídico. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos da TRH constituída por estradiol transdérmico e acetato de medroxiprogesterona nos parâmetros bioquímicos e lipídicos de mulheres brasileiras pós-menopausadas. Métodos: Este é um estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, aberto, no qual trinta mulheres pós-menopausadas receberam estradiol em gel transdérmico (1 mg/dia) de forma contínua, combinado com acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MPA) (5 mg/dia) por 12 dias/mês. Os seguintes parâmetros foram determinados: colesterol total, triglicérides, lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-colesterol), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-colesterol), lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-colesterol), glicose, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), gama-glutamil transferase (GGT) e hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH). Resultados: Os parâmetros do perfil lipídico mostraram uma diminuição não-significante, enquanto os níveis de GGT e FSH apresentaram uma diminuição estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: O tratamento com estradiol em gel transdérmico não mostrou um impacto significante no perfil lipídico, de forma que não resultou em um efeito benéfico nos marcadores de doenças cardiovasculares, sugerindo que a dose, modo de administração e o tempo de tratamento foram importantes para esses resultados. Além disso, o tratamento com dose baixa e modo de administração transdérmico também demonstrou um significante efeito hepático nessa população. Dessa forma, esse tratamento pode fornecer efeitos interessantes sobre o perfil lipídico em mulheres brasileiras pós-menopausadas.

Background: In postmenopausal women, significant changes occur that can induce cardiovascular diseases, such as atherogenic lipid profile, due to an increase in total cholesterol and LDL levels, and a decrease in HDL cholesterol levels. The hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can prevent these changes in lipid profile. Objective: Verify the effects of HRT consisting of transdermal estradiol gel associated with medroxyprogesterone acetate on the lipid profile and biochemical parameters in Brazilian postmenopausal women. Methods: This study is an open prospective longitudinal study, in which thirty postmenopausal women received transdermal estradiol gel (1 mg/day) continuously combined with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (5 mg/day) for 12 days/month. The following parameters were determined: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gama glutamyl transferase (GGT) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Results: The parameters of the lipid profile did not show a significant decrease, while the levels of GGT and FSH had a statistically significant decrease. Conclusions: the treatment with transdermal estradiol gel did not have a significant impact on the lipid profile, thus not resulting in a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease markers, suggesting that the dose, administration route and the time of treatment were important for these results. Moreover, the treatment using small dose and the transdermal administration route also had a significant hepatic effect in this population. Therefore, this treatment might provide interesting effects on the lipid profile in Brazilian postmenopausal women.

Fundamento: Cambios significantes ocurren en las mujeres posmenopáusicas que pueden inducir enfermedades cardiovasculares, tales como el perfil lipídico aterogénico debido a un aumento en los niveles de colesterol total y LDL y una disminución en los niveles de HDL. La terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) puede evitar esos cambios en el perfil lipídico. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la TRH constituida por estradiol transdérmico y acetato de medroxiprogesterona en los parámetros bioquímicos y lipídicos de mujeres brasileñas posmenopáusicas Métodos: Este es un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, abierto, en el que treinta mujeres posmenopáusicas recibieron estradiol en gel transdérmico (1 mg/día) de forma continua, combinado con acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MPA) (5 mg/día) por 12 días/mes. Se determinaron los seguientes parámetros: colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteína de alta densidad (HDL-colesterol), lipoproteína de baja densidad (LDL-colesterol), lipoproteína de muy baja densidad (VLDL-colesterol), glucosa, aspartato transaminasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), Gammaglutamiltranspeptidasa (GGT) y hormona foliculoestimulante (FSH). Resultados: Los parámetros del perfil lipídico mostraron una disminución insignificante, mientras los niveles de GGT y FSH presentaron una disminución estadísticamente significante. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con estradiol en gel transdérmico no mostró un impacto significante en el perfil lipídico, causando un efecto benéfico en los marcadores de enfermedades cardiovasculares, sugiriendo que la dosis, el modo de administración y el tiempo de tratamiento fueron importantes para esos resultados. Además, el tratamiento con dosis baja y modo de administración transdérmico también demostró un significante efecto hepático en esa población. Así pues, ese tratamiento puede surtir efectos interesantes sobre el perfil lipídico en las mujeres brasileñas posmenopáusicas.

Body weight and bleeding pattern changes in women using DMPA-SC

To determine the 1-year efficacy of contraception, changes in bleeding pattern and weight with the use of Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate-subcutaneous injected subcutaneously once every 3 months. Descriptive case-series. Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, from March 2003 to June 2004. Twenty five patients were selected by purposive sampling and followed up in Holy Family Hospital, Gynaecology and Obstetric Unit for a one-year period using DMPA-SC every three months. Hospital Ethical Committee permission was obtained prior to commencement of the study. Informed written consent was taken. Body weight was measured at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. Bleeding analysis in terms of blood flow and severity of bleeding was also done at 3 months interval using a 5-point scale. DMPA-SC showed 100% efficacy in preventing pregnancy in the 25 patients who were followed up. Mean and SD of age was 34.24 +/- 3.57 years. Mean and SD of weight was 63.44 +/- 13.81 kg. There was a mean weight gain of 0.1 kg at visit 1-3 [first 3 months] and an average weight gain of 1.036 kg at the end of the year. There was a trend towards amenorrhea with 56% of the patients included in the category of bleeding less than usual at the end of treatment period. DMPA-SC can be used in women desiring reversible contraception with unremarkable weight gain and overall bleeding pattern leading towards amenorrhea

Effect of prolonged use of injectable hormonal contraceptives on blood pressure and body weight.

The study was undertaken to determine the effect of prolonged use of injectable hormonal contraceptive on blood pressure and body weight in young women. Two hundred volunteers were selected for the purpose. Of them, one hundred and forty were taking injectable hormonal contraceptive, DMPA for 3 to 5 years uninterruptedly. Rest forty subjects served as control using no contraceptive steroid. Blood pressure, systolic as well as diastolic, was measured by sphygmomanometer. Body weight was measured by weighing machine. It was observed that there were insignificant (P>0.05) elevations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure from DMPA use. But body weight of the experimental subjects was significantly (P <0.05) increased in comparison to that of the control.

Relationship between progesterone receptor level in endometrium and bleeding pattern in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users.

Bleeding disturbance is the major reason for discontinuation among depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users. However, the causes of progestin-induced bleeding are not well understood. The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between the occurrence of uterine bleeding and progesterone receptor (PR) levels in the endometrium. Forty-five matched pairs of age and body mass index in DMPA users with bleeding and amenorrhea were studied. The endometrial PR levels were evaluated. The PR score was assessed semi-quantitatively. Forty-two subject pairs met the criteria. There was no difference in serum estradiol and progesterone levels between the groups. No correlation between the number of bleeding days and PR score nor between the number of bleeding days and serum estradiol and progesterone level was detected. The stromal PR score in DMPA subjects with amenorrhea was significantly higher than those with bleeding (p < 0.05). By contrast, the PR score in glandular endometrium was not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, after a second dose of DMPA, subjects with amenorrhea had a higher stromal PR score than those with uterine bleeding.

Efecto de la administración transvaginal de progesterona en mujeres climatéricas / Effect of the transvaginal administration of progesterone in climateric women

El propósito de este estudio prospectivo fue evaluar el efecto y aceptabilidad de óvulos de progesterona micronizada (PM) de 50 y 100 mg aplicados a 31 mujeres climatéricas sanas que iniciaban terapia hormonal de reemplazo (THR). Las pacientes se separaron por azar simple en tres grupos: 1 control (n=10) recibió estrógenos conjugados (EC) 0,625 mg más óvulos de 50 y 100 mg PM respectivamente los días 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 y 24 por dos ciclos. Los grupos eran estadísticamente similares (p<0,05). El aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles sanguíneos de progesterona (PROG) luego de su administración vaginal, similar al obtenido por vía enteral, sumado a un engrosamiento endometrial no significativo y un sangramiento sin diferencia en los tres grupos, plantea que nuestra alternativa terapéutica de óvulos de PM, tanto de 50 mg como de 100 mg, responde en forma similar que MPA (5 mg) secuencial continua clásica. Esto nos lleva a plantear la vía vaginal como alternativa en la administración de PROG en pacientes usuarias de THR

Endocrine approach to male fertility control by steroid hormone combination in rat Rattus norvegicus L.

Effects of a combination of medoxy-progesterone acetate (MPA) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at a dose of 10 mg + 2 mg/kg, injected, in weekly to rats of proven fertility were investigated with respect to their fertility, sperm and organ functions. This hormonal regimen had no effect in body and organ weights except in the testis. A depletion in sperm reserves in testis and epididymis was noted in addition to a loss of their motility in the later. Alterations in cauda epididymal sperm viability and morphology and reduced levels of superoxide dismutase indicated changes in their plasma membrane permeability. Sperm acrosomal enzymes such as acrosin and hyaluronidase were also affected leading to a loss of their function. Consequently the fertility potential of these rats also impaired after 60 days of hormonal regimen. Testicular biochemical machinery revealed its altered metabolism and regressed spermatogenic activity accounting for its loss of weight. Similarly epididymal physiology also exhibited changes leading to impaired sperm maturation. However, toxicity studies showed no significant variations in liver and blood biochemical profiles indicating non-toxic nature of this combination. All these effects seemed to be transient and reversible upon withdrawal of treatment for 60 and 90 days gradually. Thus, this combination with aromatizable androgen is useful for induction of functional sterility.

Achados histeroscópicos em pacientes com teste de progesterona posivito / Histeroscopic findings in patients with positive progesterone test

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os achados histeroscópicos em pacientes menopausadas com teste de progesterona positivo. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODO: Indicou-se a histeroscopia ambulatorial com ótica de 4mm (Hamou II) com anestesia local sem sedaçäo utilizando CO2 como meio de distensäo em 36 pacientes menopausadas há mais de 12 meses que apresentaram sangramento uterino após administraçäo de acetato de medroxi-progesterona. RESULTADOS: Das 36 pacientes em 3 o exame näo foi possível por apresentarem estenose cervical ou dor. Das 33 restantes observou-se em 09 casos (27,3 por cento) pólipo endometrial em 5 casos (15,2 por cento), espessamento endometrial cujo resultado anatomo-patológico mostrou endométrio proliferativo em 4 casos e hiperplasia simples e 1 caso. Atrofia endometrial foi encontrada em 19 (57,5 por cento) pacientes. CONCLUSÄO: O teste de progesterona näo demonstrou ser eficiente isoladamente para avaliar o endométrio de pacientes menopausadas que seräo submetidas a terapia de reposiçäo hormonal pois a histeroscopia diagnóstica de controle mostrou 57,5 por cento de achados normais em pacientes com teste positivo.

Efeitos da terapia de reposiçäo hormonal na densidade mamográfica de mulheres na pós-menopausa / Effects of HRT on mammography density in post-menopausal women

Avaliar a influência da terapia de reposiçäo hormonal (TRH) no comportamento da densidade mamográfica em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Foi realizado um estudo de coorte com 81 usuárias de TRH e 46 näo-usuárias. As mamografias foram reavaliadas e classificadas segundo os critérios de Wolfe (1976). O aumento da densidade mamográfica foi avaliado em usuárias e näo-usuárias de TRH. Foram também avaliados para o grupo de usuárias de TRH (estrógeno ou estrógenos associados a progestágenos) a influência do tipo e o esquema em uso. Para este estudo utilizou-se os testes de Qui-Quadrado, Exato de Fisher e t de Student. Foi observado 12,4 por cento de aumento de densidade mamográfica em usuárias de TRH. O tipo, o esquema e a dose de progesterona utilizados no grupo de usuárias de TRH näo influenciaram o aumento de densidade mamográfica. As implicaçöes desta situaçäo devem ser consideradas.

Efectos de la estrogenoterapia sobre la masa ósea en mujeres postmenopáusicas osteopénicas / Effects of estrogen therapy on bone mass in postmenopausal women with osteopenia

Estrogen treatment prevents early postmenopausal bone loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of estrogen-progestogen therapy on bone mass in elderly osteopenic postmenopausal women. Fifteen women with a mean age of 58 +/- 6 (R +/- SD) years and 12 +/- 7 (5-31) years from menopause were evaluated. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual R-ray absoptiometry (DXA) with 1.7 percent variation coefficient at lumbar spine (L2-4) and 1.9 percent at femur neck. Measurements were done at both sites before and after a 12 month treatment. At the beginning of the study lumbar spine BMD (LS BMD) was low: < 0.9 grs/cm2; z-score: -1.4 +/- 0.17 (X +/- SEM). Treatment consisted in transdermal 17beta estradiol (50 microg/day) (n=10) or an equivalent natural estrogen oral dose (n=5). Variable doses of medroxiprogesterone acetate were added on an individualized basis to women with an intact uterus (n=12). Calcium intake was increased up to a median of 1200 mg/day (800-1600). After a one year treatment LS BMD was increased by 8.4 +/- 1.1 percent (X +/- SEM) (95 percent CI: 6-10.8), from 0.748 +/- 0.02 to 0.810 +/- 0.02 gr/cm2 (p <0.0001). A less marked gain in femur neck bone mineral density (FN BMD) was also noticed: 3.9 +/- 1.5 percent (95 percent CI: 0.6-7.2); 0.671 +/- 0.02 vs 0.697 +/- 0.02 gr/cm2 (p < 0.05). Patients treated with transdermal and oral routes showed similar results. Percentage variations in LS BMD and FN BMD were positively correlated (r : 0.53; p < 0.05). Six patients were treated for 2 years; LS BMD continued to rise, the additional gain being 5.1 +/- 2.2 percent (p < 0.05), while a non significant increase in FN BMD was observed (7.5 +/- 3.5 percent; p = 0.06). In the early postmenopausal period, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) produces either a stabilization or a slight increase (2-4 percent) in BMD. In contrast, a significant augmentation of bone mass (especially at the spine) seems to occur in osteopenic women when THR is administered in the late postmenopausal period. This suggests that HRT could be used for the prevention as well as for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Further studies should be done to evaluate whether HRT reduces the incidence of osteoporotic fractures in elderly osteopenic women.

Estudio doble ciego del efecto sobre la sintomatología menopáusica, el perfil lipídico y el grosor endometrial de una terapia continua de valerato de estradiol mas acetato de medroxiprogesterona / Double blind study of the effect on menopausic symptomatology, the lipid profile and endometrial thickness, of a continous therapy of stradiol valerate plus medroxyprogesterone acetate

La terapia combinada continua (TCC) de estrógenos y progestágenos ha surgido como una alternativa para evitar el sangramiento vaginal, característico de la hormonoterapia secuencial y principal causal de abandono del tratamiento. Al inicio del tratamiento pueden presentarse sangramientos irregulares, pero después de algunos meses las pacientes caen en amenorrea. Para evaluar sus resultados clínicos se estudiaron 50 mujeres postmenopáusicas, a la mitad de las cuales se les indicó, un producto que contenía 2 mg. valerato de estradiol más 2,5 mg de acetato de medroxiprogesterona; y a la otra mitad, placebo. Se midió la sintomatología menopáusica según Blatt Kupperman, la depresión con test de Hamilton, el perfil lipídico por métodos enzimáticos y el grosor endometrial por ultrasonografía transvaginal. Las pacientes fueron evaluadas en forma doble ciego al inicio, al tercero y al sexto mes de tratamiento. Tanto con el preparado hormonal como con el placebo, la sintomatología disminuyó, aunque la magnitud de la mejoría fue significativamente mayor con la TCC. Así, con esta última en índice de Blatt Kupperman cayó de 12,1 a 6,4 y 3,2 al tercero y sexto mes respectivamente, mientras que en el grupo con placebo, este índice, que había caído de 11,5 a 6,3 al tercer mes, subió a 7,4 al sexto. El test de Hamilton mostró una significativa mejoría de la depresión sólo con la hormonoterapia. Por otra parte, 19 de 25 mujeres con TCC mostraron sangramientos vaginales, no observándose en ellas cambios del grosor endometrial durante el estudio. Finalmente, el HDL-colesterol se incrementó en 14,5 por ciento y el LDL-colesterol declinó en 18,7 por ciento (p<0,01). Concluímos que la TCC es eficiente para controlar la sintomatología menopáusica y mejorar el perfil lipídico. La mayoría de las mujeres con este esquema terapéutico presentarán sangramientos vaginales durante los primeros seis meses

The treatment of fetishism and socially inappropriate sexual behavior in a young male with dull normal intelligence.

A young adult male with dull normal intelligence who had a fetish to female undergarments and was engaging in socially inappropriate sexual behavior was evaluated and treated in a multimodal treatment approach. Mild and diffuse encephalopathies were noted through EEG recordings. No definite epileptiform abnormalities or focal supratentorial lesions were seen and the pattern was consistent with patients with post-encephalitis. Treatment of this patient involved the use of anti-androgen and antianxiety pharmacotherapy along with counseling to provide basic sex education and specific education for socially accepted sexual behavior. Follow-up evaluation several yrs later indicated good treatment results. This case illustrates potential sources of sexually deviant behavior and treatment options. Promising new drug treatments are available which act as sexuoerotic tranquilizers as well as treatments for underlying or concomitant psychiatric disorders. In this case, however, family dynamics and poor sex education seemed to account for most of this patient's difficulties. Counseling and psychoeducation proved to be quite effective in resolving problematic behavior.