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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; Medicina (B.Aires);76(4): 230-234, Aug. 2016. tab
Article de Espagnol | LILACS | ID: biblio-841582

RÉSUMÉ

La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH) es una reacción adversa inmunológica mediada por la formación de anticuerpos contra el complejo heparina-factor plaquetario 4 (FP4), caracterizada por la presencia de trombocitopenia y la asociación paradojal de trombosis arterial o venosa. Es una complicación poco frecuente pero grave del uso de cualquier tipo de heparina. En tratados con procedimientos cardiovasculares como intervención coronaria percutánea y cirugía de revascularización cardiaca, la prevalencia de anticuerpos es significativamente mayor que en otros escenarios clínicos. El reconocimiento de las características clínicas y de laboratorio permite la suspensión inmediata de la heparina y la instauración de tratamiento anticoagulante alternativo, para evitar la progresión y formación de nuevos trombos y sus complicaciones. En la presente revisión se resumen las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para la TIH, en particular los anticoagulantes orales directos (DOACS) como el dabigatran, rivaroxaban y apixaban que pueden proporcionar una nueva opción para el tratamiento de TIH.


Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse reaction due to antibodies to a multimolecular complex of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4) characterized by moderate thrombocytopenia and paradoxical arterial or venous thrombosis. It is a relatively infrequent complication related to the administration of any type of heparin. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization or coronary artery by-pass graft the prevalence of HIT is higher than in other clinical settings. Recognizing clinical and laboratory features of HIT allow immediate discontinuation of heparin and the use of alternative anticoagulants to avoid serious thrombotic complications. In this review, we summarize different therapeutic options for the treatment of HIT with special emphasis on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS) such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban. DOACS might represent a therapeutic alternative for HIT treatment.


Sujet(s)
Humains , Thrombopénie/induit chimiquement , Thrombopénie/traitement médicamenteux , Héparine/effets indésirables , Antithrombiniques/usage thérapeutique , Anticoagulants/effets indésirables , Anticoagulants/usage thérapeutique , Thrombopénie/immunologie , Thrombose/prévention et contrôle , Facteur-4 plaquettaire/immunologie , Héparine/immunologie , Thrombose veineuse/prévention et contrôle , Anticoagulants/immunologie
2.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992, Impr.) ; Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992, Impr.);59(2): 161-166, mar.-abr. 2013.
Article de Anglais | LILACS | ID: lil-673384

RÉSUMÉ

Heparin is a natural agent with antithrombotic action, commercially available for therapeutic use as unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious adverse reaction to heparin that promotes antibodymediated platelet activation. HIT is defined as a relative reduction in platelet count of 50% (even when the platelet count at its lowest level is above > 150 x 10(9)/L) occurring within five to 14 days after initiation of the therapy. Thrombocytopenia is the main feature that directs the clinical suspicion of the reaction and the increased risk of thromboembolic complications is the most important and paradoxical consequence. The diagnosis is a delicate issue, and requires a combination of clinical probability and laboratory tests for the detection of platelet activation induced by HIT antibodies. The absolute risk of HIT has been estimated between 1% and 5% under treatment with unfractionated heparin, and less than 1% with low molecular weight heparin. However, high-quality evidence about the risk of HIT from randomized clinical trials is scarce. In addition, information on the frequency of HIT in developing countries is not widely available. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the key features of this reaction and updated information on its frequency to health professionals and other interested parties. Knowledge, familiarity, and access to therapeutic options for the treatment of this adverse reaction are mandatory to minimize the associated risks, improving patient safety.


A heparina é um agente natural com ação antitrombótica, sendo disponibilizadas para uso terapêutico a heparina não fracionadaeaheparina de baixo peso molecular. A trombocitopenia induzida por heparina (TIH) é uma reação adversa grave às heparinas mediada por anticorpos que promovem ativação de plaquetas. A TIH é definida como uma redução rela- tiva na contagem de plaquetas de 50% (mesmo se a contagem de plaquetas no seu nível mais baixo estiver acima 150 x 10(9)/L) que pode ocorrer no período de cinco a 14 dias após o início da terapia com o medicamento. A trombocitopenia é a principal característica que direciona a suspeita clínica da reação, sendo o aumento do risco de complicações tromboembólicas a consequência mais importante e paradoxal. O diagnóstico é uma questão delicada e requer a combinação da probabilidade clínica com testes laboratoriais para detectar a ativação plaquetária induzida pelos anticorpos da TIH. O risco absoluto de TIH tem sido estimado entre 1 e 5% no tratamento com heparina não fracionada e inferior a 1% no uso de heparina de baixo peso molecular. No entanto, evidências de alta qualidade provenientes de ensaios clínicos randomizados sobre a frequência dessa reação são escassas. Além disso, informações sobre a frequência de TIH em países em desenvolvimento não são amplamente disponíveis. Esta revisão teve como objetivo fornecer aos profissionais de saúde e demais interessados um melhor conhecimento sobre a TIH e as principais características dessa reação, bem como apresentar dados atualizados sobre a frequência da mesma. Conhecimento, familiaridade e acesso a opções terapêuticas para o tratamento dessa reação adversa são necessários para minimizar os riscos associados, melhorando a segurança do paciente.


Sujet(s)
Humains , Anticoagulants/effets indésirables , Héparine/effets indésirables , Thrombopénie/induit chimiquement , Anticoagulants/immunologie , Héparine/immunologie , Appréciation des risques , Thrombopénie/diagnostic , Thrombopénie/immunologie , Thrombopénie/thérapie
3.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; Medicina (B.Aires);72(1): 19-22, feb. 2012. graf, tab
Article de Espagnol | LILACS | ID: lil-639646

RÉSUMÉ

La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (HIT) es un efecto adverso del tratamiento con heparina, mediada por anticuerpos anti complejo factor plaquetario 4 (PF4)-heparina (HPIA). La HIT es frecuentemente moderada pero pueden desarrollarse complicaciones trombóticas. El diagnóstico precoz es importante. La detección de HPIA por ELISA tiene alta sensibilidad pero baja especificidad (títulos bajos sin significación clínica). El índice de las 4T (índice 4T) puede detectar pacientes con alto riesgo de HIT. El propósito del estudio fue correlacionar los niveles de HPIA y el índice 4T de un grupo de pacientes derivados a nuestro centro. Evaluamos 84 pacientes, 34 de ellos desarrollaron trombosis. Cada médico completó un cuestionario clínico que fue remitido con la muestra a nuestro centro. Los cuestionarios fueron analizados por un investigador externo y el índice 4T se calculó previamente al ensayo. Los HPIA se determinaron por un ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) que detecta los 3 isotipos, IgG, IgM e IgA, único reactivo disponible en Argentina. Los resultados se expresaron como porcentaje de absorbancia (%ABS). La correlación del índice 4T con los HPIA fue 0.472 (rho spearman, p < 0.001). Los pacientes con índice 4T ≥ 6 presentaban %ABS mayores que los ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39, p < 0.001). Aquéllos con trombosis presentaron títulos mayores que los que no la desarrollaron (%ABS 59 vs. 39, p = 0.017). En conclusión: Los títulos altos de HPIA medidos por ELISA, que detecta los 3 isotipos, correlacionaron claramente con el índice 4T ≥ 6 y fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con trombosis, coincidiendo con lo ya descripto para ensayos de ELISA específicos para isotipo IgG.


Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated disorder due to antibodies anti platelet factor 4-heparin (HPIA). Thrombocytopenia is often moderate but certain patients can develop morbid thrombotic complications. HPIA detection by ELISA has high sensitivity but low specificity, and low titers (without clinical significance) are frequent. A pretest clinical score (4T´s) was developed in order to recognize patients that are at high risk of HIT. The aim of this study was to correlate HPIA levels and the 4T´s score of consecutive patients derived to our center. We evaluated 84 patients (35 of them developed thrombosis); the clinical questionnaire was sent along with the sample and was analyzed by an investigator who did not know the patients´ characteristics, and 4T´s scores were calculated before performing the laboratory tests. HPIA were measured by ELISA (Asserachrom HPIA) that detects IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes, (the only reagent available in our country). 4T´s score correlated with HPIA levels (rho spearman 0.472, p < 0.001). Patients with 4T´s ≥ 6 had higher absorbance percentages than those with ≤ 5 (67 vs. 39%, p < 0.001), and patients with thrombosis also presented higher titers (59 vs. 39%, p = 0.017) than those who did not develop this complication. In conclusion, high titers of HPIA measured by EIA which detects the 3 isotypes, clearly correlate with 4T´s score ≥ 6 and are more frequent in patients who develop thrombosis, just as reported when an IgG specific ELISA is used.


Sujet(s)
Adulte , Sujet âgé , Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Anticorps/analyse , Anticoagulants/effets indésirables , Héparine/effets indésirables , /immunologie , Thrombopénie/induit chimiquement , Anticoagulants/immunologie , Test ELISA , Héparine/immunologie , Immunoglobuline A/analyse , Immunoglobuline G/analyse , Immunoglobuline M/analyse , Antiagrégants plaquettaires/composition chimique , Thrombopénie/diagnostic , Thrombose/étiologie
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