Deterioro cognitivo leve de tipo amnésico en ancianos de un área de salud / Amnestic mild cognitive impairment in elderly of a health area i: en

Introducción: La edad es el factor de riesgo más importante asociado al deterioro cognitivo. Al respecto, la pérdida de la memoria resulta un motivo frecuente y creciente de atención en las consultas médicas del nivel primario. Sin embargo, la disfunción cognitiva en los ancianos suele ser una de las afecciones que transcurren usualmente sin un diagnóstico oportuno. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del deterioro cognitivo leve de tipo amnésico en ancianos de un área de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 203 ancianos pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente Ramón López Peña de Santiago de Cuba, desde junio hasta diciembre de 2022. Para diagnosticar a los pacientes con disfunción cognitiva leve se utilizaron los criterios de Petersen. Resultados: Se halló que 36,9 % de los ancianos presentaron deterioro cognitivo leve de tipo amnésico, con predominio del sexo masculino (43,6 %) y del nivel de escolaridad primario (50,0 %), seguido del medio (40,3 %). Conclusiones: El deterioro cognitivo leve de tipo amnésico prevaleció en más de un tercio de la muestra estudiada; frecuencia que aumentó según la edad. Asimismo, se detectó una mayor incidencia del sexo masculino y de los ancianos con escolaridad primaria y media finalizadas.

Introduction: Age is the most important risk factor associated with cognitive deterioration. In this regard, loss of memory is a frequent and growing reason for attention in medical consultations of primary care. However, cognitive dysfunction in the elderly is one of the affections that usually go without an opportune diagnosis. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the amnestic mild cognitive impairment in elderly of a health area. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 203 elderly, belonging to the health area of Ramón López Peña Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from June to December, 2022. To diagnose the patients with light cognitive dysfunction the Petersen approaches were used. Results: It was found that 36.9% of the elderly presented amnestic mild cognitive impairment, with a prevalence of male sex (43.6%) and the primary school level (50.0%), followed by the middle level (40.3%). Conclusions: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment prevailed in more than a third of the studied sample; frequency that increased according to the age. Likewise, a higher incidence of male sex and the elderly with concluded primary and middle schooling was detected.

Trauma y amnesia disociativa: la visión de Pierre Janet / Trauma and dissociative amnesia: Pierre Janet's vision

RESUMEN Se señala la importancia de reconsiderar el trabajo de Pierre Janet en trauma y amnesia disociativa, como elementos importantes en el estudio actual del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Los objetivos de esta revisión histórica no sistemática y comparativa son: a) explicar, desde la perspectiva de Janet: el concepto de Idea Fija, que hoy denominamos trauma b) describir los diferentes tipos de amnesia en las cuales se basa el DSM para su clasificación actual y c) a través de un caso clínico descrito por Janet, mostrar su concordancia con lo que actualmente diagnosticamos como TEPT complejo, que denominó en su época: "una de las formas que puede tomar la histeria después de un accidente emocional". Esta revisión se basa principalmente en algunos capítulos originales de Janet publicados en Francés.

The present article gives emphasis in reconsidering the work of Pierre Janet in trauma and dissociative amnesia, as important aspects for the contemporary study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this non systematic historical review is to explain the following ideas under Janet´s perspective: a) the concept of fixed idea, denominated in our contemporary nomenclature as trauma, b) to describe the different types of amnesia described by Janet and its relation with DSM clasiffication for this penomenon, and c) to show through the analysis of a clinical case described by Janet, how a concordance exists between the current denomination of complex PTSD and what Janet nominated "one of the forms in which hysteria can presents after an emotional accident". This article is mainly based in some original chapters from Janet´s work published in French.

Dor psicopatológica antes do desenvolvimento da doença de Alzheimer / Psychopathological pain before the development of Alzheimer's disease / Dolor psicopatológico antes del desarrollo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer

Objetivo: identificar a causa da dor psicopatológica antes do desenvolvimento da doença de Alzheimer. Método: estudo observacional e descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado no Hospital Escola Portugal Ramalho, entre 2016 e 2019. Agrupou-se os pacientes conforme as causas dos tipos de esquecimento, com construção de gráficos, de acordo com as principais teorias acerca da gênese da doença de Alzheimer. Resultados: os grupos de pacientes foram submetidos à anamnese e ao teste de Folstein. Percebeu-se que os tratamentos dependem se a amnésia é relacionada ao humor; se ocorre por sequelas vasculares e endocrinológicas; ou pacientes com demência de Alzheimer diagnosticada. Conclusão: a causa da dor psicopatológica se baseia no esquecimento involuntário que gera a não aceitação ou no medo de relembrar situações traumáticas. Embora essas causas variam de acordo com as hipóteses que levam ao dano cognitivo e mnêmico.

Objective: to identify the cause of psychopathological pain before the development of Alzheimer's disease. Method: observational and descriptive study, experience report type, carried out at the Portugal Ramalho Teaching Hospital, between 2016 and 2019. The patients were grouped according to the causes of the types of forgetfulness, with construction of graphs, according to the main theories about the genesis of Alzheimer's disease. Results: the groups of patients were submitted to anamnesis and Folstein's test. It was noticed that the treatments depend on whether the amnesia is related to mood; if it occurs due to vascular and endocrinological sequelae; or patients with diagnosed Alzheimer's dementia. Conclusion: the cause of psychopathological pain is based on involuntary forgetfulness that generates non-acceptance or on the fear of remembering traumatic situations. However these causes vary according to the hypotheses that lead to cognitive and mnemic damage.

A Propósito De Un Caso De Demencia Frontotemporal - Variante conductual, Con Síntomas Amnésicos E Imágenes Cerebrales Tipo Alzheimer / About a case of Frontotemporal Dementia - behavioral variant, with amnesic symptoms and Alzheimer type cerebral images: report of a case

Resumen La Demencia frontotemporal - variable conductual (DFT-vc), es una importante causa de discapacidad en adultos menores de 65 años. Se postula como una enfermedad neurológica con manifestaciones predominantemente psiquiátricas y, por tanto, constituye un frecuente diagnóstico diferencial ante patologías psiquiátricas de inicio no temprano. Aunque tradicionalmente se consideraba entre sus criterios diagnósticos a la ausencia de deterioro de la memoria -como en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA)-, diversos estudios registran hasta un 15% de prevalencia de casos con franco deterioro mnésico, igualmente las neuroimágenes de uno y otro cuadro demencial pueden tener un traslape. Actualmente la presencia de "síndromes de fenocopia" -cuadros clínicos semejantes a DFT-vc pero sin deterioro cognitivo- y casos de EA con síntomas de desinhibición y conductuales, tornan más complejo el diagnóstico clínico y sugieren la insuficiencia de los criterios establecidos para el diagnóstico y la necesaria adopción de criterios paraclínicos. Con ese fin presentamos un caso ilustrativo de DFT-vc con deterioro de la memoria, y revisamos la bibliografía pertinente.

Frontotemporal dementia - behavioral variant (FTD-bv), is an important cause of disability in adults under 65 years of age. It is postulated as a neurological disease with predominantly psychiatric manifestations and, therefore, constitutes a frequent differential diagnosis in psychiatric pathologies of not early onset. Although traditionally the absence of memory impairment was considered among its diagnostic criteria - as opposed to Alzheimer'a disease (AD) -, several studies have found until 15% of prevalence of cases with frank mnemonic deterioration, as well as neuroimaging of one and the other can have overlap. Currently, the presence of "phenocopy syndromes" - clinical pictures similar to FTD-bv but without cognitive impairment- and cases of AD with disinhibition and behavioral symptoms, make the clinical diagnosis more complex and suggest the insufficiency of the established diagnostic criteria and the necessary adoption of paraclinical criteria. To this purpose, we present an illustrative case of FTD-bv with memory impairment and Alzheimer-like neuroimages, and we review the pertinent bibliography.

Effect of electronic moxibustion on memory function in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electronic moxibustion on memory function in the patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI).@*METHODS@#A total of 59 aMCI patients were randomized into an electronic moxibustion group (30 cases) and a placebo moxibustion group (29 cases). In the electronic moxibustion group, the electronic moxibustion was applied to Baihui (GV 20), Dazhui (GV 14), Mingmen (GV 4) and Taixi (KI 3), 45 ℃ in temperature, 20 min each time. The treatment was given once a day, 5 times a week. The treatment for 4 weeks was as one course and 2 courses were required totally. In the placebo moxibustion group, the moxa-free patch was used, 38 ℃ in temperature. The acupoint selection and the treatment frequency were same as the electronic moxibustion group. Before and after treatment, Rivermead behavior memory test (RBMT) was adopted to evaluate the global memory function of the patients in the two groups and the N-back task test was adopted to evaluate working memory function separately. Additionally, the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and its immediate memory, Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and its delay recall were adopted to evaluate the global cognitive function and memory function@*RESULTS@#In the electronic moxibustion group, after treatment, RBMT score, N-back accuracy rates, MMSE and MoCA scores and the scores of immediate memory and delay recall were improved significantly as compared with those before treatment (<0.01). In the placebo moxibustion group, the accuracy rates of 1-back and 2-back task and the scores of immediate memory and delay recall were improved obviously as compared with those before treatment (<0.05, <0.01). After treatment, the improvements of RBMT score, the accuracy rates of N-back task and MMSE and MoCA scores in the electronic moxibustion group were higher than those in the placebo moxibustion group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Electronic moxibustion improves memory function in the patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment.

Amnesia en el embarazo / Amnesia in Pregnancy

La memoria es la capacidad para aprender, organizar y fijar eventos de nuestro pasado y se encuentra íntimamente ligado a la función de la atención. Es capaz de guardar datos a través de mecanismos ultra complejos que se desarrollan en tres etapas: codificación, almacenamiento y evocación. La presencia de la amnesia impide que esta capacidad se desarrolle adecuadamente. La amnesia ocurre cuando se comprueba que alguien ha perdido o tiene debilitada la memoria. Hay varias causas de pérdida de la memoria, como ha sido señalado, por ejemplo, en la etapa del climaterio y la menopausia donde este aspecto es considerado para clasificar la intensidad del síndrome climatérico que se presenta con frecuencia en esta etapa. La persona que sufre este trastorno no es capaz de almacenar ni de recuperar información recibida con anticipación, ya sea por motivos orgánicos o funcionales. La amnesia (del griego ἀμνησία amnesia, olvido) es la pérdida parcial o completa de la memoria. Sus causas son orgánicas o funcionales. Muchas mujeres, cuando se encuentran embarazadas experimentan una pérdida parcial de memoria a corto plazo conocida como amnesia del embarazo, mumnecia, o lo que los anglosajones suelen llamar placenta's brain (cerebro de placenta). Durante el embarazo, las fluctuaciones hormonales que experimenta la mujer producen cambios en la actividad cerebral, provocando una pérdida parcial de memoria a corto plazo. Sobre este aspecto abordaremos el estado actual que hay sobre este tema(AU)

Memory is the capacity to learn, organize and fix events of our past and is intimately linked to the function of attention. It is capable of saving data through ultra-complex mechanisms that are developed in three stages: coding, storage and evocation. The presence of amnesia prevents this ability from developing properly. Amnesia occurs when it is proven that someone has lost or has weakened memory. There are several causes of memory loss, as has been pointed out, for example, in the climacteric stage and menopause where this aspect is considered to classify the intensity of the climacteric syndrome that frequently occurs in this stage. The person suffering from this disorder is not able to store or retrieve information received in advance, for organic or functional reasons. Amnesia (from Greek ἀμνησία amnesia, forgetfulness) is the partial or complete loss of memory. Many pregnant women experience a partial loss of short-term memory known as pregnancy amnesia, mumnecia, or placenta's brain as the Anglo-Saxons usually call it. During pregnancy, the hormonal fluctuations experienced by women produce changes in brain activity, causing partial loss of short-term memory. On this aspect, we will address the status on this topic(AU)

Chronic administration of ketamine ameliorates the anxiety- and aggressive-like behavior in adolescent mice induced by neonatal maternal separation

Ketamine has long been used as an anesthetic agent. However, ketamine use is associated with numerous side effects, including flashbacks, amnesia, delirium, and aggressive or violent behavior. Ketamine has also been abused as a cocktail with ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Several studies have investigated therapeutic applications of ketamine, demonstrating its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in both humans and rodents. We recently reported that neonatal maternal separation causes enhanced anxiety- and aggressive-like behaviors in adolescent. In the present study, we evaluated how acute and chronic ketamine administration affected the behavioral consequences of neonatal maternal separation in adolescent mice. Litters were separated from dams for 4 hours per day for 19 days beginning after weaning. Upon reaching adolescence (post-natal day 35–49), mice were acutely (single injection) or chronically (7 daily injections) treated with a sub-anesthetic dose (15 mg/kg) of ketamine. At least 1 h after administration of ketamine, mice were subjected to open-field, elevated-plus maze, and resident-intruder tests. We found that acute ketamine treatment reduced locomotor activity. In contrast, chronic ketamine treatment decreased anxiety, as evidenced by increased time spent on open arms in the elevated-plus maze, and remarkably reduced the number and duration of attacks. In conclusion, the present study suggests that ketamine has potential for the treatment of anxiety and aggressive or violent behaviors.

Alcohol-related blackouts among college students: impact of low level of response to alcohol, ethnicity, sex, and environmental characteristics

Objective: To explore how a genetically-influenced characteristic (the level of response to alcohol [LR]), ethnicity, and sex relate to environmental and attitudinal characteristics (peer drinking [PEER], drinking to cope [COPE], and alcohol expectancies [EXPECT]) regarding future alcohol-related blackouts (ARBs). Methods: Structural equation models (SEMs) were used to evaluate how baseline variables related to ARB patterns in 462 college students over 55 weeks. Data were extracted from a longitudinal study of heavy drinking and its consequences at a U.S. university. Results: In the SEM analysis, female sex and Asian ethnicity directly predicted future ARBs (beta weights 0.10 and -0.11, respectively), while all other variables had indirect impacts on ARBs through alcohol quantities (beta weights ~ 0.23 for European American ethnicity and low LR, 0.21 for cannabis use and COPE, and 0.44 for PEER). Alcohol quantities then related to ARBs with beta = 0.44. The SEM explained 23% of the variance. Conclusion: These data may be useful in identifying college students who are more likely to experience future ARBs over a 1-year period. They enhance our understanding of whether the relationships of predictors to ARBs are direct or mediated through baseline drinking patterns, information that may be useful in prevention strategies for ARBs.

Amnesia anterógrada debida a lesión bilateral de los hipocampos en un paciente probablemente intoxicado con metanol / Anterograde amnesia due to bilateral lesion of the hippocampus in a patient probably intoxicated with metanol

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 56 años que ingresó con un cuadro agudo de alteración de la conciencia luego de intoxicación alcohólica. Durante su hospitalización se evidenció alteración de la memoria anterógrada y neuropatía óptica derecha. Las imágenes diagnósticas demostraron lesiones bilaterales de los hipocampos, globos pálidos y corteza cerebral frontal paramediana. La evaluación neuropsicológica confirmó una grave amnesia anterógrada que mejoró muy poco al cabo de 2 años de seguimiento. A pesar de la falta de confirmación por el laboratorio, las manifestaciones clínicas y las imágenes están a favor de una intoxicación por metanol. Se llama la atención sobre esta rara presentación clínica.

SUMMARY We report the case of a 56-year-old man who was hospitalized because acute altered consciousness after alcoholic intoxication. During his hospitalization, there was observed an alteration of anterograde memory and right optic neuropathy. Diagnostic images showed bilateral lesions of the hippocampus, globus pallidus and paramedian cerebral frontal cortex. The neuropsychological evaluation confirmed a severe anterograde amnesia that barely improved after 2 years of follow up. Despite the lack of confirmation by the laboratory, the clinical manifestations and imaging results are in favor of methanol intoxication. Attention is drawn to this rare clinical presentation.

Limbic Encephalitis Manifesting as Selective Amnesia and Seizure-like Activity: A Case Report

Limbic encephalitis (LE) is characterized by short-term memory loss, disorientation, agitation, seizures, and histopathological evidence of medial temporal lobe inflammation. Leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 (LGI-1) is an auto-antigen associated with LE. We report a 37-year-old male patient with LGI-1-related LE who presented with recurrent episodes of selective amnesia, seizure-like activity, confusion, and personality change. His symptoms were significantly improved with steroid therapy. Thorough differential diagnosis with consideration for autoimmune encephalitis should be in patients with presentation of symptoms, such as memory impairment, personality change and seizure-like activity, especially when other neurological diagnoses are excluded.

Evaluation of Relationship between Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Dissociative Experiences

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms and dissociative experiences and the effect of childhood traumatic experiences on this relationship in OCD patients. METHODS: Fifty consecutive OCD patients and 50 healthy controls are enrolled for this study. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Padua Inventory (PI) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) are applied to participants. RESULTS: Average DES total score in the patient group is 20.58 and in the control group it is 4.87. In the patient group, when we evaluate the relation strengths of DES total and subscale scores with PI total score, we found out that amnesia subscale has r=0.361 (p<0.01), absorption subscale has r=0.611 (p<0.01), depersonalization/derealization subscale has r=0.574 (p<0.01), and DES total score has r=0.55 (p<0.01) relation strengths with PI total score. In patient group both DES total score and CTQ total score have influence on PI total score independently from each other. In addition to this, the level of the influence of DES total scores on PI total scores is, R2=0.399 (p<0.01) and the level of the influence of CTQ total scores on PI total scores is R2=0.343 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Dissociative experiences are seen more frequently in OCD patients than healthy controls. Among dissociative experiences, absorption has stronger relation with OCD symptoms. The relation between OCD and dissociation is independent from and stronger than the relation between childhood traumatic experiences and OCD.

Ausencia de efecto de la práctica en el deterioro cognoscitivo leve amnésico. Evidencia en un seguimiento cuatro meses después del diagnóstico / Absence of practice effect in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Evidence in a follow-up four months after diagnosis

Introducción: la forma amnésica del deterioro cognoscitivo leve (DCL-amn) es considerada fenotípica de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en fase prodrómica. Dado el déficit de memoria que caracteriza a los pacientes con DCL-amn, se hipotetiza que su desempeño en tareas de memoria explícita no se vería afectado por el efecto de la práctica al realizar un retest en un tiempo relativamente corto. Objetivo: evaluar la memoria explícita verbal y visual de un grupo de pacientes (N = 13) con DCL-amn, comparando su desempeño en 2 momentos evaluativos: el primero al diagnóstico clínico y el otro cuatro meses después. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio ex post facto descriptivo comparativo con el plan de investigación evolutivo de grupo. Se evaluó la memoria explícita verbal con el Buschke Selective Reminded Test y la memoria explícita visual con la figura compleja de Rey. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 2.0, obteniendo medias y desviaciones estándar y empleando una p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: los análisis a partir de la prueba t-student demuestran que las diferencias entre ambos momentos no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los resultados apoyan la evidencia previa de ausencia de efecto de la práctica en las evaluaciones sucesivas en el DCL-amn, que se explica por el déficit crónico de memoria anterógrada que impide hacer aprendizajes significativos, aún ante la exposición repetida a los mismos materiales de prueba y en cortos períodos de retest.

Introduction: The amnestic subtype of mild cognitive impairment (amn-MCI) is considered to be a phenotype of Alzheimer´s disease in the prodromal stages. Given memory deficit that characterizes patients with amn-MCI, it hypothesized that their performance in explicit memory task would not be influenced by the practice effect when a retest is performed over a relatively short time. Objective: To evaluate the explicit verbal and visual memory of a group of patients (N = 13) with amn-MCI, comparing their performance in 2 evaluative moments: the first to the clinical diagnosis and the other four months after. Materials and methods: An ex post facto comparative descriptive study was carried out with a group evolutionary research plan. Verbal explicit memory was evaluated with the Buschke Selective Reminded Test and explicit visual memory with the Complex Figure of Rey. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program version 2.0, obtaining means and standard deviations and using p <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: The analyzes from the t-student test show that the differences between both moments were not statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusions: The results support the previous evidence of absence of practice effect in the successive evaluations in the amn-MCI, which is explained by the chronic deficit of anterograde memory that prevents significant learning, even in the face of repeated exposure to the same test materials and in short retest periods.

Interferência retroativa: o esquecimento como uma interrupção na consolidação da memória / Interferencia retroactiva: olvido como una interrupción en la consolidación de la memoria / Retroactive interference: forgetting as an interruption of memory consolidation

O esquecimento é uma condição vivenciada diariamente pelos indivíduos e um conceito de extrema importância para a ciência da memória, apesar de sua experimentação ser complexa. Algumas teorias que tentam definir a ciência do esquecimento são apresentadas neste estudo, todavia, aqui focamos na Teoria da Interferência, principalmente na Interferência Retroativa (IR). A IR é a interferência que ocorre quando uma informação ou tarefa é inserida entre a apresentação de uma informação-alvo e sua posterior recordação. A IR pode ser explicada como uma competição de itens, mas atualmente surge a proposta que ela seja fruto da interrupção de um outro processo, chamado de Consolidação da Memória. A consolidação da memória é o processo através do qual as informações tornam-se estáveis, a partir de processos neurais posteriores ao registro inicial de uma informação que contribuem para o registro definitivo - ou, ao menos, mais duradouro - desta informação. A IR perturbaria estes processos posteriores à aprendizagem, resultando na perda destes materiais. O presente estudo visa propor a possibilidade da investigação mais aprofundada deste tópico para a melhor compreensão desse relevante conceito, visando aprofundar o conhecimento desta hipótese e outras possíveis causas do esquecimento.

El olvido es una condición experimentada diariamente por individuos y un concepto de suma importancia para la ciencia de la memoria, a pesar de que el proceso de experimentación sea complejo. En el presente estudio algunas teorías que tratan de definir la ciencia de olvido serán discutidas, sin embargo, aquí nos centramos en la teoría de la interferencia, especialmente en la interferencia retroactiva (IR). El IR es la interferencia que se produce cuando se introduce una información o tarea entre la presentación de una información-objetivo y su posterior recordación. El IR se puede explicar como un elemento de competencia entre los elementos, pero recientemente viene la propuesta de que es el resultado de la interrupción de otro proceso, llamado consolidación de la memoria. Consolidación de la memoria es el proceso por el cual ocurre la estabilización de la información, a partir de procesos neuronales posteriores al registro inicial de información que contribuyen al registro definitivo - o por lo menos, más duraderos - de esta información. El IR podría teóricamente perturbar estos procesos posteriores al aprendizaje, lo que resulta en la pérdida de estas informaciones. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo proponer una investigación mas profunda de este tema para comprender mejor este importante concepto, dirigido a profundizar el conocimiento de esta hipótesis y de otras posibles causas del olvido.

Although experimenting with forgetting is complex, forgetting is not only a condition experienced by individuals every day but also an extremely important concept in memory science. Some theories that attempt to define the science of forgetting are presented in this study; however, we have focused here on the theory of interference, retroactive interference (RI) in particular. RI is the interference that occurs when a task or piece of information is inserted between the presentation of target information and its subsequent recall. Although RI can be explained as competition between items, some have now proposed that it results from the interruption of the process of memory consolidation, through which information become stable; neural processes following the initial recording of information contribute to the definitive-or, at least, longer lasting-record of this information. RI disrupts post-learning processes, resulting in the loss of these materials. This study proposes a deeper investigation of RI and memory consolidation to obtain a better understanding of this important concept, seeking to deepen knowledge of this hypothesis and other possible causes of forgetting.

La memoria resiliente y la amnesia criptográfica: el caso de la juventud empobrecida latinoamericana / The resilient memory and the cryptographic amnesia: the case of impoverished Latin-American youth

Resumen ¿Cómo es posible que se ejerza tal grado de violencia social sobre jóvenes, existiendo al mismo tiempo desempleo estructural y preocupantes tasas de deserción estudiantil? ¿Y cómo inciden estos factores en la construcción del tejido social? Este trabajo intenta responder a algunas de estas interrogantes. Se introduce el concepto de memoria criptográfica para dar a entender el proceso de resquebrajamiento del contrato social tradicional que otorgaba un lugar sustancial a los jóvenes como parte de la memoria y la transmisión generacional. Se opone al mismo el concepto de memoria resiliente por el que se reinstauran imaginarios fraternales esenciales a lo social y que la violencia neoliberal y el terrorismo de Estado intentan debilitar o anular.

Abstract How is it possible such degree that social violence is exerted on young people, existing at the same time structural unemployment and worrying dropout rates? Moreover, how these factors affect the construction of the social network? This paper attempts to answer some of these questions. The concept of cryptographic memory is introduced to understand the process of breaking of the traditional social contract that gave substantial place to young people as part of the memory and the generational transmission. It is opposite to the concept of resilient memory that establishes fraternal imaginary, essential to the social, and that neoliberal violence and the State terrorism try to weaken or nullify.

Rehabilitation in severe memory deficit: A case study / Reabilitação em déficit importante de memória: um estudo de caso

ABSTRACT The term amnesia refers to a pathological state of mind in which memory and learning are affected to a greater extent than other cognitive functions in a patient without altered level of consciousness. The aim of the current study was to describe a case of severe amnesia in a patient during neurological rehabilitation and to report the importance of preserved cognitive functions to compensate for the mnemonic deficit. VJA presented a clinical condition suggestive of encephalopathy due to caloric-protein malnutrition following several abdominal surgical procedures for complicated choledocholithiasis. A descriptive analysis of the results was carried out to outline the goals attained and the factors limiting implementation of memory aids. After the intervention program, consisting of individual and group activities, VJA showed improvement in level of recall with repetition of tasks, but still required constant external monitoring. Longitudinal follow-up is necessary to obtain more consistent results.

RESUMO O termo amnésia refere-se a um estado mental patológico em que a memória e o aprendizado estão afetados em proporções maiores do que as demais funções cognitivas em um paciente sem alteração do nível de consciência. O estudo vigente buscou descrever um caso de amnésia grave em paciente durante reabilitação neurológica e relatar a importância de funções cognitivas preservadas para compensação do deficit mnemônico. V.J.A. apresenta quadro clínico sugestivo de Encefalopatia por desnutrição calórico-proteíca, em virtude de vários procedimentos cirúrgicos abdominais em razão de coledocolitíase complicada. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos resultados, buscando detalhar as metas alcançadas e os limitadores para implementação dos auxílios de memória. Após o programa de intervenção, constituído por atividades individuais e grupais (inseridas no contexto e significativas para o paciente), foi observado que V.J.A. apresentou melhora do padrão de evocação com a repetição das tarefas, porém ainda com necessidade de monitoração externa constante. Faz-se, então, necessário acompanhamento longitudinal para obtenção de resultados mais consistentes.

The effect of triazolam premedication on anxiety, sedation, and amnesia in general anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines have been used preoperatively as part of an anesthesia regimen to attenuate the anxiety of patients. In this study, we aimed to examine the effect of oral triazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, on anxiety, sedation, and amnesia. METHODS: Ninety patients, aged 20–55 years, were randomly assigned to receive no premedication, or to receive triazolam 0.25 mg or 0.375 mg 1 h before anesthesia. Anxiety score, sedation score, blood pressure, heart rate and psychomotor performance were measured on the evening before surgery and on the day of surgery. Additional tests of psychomotor performance were performed in the postanesthesia care unit and on the next day of surgery. The occurrence of amnesia, bispectral index (BIS), recovery profiles and patient satisfaction with overall anesthesia care were also evaluated. RESULTS: Changes in the anxiety and sedation scores on the day of surgery were not significantly different among groups, whereas the increases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate were significantly less in both triazolam groups. The triazolam groups both showed a higher incidence of high satisfaction scores (≥ 2). The two triazolam groups also showed similar outcomes, except for a dose-dependent increase in the number of patients with amnesia and BIS values < 90. Delayed recovery from general anesthesia and psychomotor impairment were not observed in the triazolam groups. CONCLUSIONS: Triazolam 0.25 mg or 0.375 mg reduced the hemodynamic changes associated with anxiety, produced potent amnesia, and improved patient satisfaction. We suggest that triazolam can be used effectively as anesthetic premedication in adults.

Risk factor analysis of additional administration of sedative agent and patient dissatisfaction in intravenous conscious sedation using midazolam for third molar extraction

OBJECTIVES: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related with additional administration of sedative agent during intravenous conscious sedation (IVS) using midazolam (MDZ). The secondary purpose was to analyze the factors affecting patient satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data for 124 patients who had undergone surgical extraction of mandibular third molar under IVS using MDZ were retrospectively investigated in this case-control study. The initial dose of MDZ was determined by body mass index (BMI) and weight. In the case of insufficient sedation at the beginning of surgery, additional doses were injected. During surgery, peripheral oxygen saturation, bispectral index score (BIS), heart rate, and blood pressure were monitored and recorded. The predictor variables were sex, age, BMI, sleeping time ratio, dental anxiety, Pederson scale, and initial dose of MDZ. The outcome variables were additional administration of MDZ, observer's assessment of alertness/sedation, intraoperative amnesia, and patient satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were computed, and the P-value was set at 0.05. RESULTS: Most patients had an adequate level of sedation with only the initial dose of MDZ and were satisfied with the treatment under sedation; however, 19 patients needed additional administration, and 13 patients were unsatisfied. In multivariable logistic analysis, lower age (odds ratio [OR], 0.825; P=0.005) and higher dental anxiety (OR, 5.744; P=0.003) were related to additional administration; lower intraoperative amnesia (OR, 0.228; P=0.002) and higher BIS right before MDZ administration (OR, 1.379; P=0.029) had relevance to patient dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION: The preoperative consideration of age and dental anxiety is necessary for appropriate dose determination of MDZ in the minor oral surgery under IVS. The amnesia about the procedure affects patient satisfaction positively.

Dehydroevodiamine·HCl enhances cognitive function in memory-impaired rat models

Progressive memory impairment such as that associated with depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) can interfere with daily life. In particular, AD, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, prominently features a memory and learning impairment that is related to changes in acetylcholine and abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dehydroevodiamine·HCl (DHED) on cognitive improvement and the related mechanism in memory-impaired rat models, namely, a scopolamine-induced amnesia model and a Aβ₁₋₄₂-infused model. The cognitive effects of DHED were measured using a water maze test and a passive avoidance test in the memory-impaired rat models. The results demonstrate that DHED (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and Donepezil (1 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated the spatial memory impairment in the scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Moreover, DHED significantly improved learning and memory in the Aβ₁₋₄₂-infused rat model. Furthermore, the mechanism of these behavioral effects of DHED was investigated using a cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and intracellular calcium measurement in primary cortical neurons. DHED reduced neurotoxicity and the production of Aβ-induced ROS in primary cortical neurons. In addition, similar to the effect of MK801, DHED decreased intracellular calcium levels in primary cortical neurons. Our results suggest that DHED has strong protective effects against cognitive impairments through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of neurotoxicity and intracellular calcium. Thus, DHED may be an important therapeutic agent for memory-impaired symptoms.