Comparison between curettage adenoidectomy and endoscopic-assisted microdebrider adenoidectomy in terms of Eustachian tube dysfunction / Comparação entre adenoidectomia por curetagem e adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscopia, em relação à disfunção tubária

Abstract Introduction Adenoidectomy can be performed with many ways, including curettage and microdebrider endoscopic-assisted adenoidectomy. Those two techniques have advantages and disadvantages. Objective The objective of this study is to research the effects of curettage adenoidectomy and endoscopic-assisted microdebrider adenoidectomy on the tympanum pressures in pediatric patients with adenoid hypertrophy without otitis media with effusion. Methods This prospective descriptive study was performed with 65 patients who had a normal tympanic membrane and normal tympanogram and then underwent adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy for adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: curettage adenoidectomy group and endoscopic microdebrider-assisted adenoidectomy group. They underwent tympanometry, and the preoperative as well as 1st and 7th day postoperative values of the tympanum pressures were compared within and among the groups. Results There were 32 patients in the curettage adenoidectomy group and 33 patients in the microdebrider adenoidectomy group. Statistically significant differences were observed in the median tympanum pressure on the preoperative and 1st and 7th postoperative days for both the left and right ears with curettage adenoidectomy (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). This difference occurred on the 1st postoperative day, and the value returned to normal on the 7th day. There was no significant difference in the median tympanum pressure on the preoperative and 1st and 7th postoperative days for both the left and right ears in the microdebrider adenoidectomy group (p = 0.376, p = 0.128). Conclusion Postoperative Eustachian tube dysfunction is seen less often with the endoscopic-assisted microdebrider adenoidectomy technique than with the conventional adenoidectomy technique.

Resumo Introdução A adenoidectomia pode ser realizada de várias maneiras, inclusive por curetagem e por microdebridador, assistida por endoscopia. Essas duas técnicas têm algumas vantagens e desvantagens. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da técnica de adenoidectomia por curetagem e da adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscopia sobre a pressão timpânica em pacientes pediátricos com hipertrofia adenoideana sem otite média com efusão. Método Estudo descritivo prospectivo feito com 65 pacientes que apresentavam membrana timpânica e timpanograma normais, que foram então submetidos à adenoidectomia ou adenotonsilectomia por hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo adenoidectomia por curetagem e grupo adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscópio. Todos os pacientes fizeram timpanometria e os valores das pressões do tímpano pré-operatórios e pós-operatórios no 1º e 7º dias foram comparados intragrupos e entre os grupos. Resultados Foram incluídos 32 pacientes no grupo adenoidectomia por curetagem e 33 pacientes no grupo adenoidectomia com microdebridador. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram observadas na mediana da diferença entre a pressão timpânica no pré-operatório e no 1º e 7º dias de pós-operatório para ambas as orelhas, direita e esquerda, na adenoidectomia por curetagem (p < 0,001, p < 0,001). Essa diferença ocorreu no 1º dia do pós-operatório e o valor retornou ao normal no 7º dia. Não houve diferença significante na mediana entre pressão timpânica no pré-operatório e no 1º e 7º dias de pós-operatório para as orelhas direita e esquerda no grupo de adenoidectomia com microdebridador (p = 0,376, p = 0,128). Conclusão A disfunção tubária no pós-operatório é observada menos frequentemente com a técnica de adenoidectomia por microdebridador assistida por endoscopia quando comparada com a técnica convencional.

Systematic review of the literature on surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in children: what is the best approach? / Revisão sistemática da literatura no tratamento cirúrgico da rinossinusite crônica na infância: qual a melhor abordagem?

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out a systematic literature review on the surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in the pediatric population. Data sources: A bibliographic review methodology was used, based on data from National Library of Medicine (Medline), PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), of the indexed works from 2006 to 2016, including the pediatric population from zero to 13 years of age. The search keywords according to Medical Subject Heading (MESH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) were: child, surgery, sinusitis and chronic disease. A total of 318 articles were collected, five of which met the inclusion criteria and were used as a basis for this review. All articles were prospective cohort studies, level of evidence 2B, according to the criterion used by evidence-based medicine. Data synthesis: The literature agreed that the next step for the cases refractory to drug treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis in childhood would be surgery. Adenoidectomy would be the initial method, for the safety of the procedure and improvement in about 50% of the cases, although more significant results were found in patients who associated this procedure with facial sinus surgery. Conclusions: Surgical treatment should be indicated for chronic rhinosinusitis in childhood after treatment failure. The results pointed out that adenoidectomy, when associated with some type of approach to the facial sinus, present better results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da rinossinusite crônica na população pediátrica. Fonte de dados: Utilizou-se metodologia de revisão bibliográfica, por meio de levantamentos nas bases de dados científicas National Library of Medicine (Medline), PubMed, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), dos trabalhos indexados no período entre 2006 e 2016, incluindo a população pediátrica de zero a 13 anos. Os descritores de busca, segundo o Medical Subject Heading (MESH) e os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), foram: Child, Surgery, Sinusitis e Chronic Disease. Foram levantados 318 artigos, dos quais cinco preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram usados como base para esta revisão. Todos os artigos foram estudos de coorte prospectivos, nível de evidência 2B, segundo critério usado pela medicina baseada em evidências. Síntese dos dados: Foi consenso na literatura que, para os casos refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso na rinossinusite crônica na infância, o próximo passo seria a cirurgia. A adenoidectomia seria o método inicial, pela segurança do procedimento e pela melhora em cerca de 50% dos casos, embora resultados mais significativos terem sido encontrados em pacientes que associaram esse procedimento à cirurgia dos seios da face. Conclusões: O tratamento cirúrgico pode ser indicado na rinossinusite crônica na infância após falha terapêutica. Os resultados apontaram que a adenoidectomia, quando associada a algum tipo de abordagem aos seios, apresenta melhores resultados.

Long-term follow-up of tonsillectomy efficacy in children with PFAPA syndrome / Acompanhamento em longo prazo da eficácia da tonsilectomia em crianças com síndrome de PFAPA

Abstract Introduction: The role of tonsillectomy in the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome, is controversial. Although some studies reported high success rates with tonsillectomy, further investigations are needed with larger numbers of patients. Objective: To seek the long-term outcomes of tonsillectomy in periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome. Methods: Case series; multi-center study. The study comprised 23 patients with periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome who underwent surgery (tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy) between January 2009 and November 2014. Results: 21 (91%) of 23 patients had complete resolution immediately after surgery. One patient had an attack 24 h after surgery, but has had no further attacks. One patient had three attacks with various intervals, and complete remission was observed after 3 months. Conclusions: Tonsillectomy is a good option for the treatment of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis syndrome.

Resumo Introdução: O papel da tonsilectomia na síndrome da febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite é controverso. Embora alguns estudos tenham relatado altas taxas de sucesso com a tonsilectomia, são necessárias mais pesquisas com um número maior de pacientes. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados em longo prazo da tonsilectomia na síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite. Método: Série de casos; estudo multicêntrico. O estudo avaliou 23 pacientes com síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite submetidos a cirurgia (tonsilectomia com ou sem adenoidectomia) entre janeiro de 2009 e novembro de 2014. Resultados: Dos 23 pacientes, 21 (91%) apresentaram resolução completa imediatamente após a cirurgia. Um paciente apresentou um episódio 24 horas após a cirurgia, mas sem recorrência posterior. Um paciente teve três episódios com vários intervalos e a remissão completa foi observada após 3 meses. Conclusões: A tonsilectomia é uma boa opção para o tratamento da síndrome de febre periódica, estomatite aftosa, faringite e adenite.

Bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a adenotonsilectomía: estudio prospectivo y de corte transversal / Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block in pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy: prospective and cross-sectional clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block in postoperative management of pain in pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: Prospective and cross-sectional clinical trial. The sample was 105 patients between 3 and 8 years old scheduled for adenotonsillectomy, who performed lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block by anterior intraoral approach with bupivacaine 0.5% + adrenaline 1:200,000. Postoperative pain using CHEOPS scale, complications, need for postoperative analgesics, recovery time using modified Aldrete scale and time for oral tolerance was assessed. RESULTS: We studied 101 patients classified into three groups according to the level of postoperative pain divided into mild (88.1%), moderate (7.9%) and severe (4%), with means and DS for discharged time of 50.13 ± 13.912 min, 63.75 ± 10.607 min and 86.25 ± 7.5 min; first oral intake 3.08 ± 0.829 h, 4 ± 0 h and 4 ± 0 h; and, first post-discharge pain reference of 18.3 ± 7.414 h, 5.75 ± 0.866 h and 4.5 ± 1 h respectively. Analgesic reinforcement was needed in 11.9% of the cases. There were not complications. CONCLUSIONS: Lingual branch of glossopharyngeal nerve block is a useful and effective tool in the management of pain and anesthetic recovery of pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la eficacia del bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo en el manejo postoperatorio del dolor en pacientes pediátricos para adenotonsilectomía. MÉTODOS: Estudio con diseño prospectivo y de corte transversal. La muestra consistió en 105 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y 8 años de edad programados para adenotonsilectomía, a los que se realizó bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo abordaje intraoral anterior con bupivacaína 0,5% + adrenalina 1:200.000. Se estudió el dolor postoperatorio mediante escala CHEOPS, complicaciones, necesidad de analgésicos postoperatorio, tiempo de recuperación mediante escala de Aldrete modificado y tiempo para tolerancia oral. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 101 pacientes en tres grupos según el grado de dolor postoperatorio divididos en leve (88,1%), moderado (7,9%) y severo (4%), con medias y DS para tiempo de alta de 50,13 ± 13,912 min, 63,75 ± 10,607 min y 86,25 ± 7,5 min; primera ingesta oral 3,08 ± 0,829 h, 4 ± 0 h y 4 ± 0 h; y, primera referencia de dolor posterior al alta de 18,3 ± 7,414 h, 5,75 ± 0,886 h y 4,5 ± 1 h respectivamente. Se ameritó refuerzo analgésico en el 11,9% de los casos. No se evidenciaron complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo de la rama lingual del nervio glosofaríngeo es una herramienta útil y eficaz en el manejo del dolor y recuperación anestésica de pacientes pediátricos sometidos a adenotonsilectomía.

Características posoperatorias de la faringoplastia combinada con amigdalectomía en comparación con la amigdalectomía en niños con síndrome obstructivo de apnea del sueño / Postoperative characteristics of combined pharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy versus tonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objetivo. Identificar las ventajas posoperatorias de la amigdalectomía en conjunto con la faringoplastia en comparación con la amigdalectomía sola en niños con apnea obstructiva del sueño. Métodos. En un estudio prospectivo observacional, los pacientes que cumplían con los criterios del estudio fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos grupos: el grupo de amigdalectomía y faringoplastia, y el grupo de solo amigdalectomía. En ambos grupos, también se practicó adenoidectomía a los pacientes con vegetaciones. Se compararon los procesos de cicatrización en la herida faríngea y las proporciones hemorrágicas. Además, se evaluó la función velofaríngea posoperatoria. Resultados. La faringoplastia junto con la amigdalectomía se practicó en 328 niños con apnea obstructiva del sueño debido a hipertrofia amigdalina, y la amigdalectomía sola, en 275 niños. Estas cohortes no mostraban diferencias demográficas significativas. Por otro lado, se encontró que la pérdida de sangre fue significativamente menor en el grupo que recibió amigdalectomía y faringoplastia (p < 0,01), y el proceso de cicatrización fue notablemente más breve. La función velofaríngea posoperatoria no resultó afectada. Conclusiones. En comparación con la amigdalectomía, la amigdalectomía junto con la faringoplastia redujeron la duración del proceso de cicatrización y la pérdida de sangre; no obstante, las complicaciones posoperatorias no aumentaron. En nuestra opinión, la combinación de faringoplastia y amigdalectomía reúne un gran potencial en el tratamiento de los niños con apnea obstructiva del sueño.

Purpose. The study aims to identify the postoperative advantages of tonsillectomy in conjunction with pharyngoplasty and tonsillectomy alone in children with obstructive sleep apneas. Methods. In a prospective observational study, patients who met the study criteria were randomly divided into two groups: tonsillectomy and pharyngoplasty group, and tonsillectomy alone group. In both groups, adenoidectomy was also performed in patients with adenoid hypertrophy. Differences in their healing processes in the pharyngeal wound and their hemorrhage proportions were compared. Furthermore, postoperative velopharyngeal function was also assessed. Results. Pharyngoplasty together with tonsillectomy was performed in 328 children with obstructive sleep apnea from tonsillar hypertrophy, and tonsillectomy was performed in 275 children. These cohorts did not reveal any significant demographic differences between groups. Furthermore, blood loss was found to be significantly decreased in the tonsillectomy and pharyngoplasty group (P <0.01), and the healing process was markedly shorter. Postoperative velopharyngeal function was not affected. Conclusions. Tonsillectomy in conjunction with pharyngoplasty reduced the duration of the healing process and blood loss, compared with tonsillectomy alone; however, postoperative complications did not increase. We consider pharyngoplasty in conjunction with tonsillectomy has great potential in the treatment of children with obstructive sleep apnea.

Trans-oral endoscopic partial adenoidectomy does not worsen the speech after cleft palate repair / Adenoidectomia parcial endoscópica transoral não piora a fala de pacientes com correção cirúrgica de fenda palatina

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Adenoid hypertrophy may play a role in velopharyngeal closure especially in patients with palatal abnormality; adenoidectomy may lead to velopharyngeal insufficiency and hyper nasal speech. Patients with cleft palate even after repair should not undergo adenoidectomy unless absolutely needed, and in such situations, conservative or partial adenoidectomy is performed to avoid the occurrence of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Trans-oral endoscopic adenoidectomy enables the surgeon to inspect the velopharyngeal valve during the procedure. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of transoral endoscopic partial adenoidectomy on the speech of children with repaired cleft palate. METHODS: Twenty children with repaired cleft palate underwent transoral endoscopic partial adenoidectomy to relieve their airway obstruction. The procedure was completely visualized with the use of a 70° 4 mm nasal endoscope; the upper part of the adenoid was removed using adenoid curette and St. Claire Thompson forceps, while the lower part was retained to maintain the velopharyngeal competence. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of speech was performed, subjectively by auditory perceptual assessment, and objectively by nasometric assessment. RESULTS: Speech was not adversely affected after surgery. The difference between preoperative and postoperative auditory perceptual assessment and nasalance scores for nasal and oral sentences was insignificant (p = 0.231, 0.442, 0.118 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Transoral endoscopic partial adenoidectomy is a safe method; it does not worsen the speech of repaired cleft palate patients. It enables the surgeon to strictly inspect the velopharyngeal valve during the procedure with better determination of the adenoidal part that may contribute in velopharyngeal closure.

Resumo Introdução: A hipertrofia da adenoide pode desempenhar um papel no fechamento velofaríngeo, especialmente em pacientes com anormalidade palatal; a adenoidectomia pode levar à insuficiência velofaríngea e fala hipernasal. Os pacientes com fenda palatina, mesmo após a correção, não devem ser submetidos a adenoidectomia, exceto quando absolutamente necessário e, em tais situações, a forma conservadora ou parcial é realizada para evitar a ocorrência de insuficiência velofaríngea. A adenoidectomia endoscópica transoral permite ao cirurgião inspecionar a válvula velofaríngea durante o procedimento. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adenoidectomia parcial endoscópica transoral na fala de crianças submetidas à correção de fenda palatina. Método: Um total de 20 crianças com fenda palatina previamente corrigida, foi submetida a adenoidectomia parcial endoscópica transoral, para desobstrução das vias aéreas,. O procedimento foi completamente visualizado com o uso de um endoscópio de 4 mm e ângulo de 70º; a parte superior da adenoide foi removida com uma cureta para adenoide e fórceps St. ClaireThompson, enquanto a parte inferior foi conservada para manter a competência velofaríngea. Avaliações da fala foram realizadas nos períodos pré e pós-operatório, de forma subjetiva pelaavaliação perceptivo-auditiva, e objetiva pela avaliação nasométrica. Resultados: A fala não foi prejudicada após a cirurgia. A diferença entre os escores da avaliação perceptivo-auditiva e nasalância para as sentenças nasais e orais nos períodos pré e pós-operatório foi insignificante (p = 0,231, 0,442, 0,118, respectivamente). Conclusões: A adenoidectomia parcial endoscópica transoral é um método seguro, e não piora a fala dos pacientes com fenda palatina operada. Ela permite que o cirurgião inspecione rigorosamente a válvula velofaríngea durante o procedimento, com melhor determinação da parte adenoide que pode contribuir para o fechamento velofaríngeo.

Is the difference in the volume of the pharyngeal space, as measured by acoustic pharyngometry, before and after tonsillectomy proportional to the volume of the excised tonsils?

OBJECTIVE: Adenotonsillectomy is recognized as an effective therapy for snoring and sleep disorders in children. It is important to understand whether adenotonsillectomy significantly increases the volume of the pharyngeal space. The goal of this study was to evaluate the change in oropharyngeal volume after adenotonsillectomy and the correlation of this change with the objective volume of the tonsils and body mass index. METHODS: We included 27 subjects (14 males) with snoring caused by tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy. The mean age of the subjects was 7.92 (±2.52) years. Children with craniofacial malformations or neuromuscular diseases or syndromes were excluded. The parents/caregivers answered an adapted questionnaire regarding sleep-disordered breathing. All patients were subjected to weight and height measurements and body mass index was calculated. The subjects underwent pharyngometry before and after adenotonsillectomy and the volume of both excised tonsils together was measured in cm3 in the operating room. RESULTS: Pharyngometric analysis showed that the mean pharyngeal volume was 28.63 (±5.57) cm3 before surgery and 31.23 (±6.76) cm3 after surgery; the volume of the oropharynx was significantly increased post-surgery (p=0.015, Wilcoxon test). No correlation was found between the objective tonsil volume and the post-surgical volume increase (p=0.6885). There was a fair correlation between the oropharyngeal volume and body mass index (p=0.0224). CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy increases the volume of the pharyngeal space, but this increase does not correlate with the objective tonsil size. Furthermore, greater BMI was associated with a smaller increase in the pharyngeal volume. Oropharyngeal structures and craniofacial morphology may also play a role in the increase in oropharyngeal volume.

Análisis crítico de un artículo: adenoamigdalectomía en niños con apnea del sueño / Adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea: CAT

Introducción: el síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño infantil se asocia a numerosos resultados adversos a nivel cognitivo y conductual. El factor de riesgo más comúnmente identificado para presentar síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño es la hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana, para el cual el tratamiento primario es la adenoamigdalectomía. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la adenoamigdalectomía temprana versus la conducta expectante, en lo que respecta a factores cognitivos, conductuales, calidad de vida y sueño, en niños con síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño. Pacientes y método: se analiza críticamente el artículo de Marcus (2013), estudio multicéntrico, enmascarado simple, aleatorizado, controlado, en siete centros de estudio del sueño. Resultados: en un seguimiento a siete meses, la proporción de remisión espontánea en el grupo control de parámetros polisomnográficos sugiere que 46 por ciento de los niños revierten espontáneamente las alteraciones, efecto que se observó en 79 por ciento de los niños en el grupo intervenido. Conclusión de los revisores: la cirugía adenoamigdaliana para el tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en escolares no mejora significativamente la atención o la función ejecutiva, pero sí mejora algunos desenlaces de comportamiento, calidad de vida y variables polisomnográficas. Sin embargo, esta mejoría se aprecia en una alta proporción de niños que no recibieron el tratamiento, mejoría principalmente evidenciada en las variables polisomnográficas. Por lo tanto, no sería un requisito indispensable el realizar esta cirugía para revertir dicho cuadro clínico.

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children is associated with numerous adverse cognitive and behavioral consequences. The most common risk factor identified for OSAHS is tonsillar enlargement, and primary treatment is adenotonsillectomy. Aim. To compare the efficacy of early adenotonsillectomy versus watchful waiting, on cognitive, behavioral, quality of life and sleep outcomes in children with OSAHS. Patients and Methods. We critically appraised the Marcus (2013) article, a multicenter, single masked, randomized, controlled study in seven sleep centers. Results. After a seven month follow-up, the rate of spontaneous remission in polysomnographic parameters control group shows that 46 percent of children spontaneously revert untoward outcomes, compared to 79 percent of children in the intervention group. Reviewer’s conclusion. Adenotonsillar surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in school-age children does not significantly improve attention or executive function, but it does improve some behavioral outcomes, quality of life, and polysomnographic variables. However, this improvement was also observed in a high proportion of children who received no treatment, mainly regarding polysomnographic variables. Thus surgery does not appear to be necessary to reduce symptoms.

Adenotonsillectomy in facial growing patients: spontaneous dental effects / Adenotonsilectomia em pacientes na fase de crescimento facial: efeitos dentários espontâneos

Children with hypertrophic tonsils and adenoids may have adverse effects on dental occlusion, which tend to worsen during the growth period. Diagnosis and early treatment is essential. AIM: Prospective clinical study to compare the cephalometric measurements before and after adenotonsillectomy in mouth breathing patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We had 38 patients of both genders, aged between 7 and 11 years in our sample, broken down into: oral group, 18 patients with obstructive hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil and/or palate grade 3 or 4; control group, 20 patients with normal breathing. Angular and linear dental measurements were compared between the groups in a 14 months interval. We used the "t" Student and Wilcoxon tests for unpaired samples, at 5 percent significance, for statistical purposes. RESULTS: The sagittal position and axial angle of the lower incisors increased significantly in the group with oral breathing, the sagittal position of the upper incisors increased significantly in the oral group, which still had a significant increase in overbite. CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy was very effective in improving some dental measurements, with benefits to growing patients preventing malocclusions from becoming difficult to treat or permanent.

Crianças com tonsilas e adenoides hipertróficas podem apresentar efeitos desfavoráveis na oclusão dentária, que tendem a agravar no período de crescimento, tornando imprescindível seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoce. OBJETIVO: Este estudo clínico prospectivo comparou medidas cefalométricas dos incisivos antes e após a adenotonsilectomia, em respiradores orais. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A amostra foi de 38 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, entre 7 e 11 anos, dividida em: grupo oral, com 18 pacientes com hipertrofia obstrutiva da tonsila faríngea e/ou palatinas grau 3 ou 4; grupo controle, com 20 pacientes com respiração nasal. Medidas dentárias angulares e lineares foram comparadas entre os grupos, antes e após adenotonsilectomia, em um intervalo de 14 meses. A análise estatística utilizou os testes t-Student e Wilcoxon para amostras não pareadas, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: A inclinação axial e a posição sagital dos incisivos inferiores aumentaram significativamente no grupo com respiração oral; o posicionamento sagital dos incisivos superiores aumentou significativamente no grupo oral, que ainda obteve aumento significativo de sobremordida. CONCLUSÃO: A adenoamigdalectomia se mostrou bastante eficaz na melhora de algumas medidas dentárias, com benefícios aos pacientes em crescimento, prevenindo que más oclusões dentárias tenham difícil tratamento ou se tornem definitivas.

Adenoidectomía bajo control visual con técnica de electrocoagulación-succión: experiencia en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio / Visually controlled suction-cautery adenoidectomy: a prospective study at San Ignacio University Hospital

La adenoidectomía con técnica de electrocoagulación-succión bajo control visual es un procedimiento cada vez más utilizado para el tratamiento de hipertrofia obstructiva de las adenoides, dada su comprobada efectividad en cuanto a la precisión y extensión completa en la remoción del tejidoadenoideo, su baja complejidad técnica, rapidez y seguridad al minimizar riesgos. En este estudio se evalúan diferentes aspectos de esta técnica tales como: el tiempo quirúrgico del procedimiento, el sangrado transoperatorio y la incidencia de complicaciones en las primeras semanas del postoperatorio. Esta técnica quirúrgica es la que utilizamos en la actualidad en el Servicio deOtorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en Bogotá.

Visually controlled suction-cautery adenoidectomy is the most common technique to perform adenoidectomy in developed countries, due to its proven effectiveness in removing enlarged adenoid tissue, its low technical complexity, and decrease in operating time, trans-operative bleeding and higher safety rate. The present prospective study evaluates different outcomes when using this surgical technique, such as duration of the procedure, intra-operative bleeding and incidence of complications. This technique is the one currently used by the authors at San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogota.

Técnicas quirúrgicas actuales en adenoamigdalectomía / Adenotonosillectomy current surgical techniques

Las indicaciones de la amigdalectomía y la adenoidectomía no han variado significativamente en las últimas décadas. En la actualidad, una gran variedad de métodos quirúrgicos están disponibles para realizar estos procedimientos, todos los cuales son esencialmente seguros y efectivos. La posibilidad de visualizar el campo operatorio rinofaríngeo a través de una cámara adosada a un endoscopio ha permitido reducir las recurrencias sintomáticas y las complicaciones post-operatorias. Respecto a la amigdalectomía, cobran cada día más importancia nuevas técnicas como son la ablación por radiofrecuencia o las resecciones intracapsulares que permiten disminuir las tasas de hemorragia y el dolor post-operatorio. La decisión de optar por una técnica en particular dependerá de una serie de factores: indicación de la cirugía (infección vs. obstrucción), disponibilidad de equipamiento en pabellón, posibilidad de asumir costos adicionales y preferencias del cirujano.

The indications for adenotonsillectomy have not been changed significlantly in the last decades. Currently, a great variety of surgical procedures are available and are all essentially safe and effective. Regarding tonsillectomy, everyday new techniques are becoming more popular, such as coblation, radiofrecuency, or intracapsular resection that allows a decrease in the incidente of post operative hemorrhage and pain. The use of an endoscope and camera to visualize the rhino pharynx has reduced the recurrence of adenoids and decreased post operative complications. The decision for one particular surgical technique will vary depending of several factors, such as infection versus obstruction, availability of equipment, the possibility of assuming extra cost, and the preference of each surgeon.

Determinación de los niveles de inmunoglobulinas séricas en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a adenotonsilectomía: unidad de otorrinolaringología Hospital Universitario de Los Andes / Determination of the levels of inmunoglobulinas serun in patient subjected pediatric to adenotonsilectomy: Hospital Universitario of Los Andes unit otolaryngology

A través del tiempo las cirugías de amígdalas por parte de los otorrinolaringológos ha sido cuestionada por otras especialidades, debido a las alteraciones de las Inmunoglobulinas posterior a la relización de estas cirugías. Sabemos que estos órganos linfoides (Amígdalas y adenoides) forman parte del anillo de Waldeyer que tienen un rol importante en la defensa contra los agentes infecciosos, siendo considerados como una de las primeras líneas de defensa del organismo, sin embargo los procesos crónicos obstructivos de las amígdalas y adenoides pueden llevar a complicaciones serias como la Fiebre Reumática y alteraciones del crecimiento facial entre otros. En vista de todas estas controversias de que se disminuye la respuesta inmune humoral posterior a la Adenotonsilectomía, decidimos realizar en Mérida un estudio prospectivo para demostrar que no existen cambios significativos de los niveles séricos de Inmunoglobulinas A, M y G después de la cirugía adenotonsilar en una muestra de 35 pacientes en edad preescolar y escolar con patologías adenotonsilares infecciosas y obstructivas. Al mismo tiempo serán seleccionados en el estudio 15 controles sanos entre 2 y 12 años de edad, sin criterios clínicos de enfermedad del tracto respiratorio, ni otros focos infecciosos activos. Se concluyo que la adenoidectomía y/o amigdalectomía originan una disminución de los niveles séricos de lg A y G, pero no descienden por debajo de los niveles considerados normales.

O efeito da adenotonsilectomia na saturação de oxigênio em crianças com distúrbios respiratórios do sono / The effect of adenotonsillectomy on oxygen saturation in children with sleep disordered breathing

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma avaliação do efeito da adenotonsilectomia na saturação de oxigênio medida por oximetria de pulso noturna em crianças com distúrbios respiratórios do sono. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo tipo antes e após a intervenção cirúrgica, utilizando a oximetria de pulso noturna como método de avaliação. Foram avaliadas 31 crianças com suspeita de distúrbios respiratórios do sono e indicação clínica de adenotonsilectomia. RESULTADOS: Vinte e sete crianças completaram o estudo. A idade média foi de 5,2 ± 1,8 anos. Dezoito eram do sexo masculino (66,7 por cento). Vinte e três (85,2 por cento) crianças apresentavam, no exame físico, hiperplasia das tonsilas palatinas graus 3 e 4. Houve melhora significativa no índice de dessaturação de oxigênio (IDO) pós-operatório quando comparado com o pré-operatório (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A adenotonsilectomia melhorou significativamente a saturação de oxigênio, medida pela oximetria de pulso noturna em crianças com distúrbios respiratórios do sono.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adenotonsillectomy on oxygen saturation measured through nocturnal pulse oximetry in children with sleep disordered breathing. METHODS: A pre- and post-intervention study was carried out using nocturnal pulse oximetry. The study involved 31 children who were suspected of having sleep disordered breathing and had been referred for adenotonsillectomy. RESULTS: A total of 27 children completed the study. The mean age was 5.2 ± 1.8 years, and 18 (66.7 percent) of them were male. Upon physical examination, 23 (85.2 percent) of the children presented class III or class IV hyperplasia of the palatine tonsils. There was significant improvement in the post-operative period over the pre-operative period in terms of the oxygen desaturation rate (OR = 0.65; 95 percent CI: 0.5-1.3 vs. OR = 1.63; 95 percent CI: 1.1-2.4; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy significantly improved oxygen saturation, as measured through nocturnal pulse oximetry, in children with sleep disordered breathing.

Cirugía transeptoesfenoidal en adenomas hipofisarios productores de prolactina / Transeptosphenoidal surgery in prolactin-secreting hypophyseal adenomas

El tratamiento actual de los prolactinomas es básicamente médico, teniendo en cuenta los buenos resultados alcanzados con los nuevos agonistas dopaminérgicos. No obstante, la adenomectomía selectiva clasifica entre las modalidades de tratamiento para aquellos prolactinomas que no respondan a este. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los resultados del tratamiento microquirúrgico por vía transeptoesfenoidal de los adenomas productores de prolactina en el servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, para lo cual presentamos un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de 63 pacientes intervenidos por vía sublabial transeptoesfenoidal microquirúrgica portadores de este tipo de adenomas, y tratados en nuestro servicio desde 1996 hasta el 2003. Se analizaron la edad, el sexo, el cuadro clínico, el tamaño de las lesiones, los niveles hormonales, así como las complicaciones y la evolución posoperatoria. Como resultado se encontró un franco predominio del sexo femenino: 86(por ciento) (54 pacientes). Se operaron 31 pacientes con macroadenomas y 32 con microadenomas. Los síntomas más frecuentes mejoraron, sobre todo la cefalea, en el 82(por ciento) (36 casos) y los trastornos visuales en el 69 (18 casos). La complicación más común en el posoperatorio fue la diabetes insípida transitoria (11 enfermos). Se logró reducir las cifras iniciales de prolactina a valores no tumorales en el 90,6 de lo microadenomas (29 casos) y en el 67,7 de los macroadenomas (21 casos). Se concluye que la adenomectomía transeptoesfenoidal es un proceder seguro y eficaz como opción de tratamiento para pacientes con adenomas secretores de prolactina que tengan indicación quirúrgica(AU)

Choanal adenoids in adults: diagnosis and treatment

Choanal adenoids, a rather rarely defined phenomenon, is the presence of adenoid tissues in the choanae, without being extension of the commonly well-known nasopharyngeal adenoids. We present a series of 22 adult patients [17-38 years; 15 males, 7females], with persistent bilaeral nasal obstruction and recurrent nasal infections, and with history e of repeated unsuccessful medical and, in many cases, repeated surgical procedures, in whom choanal adenoids was diagnosed by nasal endoscopy and/or CT scanning. Absence of adenoid tissues in the nasopharynx was confirmed in all cases. Surgical removal of choanal adenoids was undertaken in all cases endoscopically. Some other surgical. procedures like straightening of a deviated septum or reduction of a hypertrophied turbinate were undertaken in some indicated cases. Most of cases experienced complete relief of obstruction and return of a patent nasal airway and improvement of associated complaints as dry mouth and persistent cough. A thorough review of this phenomenon and its clinical relevance and methods of diagnosis and management are presented. We recommend a thorough nasal endoscopy as a routine in cases of persistent nasal obstruction even in the presence of an apparent cause of obstruction

Incidência e evolução da otite média secretora em crianças com síndrome de Down / Incidence and evolution of secretory otitis media in children with Down's syndrome

Foi realizado um estudo coorte para avaliar a incidência e a evolução da otite média secretora nas crianças do Grupo de Estudos de Síndrome de Down do Ambulatório da Divisão de Clínica Otorrinolaringológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Das 73 crianças avaliadas, 50 (68,5 por cento) foram selecionadas para análise da incidência e 33 (31,5 por cento) para a evolução. A otite média secretora foi observada em 56 por cento das crianças, não sendo notada diferença entre os sexos, a presença de obstrução de via aérea superior e estenose do meato acústico externo. Foram observados baixa eficácia do tratamento clínico, dificuldade cirúrgica em 26,1 por cento das crianças e resolução da otite em 50 por cento das crianças submetidas adenoidectomia ou adenotonsilectomia associada ou não a colocação de tubo de ventilação.A cohort study was performed to evaluate the incidence and the effects of treatment of secretory otitis media in children from the Down's Syndrome Study Group of the Otolaryngologic Department of the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School. Fifty (68,5 per cent) of 73 children were used to the incidence evaluation and 33 (31,5 per cent) were followed-up for evolution analisys. The disorder was observed in 56 per cent of the children. Sex, upper airway obstruction and stenotic external auditory canal showed no statistical relationship with the incidence of the secretory otitis media. Low success rates of clinical treatment, 26,1 per cent of failed tympanostomy tube insertion and 50 per cent of effusion resolution after adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy in association with or without placement of tympanostomy tube were observed...

Nasopharyngeal pathogens in otitis media in children

To compare the potential pathogens and aerobic and anaerobic interfering organisms of nasopharyngeal flora in 36 children with otitis media [clinically diagnosed and confirmed by tympanometry] with matched 18 apparently healthy controls. The commonest potential pathogens were: M. catarrhalis [33%], S. pneumoniae [22%], H. influenzae [18%] and Strept. pyogenes [11%] with less interfering aerobic and anaerobic organisms compared to controls. Tonsilloadenoidectomy should be done in children with recurrent otitis media and further studies to investigate whether maintaining normal nasopharyngeal flora would be beneficial in those children are recommended

Prevalence of various symptoms in adenoids

One hundred cases of adenoids were studied at Mayo Hospital, Lahore during 1990-91. A detailed history was taken from each patient to know the frequency of various symptoms apart from the main presenting complaint. The commonest symptom thus detected, was nasal obstruction in 84% of patients. Amongst the least common symptoms were episodes of apnea in 3% of cases and cephalgia or morning headache in 8% of patients

Ventilation tubes versus conservative treatment in management of secretory otitis media in adenoidectomeized children

The study was carried on 79 adenoidectomized patients suffering from secretory otitis media. Forty patients received medical treatment for 3 weeks consisting of decongestant nose drop, septazol suspension, phenadone syrup with one of three different types of mucolytic agents. The cure rate was 53.3%, 40% and 40% according to the mucolytic agent used as a part of the combination therapy. The average cure rate of medical treatment was 45%. In another 39 patients myringotomy and insertion of ventilation tubes were done. Four commonly used ventilation tubes were the Shepard Grommets, Collar Button, T tube and Paparella tube in 34, 8 and 4 ears, respectively, to compare the incidence to complications including otorrhea, obstruction and extrusion. The average follow up was 5 months

use of sand bags under the shoulders in adenotonsillectomy

Two hundred and seventy three patients were investigated to find out the benefits of using sand bags under the shoulders of patients undergoing adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy or both. One hundred and fifty two patients were operated without the use of sand bags under their shoulders while in 121 patients sand bags were used. The use of sand bags added no benefit, nor was there any complications or technical difficulty connected to the position of the head and neck