Implementation of the Fast-track Protocol for Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Public Hospital in the State of São Paulo - Brazil / Implantação do protocolo de recuperação rápida para artroplastia total do quadril em hospital público do estado de São Paulo - Brasil

Abstract Objective Evaluate the results of the implementation of the Fast Track Protocol (FTP), a medical practice based on scientific evidence, for elective total hip arthroplasty surgery, mainly comparing the National Average Hospital Admission Rate of 7.1 days. Methods 98 patients who underwent elective total hip arthroplasty surgery via the direct anterior approach, anterolateral approach and posterior approach were included in the FTP from December 2018 to March 2020, being followed up preoperatively, intraoperatively and immediately postoperatively. Results The average length of hospital stay was 2.8 days, being 2.1 days for the direct anterior approach, 3.0 days for the anterolateral access approach and 4.1 days for the posterior access approach. The average surgery time was 90 minutes, 19 (19.39%) of the patients were referred to the ICU in the postoperative period, however, none of them underwent surgery using the direct anterior approach. We had no cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PTE) or neurological injury, 19 (19.39%) patients had postoperative bleeding requiring dressing change, 4 (4.08%) needed blood transfusion, 2 (2.04%) patients had implant instability, 1 (1.02%) patient had a fracture during surgery and 1 (1.02%) patient died of cardiac complications. Conclusion FTP may be a viable alternative to reduce the length of stay and immediate postoperative complications for elective total hip arthroplasty surgery decreasing the length of stay of patients by 2 to 3 times when compared to the national average of 7.1 days.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados da implantação do Protocolo de Recuperação Rápida (PRR), prática médica baseada em evidências científicas, para cirurgia eletiva de artroplastia total do quadril principalmente comparando à Taxa Média de Internação Hospitalar nacional de 7.1 dias. Métodos 98 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia eletiva de artroplastia total do quadril pela via direta anterior, via anterolateral e via posterior foram incluídos no PRR no período de dezembro de 2018 a março de 2020 sendo acompanhados no pré-operatório, intraoperatório e pós-operatório imediato. Resultados a Taxa Média de Permanência Hospitalar foi de 2,8 dias, sendo 2,1 dias para a Via de Acesso Anterior, 3,0 dias para via de acesso anterolateral e 4,1 dias para via de acesso posterior. O tempo médio de cirurgia foi de 90 minutos, 19 (19,39%) dos pacientes foram encaminhados à UTI no pós-operatório, no entanto nenhum deles operado pela via direta anterior. Não tivemos casos de trombose venosa profunda (TVP), embolia pulmonar (TEP) ou lesão neurológica, 19 (19,39%) pacientes tiveram sangramento pós-operatório com necessidade de troca de curativo, 4 (4,08%) necessidade de transfusão sanguínea, 2 (2,04%) pacientes apresentaram instabilidade do implante, 1(1,02%) paciente teve fratura durante a cirurgia e 1(1,02%) paciente faleceu por complicações cardíacas. Conclusão O PRR pode ser uma alternativa viável para diminuir o tempo de internação e as complicações pós-operatórias imediatas para a cirurgia eletiva de artroplastia total do quadril diminuindo 2 a 3 vezes o tempo de internação dos pacientes quando comparado com a média nacional de 7,1 dias.

Un plan protocolizado de rehabilitación domiciliaria tuvo mejores resultados que el tratamiento habitual en pacientes operados de prótesis total de rodilla: cohorte prospectiva / A protocolized home rehabilitation program had better outcomes than the usual care following total knee replacement: a prospective cohort study

Objetivo: comparar los resultados funcionales y de calidad de vida, y algunos indicadores de calidad y satisfacción, entre dos estrategias de cuidados posoperatorios de prótesis total de rodilla: 1) Cuidados protocolizados brindados por la Unidad de Rehabilitación del Hospital Italiano (URED) para pacientes que residen en CABA; 2) Cuidados habituales brindados por el sistema tercerizado de rehabilitación kinésica. Materiales y métodos: cohorte prospectiva de pacientes que fueron sometidos a una cirugía de reemplazo articular de la rodilla en el Hospital Italiano. Fueron evaluados mediante cuestionarios de funcionalidad y calidad de vida percibida, y goniometría, a los 45 días, por kinesiólogos entrenados. Resultados: se incluyeron 81 pacientes en el grupo de cuidados protocolizados y 28 en el de cuidados habituales. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables evaluadas y destacamos la relevancia clínica de que solamente el 2,43% de los pacientes atendidos en la URED continuaban usando andador a los 45 días frente al 35,71% de los que habían sido atendidos con los cuidados habituales (p = 0,004), así como la menor proporción de pacientes con déficit de flexión (2,47% vs. 46%, respectivamente; p < 0,001) y de extensión (18,52 vs. 75%; p < 0,001) en el mismo lapso, requisitos que son importantes para lograr una marcha funcional. Conclusión: un programa de rehabilitación domiciliaria protocolizada y supervisada por kinesiólogos entrenados mostró ser eficaz para una progresión más rápida hacia una marcha independiente con un menor riesgo de déficit de flexión o de extensión a los 45 días. (AU)

Objective: to compare functionality and quality of life, and some indicators of patient satisfaction, between two postoperative rehabilitation care following total knee replacement: 1) Protocolized care provided by the Italian Hospital Rehabilitation Unit for patients who live in CABA; 2) Usual care provided by the outsourced rehabilitation system. Materials and methods: prospective cohort of patients who underwent total knee replacement at the Italian Hospital were evaluated using questionnaires of functionality and quality of life at 45 days. Results: 81 patients were included in the protocolized care group and 28 in the usual care group. Statistically significant differences were observed in all the variables evaluated, highlighting clinical relevance that only 2.43% of the patients treated by the URED continued using the walker at 45 days vs 35.71% of those who had been treated with the usual care (p = 0.004); as well as the lower proportion of patients with flexion deficit (2.47 vs. 46%, respectively; p < 0.001) and extension (18.52 vs. 75%; p < 0.001) at the same time. Conclusion: a home protocolarized rehabilitation program supervised by a physical therapist proved to be effective for a quicker progression to an independent walk with lower risks of flexion or extension deficits at 45 days. (AU)

Programa rehabilitador en la artroplastia total de rodilla / Rehabilitation program in total knee arthroplasty

RESUMEN Introducción: La artroplastia total de rodilla constituye actualmente un procedimiento quirúrgico bastante empleado. La fisioterapia es fundamental en el tratamiento para conseguir una mayor funcionalidad de la articulación sustituida. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del tratamiento rehabilitador pre- y posquirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a una artroplastia total de rodilla. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, con 87 pacientes sometidos a una artroplastia total de rodilla, en el Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank País", de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, dolor, función, comportamiento de la deformidad de flexión y de la estabilidad, y cumplimiento del tratamiento rehabilitador pre- y posquirúrgico. Se empleó en el procesamiento de la información la estadística descriptiva (frecuencia absoluta y relativa). También se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central (media, mediana) y de dispersión (desviación estándar). Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo etario > 60 años. Todos los pacientes refirieron dolor antes de la intervención quirúrgica. En el posoperatorio 79,3 por ciento de los enfermos estaban sin dolor, según la escala analógica visual (EVA). Antes de la intervención, caminaban menos de 100 metros 52,9 por ciento, después de la terapia posoperatoria todos los pacientes pudieron caminar. Hubo predominio de pacientes con una respuesta buena a la terapia rehabilitadora después de realizado el programa pre- y posoperatorio (71,26 por ciento). Conclusiones: El tratamiento rehabilitador pre- y posquirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a la artroplastia total de rodilla posibilitó una mejor utilización de la articulación, eliminó el dolor e incrementó la fuerza muscular(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Total knee arthroplasty is currently a fairly widely used surgical procedure. Physiotherapy is essential in the treatment to achieve greater functionality of the substituted joint. Objective: To evaluate the effect of rehabilitation treatment before and after surgery in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 87 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty at Frank País International Orthopedic Scientific Complex, from January 2015 to December 2017. The variables analyzed were age, sex, pain, function, behavior of flexion deformity and stability, and compliance with rehabilitation treatment before and after surgery. Descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency) were used in the information processing. Measures of central tendency (mean, median) and dispersion (standard deviation) were also used. Results: Female sex and age group > 60 years predominated. All patients reported pain before surgery. During post-surgery period, 79.3 percent of the patients were painless, according to the visual analogue scale (VAS). Before surgery, 52.9 percent walked less than 100 meters, after the post-surgery therapy all patients were able to walk. There was a predominance of patients with good response to rehabilitative therapy after rehabilitation treatment before and after surgery (71.26 percent). Conclusions: Rehabilitation treatment before and after surgery in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty allowed better use of the joint, eliminating pain and increasing muscle strength(AU)

Introduction: L'arthroplastie totale de genou constitue aujourd'hui une technique chirurgicale fréquemment utilisée. La kinésithérapie est essentielle dans ce traitement pour améliorer la fonction de l'articulation remplacée. Objectif: Évaluer l'effet du traitement de rééducation pré et postopératoire chez des patients traités par arthroplastie totale de genou. Méthodes: Une étude transversale descriptive de 87 patients traités par arthroplastie totale de genou a été réalisée dans le Complexe scientifique internationale d'orthopédie «Frank Pais¼, depuis janvier 2015 jusqu'à décembre 2017. Parmi les variables examinées, on peut trouver l'âge, le sexe, la douleur, le comportement de la déformation de la flexion et la stabilité, et l'adhésion au traitement de rééducation pré et postopératoire. Pour le traitement de l'information, on a utilisé la statistique descriptive (fréquence absolue et relative). On a également utilisé des mesures de tendance centrale (moyenne, médiane) et de dispersion (écart-type). Résultats: Le sexe féminin et la tranche d'âge >60 ans ont été en prédominance. Tous les patients ont déclaré une douleur avant l'intervention chirurgicale. D'après l'échelle visuelle analogique (EVA), 79.3 pourcent des malades étaient sans douleur en postopératoire. Avant l'intervention, seulement 52.9 pourcent des patients marchaient moins de 100 mètres, et après la thérapie postopératoire tous les patients ont pu marcher. La plupart de patients ont eu une bonne réponse à la thérapie de rééducation après le programme pré et postopératoire (71.26 pourcent). Conclusions: Le traitement de rééducation pré et postopératoire chez des patients traités par arthroplastie totale de genou a permis d'améliorer la fonction de l'articulation, de diminuer la douleur, et d'augmenter la force musculaire(AU) .

Manejo del dolor en el postoperatorio de cirugías articulares. Nuevos enfoques / Pain management in joint surgeries postoperative period. New approache

Introducción: el manejo del dolor junto con la reducción del estrés preoperatorio y la pronta rehabilitación, reducen a su vez la morbimortalidad postoperatoria y establecen la base del manejo presente del paciente quirúrgico. Objetivo: revisar los más recientes enfoques en el manejo del dolor en el postoperatorio de cirugías articulares. Desarrollo: la cirugía de grandes articulaciones como, por ejemplo, la artroplastia total de rodilla, se encuentra relacionada con dolor postoperatorio que se describe como intenso, pues hasta el 50 por ciento de los casos necesitan el empleo de opioides u otros fármacos analgésicos para dominarlo de manera eficaz. Conclusiones: aunque la efectividad analgésica post-operatoria de ciertos fármacos, agregados al anestésico local en anestesia espinal, ha sido investigada en reemplazos articulares. Todavía no se ha determinado el verdadero rol de los fármacos coadyuvantes y las terapias no farmacológicas, y es necesario en un futuro una guía práctica centrada en la evidencia clínica para cada proceso, que circunscriba a la rehabilitación postquirúrgica(AU)

Introduction: the management of pain together with the reduction of preoperative stress and early rehabilitation, in turn reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality and establish the basis of the current management of the surgical patient. Objective: to review the most recent pain management related approaches in the postoperative period of joint surgeries. Development: the surgery of large joints, such as total knee arthroplasty, is related to postoperative pain that is described as intense, since up to 50 percent of cases require the use of opioids or other analgesic drugs to control it effectively. Conclusions: although the postoperative analgesic effectiveness of certain drugs, added to local anesthetics in spinal anesthesia, has been investigated in joint replacements, the true role of adjuvant drugs and non-pharmacological therapies has not yet been determined, and a practical guide focusing on the clinical evidence for each process, which circumscribes post-surgical rehabilitation, is necessary in the future(AU)

Patellar denervation for Anterior Knee Pain Management in Knee Arthroplasty / Denervação patelar para tratamento da dor anterior na artroplastia total do joelho

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of patellar denervation versus non-patellar denervation in reducing anterior knee pain on a follow-up period of at least one year after total knee arthroplasty. METHOD: Data from 84 patients, who underwent total knee arthroplasty were analyzed. Participants were divided into 2 groups; group A: 42 patients who previously underwent total knee arthroplasty with patellar denervation; and group B: 42 patients who previously underwent total knee arthroplasty without patellar denervation. Results were evaluated using WOMAC and KSS questionnaires, and the VAS pain measurement. Knee ranges of motion were measured. Preoperative clinical conditions of both groups were similar. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the following results were observed. (a), the WOMAC scores for group A were significant better when compared to group B (27.95 ± 5.89 vs. 33,55 ± 6.23; (b) better results were also found in KSS scores for group A vs. group B (86.19 ± 7.10 vs. 83,07 ± 4.88); (c) the range of knee flexion was smaller than in group A vs. group B (119.0 ± 10.7 vs 125.5 ± 11.0 degrees); (d) there was no significant difference between the mean of range of knee extension between the two groups groups; (e) in terms pain referred by the patient, no difference was observed according to VAS pain. CONCLUSION: Patellar denervation does not show better effect in pain reduction compared with TKA with non-patellar denervation. However, it had a better beneficial effect on knee function score, as measured through the KSS and WOMAC questionnaires.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia de denervação patelar em relação à não-denervação patelar na redução da dor anterior do joelho em um período de acompanhamento de no mínimo um ano após a artroplastia total do joelho (ATJ). MÉTODO: Foram analisados dados de 84 pacientes, submetidos a ATJ e divididos em 2 grupos: grupo A formado por 42 pacientes submetidos à ATJ com denervação patelar (PD) e grupo B formado por 42 pacientes submetidos a ATJ sem a denervação (ND). Os resultados foram avaliados utilizando os questionários WOMAC e KSS, além da escala analógica visual da dor (EVA). Também foi avaliada a amplitude de movimento em graus. As condições clínicas pré-operatórias dos dois grupos foram semelhantes. RESULTADOS: Comparando a pontuação do questionário WOMAC, o grupo A apresentou melhores resultados, com media de 27,95 ± 5,89, enquanto o grupo B apresentou média de 33,55 ± 6,23. Melhores resultados foram também observados no KSS para o grupo A, apresentando média de 86,19 ± 7,10, em comparação ao grupo B, com média de 83,07 ± 4,88. Observou-se menor amplitude de flexão do joelho no grupo A, 119,0 ± 10,68 graus, em comparação com o grupo B, com média de 125,5 ± 11,02 graus. Analisando exclusivamente a dor, não foi observada diferença entre a dor referida pelo paciente, de acordo com a escore da escala EVA. CONCLUSÕES: A DP não demonstrou melhores efeitos na redução da dor em comparação com ND na ATJ. No entanto um melhor efeito da denervação nos escores de função, através dos questionários KSS e WOMAC sugerem que a denervação pode ser benéfica neste cenário.

Topical vs. intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in knee arthroplasty and prevalence of deep venous thrombosis: a randomized clinical trial / Uso tópico versus intravenoso de ácido tranexâmico na artroplastia de joelho e prevalência de trombose venosa profunda: estudo clínico randomizado

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is widely used in orthopedic surgery to reduce perioperative bleeding. Since TXA inhibits fibrinolysis, there is concern that it may increase the risk of thromboembolic events. OBJECTIVES: To verify the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients receiving TXA during total knee arthroplasty and to compare topical with intravenous administration of the drug. METHODS: All patients admitted for total knee arthroplasty due to primary arthrosis between June and November of 2014 were recruited consecutively. Thirty patients were randomized to a "topical group&" (1.5 g TXA diluted in 50ml saline sprayed over the area operated, before tourniquet release), 30 to an intravenous; (20mg/kg TXA in 100 ml of saline, given at the same time as anesthesia), and 30 to a control group (100 ml of saline, given at the same time as anesthesia). All patients had duplex ultrasound scans of the legs on the 15th postoperative day. RESULTS: Deep venous thrombosis events occurred in five of the 90 patients operated (one out of 30 in the topical group [3.3%], four out of 30 in the control group [13.3%], and zero in the intravenous group). All were confirmed by duplex ultrasound scans and all were asymptomatic. Prevalence rates of DVT were similar between groups (p = 0.112 for control vs. intravenous; p = 0.353 for control vs. topical; and p =1.000 for intravenous vs. topical, according to two-sided exact tests). CONCLUSIONS: Both topical and intravenous administration of TXA are safe with regard to occurrence of DVT, since the number of DVT cases in patients given TXA was not different to the number in those given placebo.

CONTEXTO: O ácido tranexâmico é amplamente utilizado em cirurgia ortopédica para reduzir a hemorragia perioperatória. Como o ácido tranexâmico inibe a fibrinólise, há uma preocupação de que ele possa aumentar o risco de eventos tromboembólicos. OBJETIVOS: Verificar se o uso do ácido tranexâmico é seguro em relação à prevalência de trombose venosa profunda em pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho, e comparar as administrações tópica e intravenosa desse medicamento. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes consecutivamente admitidos para artroplastia total do joelho devido a artrose primária entre junho e novembro de 2014 foram recrutados. Os pacientes foram randomizados em um "grupo tópico" (1,5 g de ácido tranexâmico diluído em 50 ml de solução salina cobrindo toda a área operada antes de liberar o torniquete), um "grupo intravenoso" (20 mg/kg de ácido tranexâmico em 100 ml de solução salina no momento da anestesia) e um "grupo controle" (100 ml de solução salina com a anestesia). No 15º dia de pós-operatório, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ultrassonografia vascular com Doppler de membros inferiores, independentemente de sintomas. RESULTADOS: Dos 90 pacientes operados, apenas cinco apresentaram trombose venosa profunda (um no grupo tópico e quatro no grupo controle). CONCLUSÕES: Tanto a administração tópica quanto a intravenosa de ácido tranexâmico são seguras em termos de ocorrência de trombose venosa profunda, pois o número de casos de trombose venosa profunda foi semelhante quando comparamos os pacientes que receberam ácido tranexâmico e os que receberam placebo. Novos estudos, com amostras maiores, são necessários para confirmar esse achado.

Femoral quadriceps neuromuscular electrical stimulation after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review / Estimulação elétrica neuromuscular do quadríceps após artroplastia total de joelho: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients submitted to total knee arthroplasty. This was a systematic review with no language or publication status restriction. Our search was made in Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase and LILACS. Randomized or quasi-randomized clinical trials evaluating neuromuscular electrical stimulation after total knee arthroplasty were included. Four studies with moderate risk of bias and low statistical power were included, totalizing 376 participants. There was no statistically significant difference in knee function, pain and range of motion during 12 month follow-up. This review concluded that neuromuscular electrical stimulation was less effective than traditional rehabilitation in function, muscular strength and range of motion. However, this technique was useful for quadriceps activation during the first days after surgery.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total de joelho. Esta foi uma revisão sistemática sem restrição de idioma ou status de publicação. Nossa pesquisa foi realizada na biblioteca Cochrane, MEDLINE, Embase e LILACS. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos randomizados ou quase-randomizados, avaliando a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular após a artroplastia total de joelho. Quatro estudos com risco de viés moderado e de baixo poder estatístico foram incluídos, totalizando 376 participantes. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na função do joelho, dor e amplitude de movimento durante 12 meses de seguimento. Esta avaliação concluiu que a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular foi menos eficaz do que a reabilitação tradicional na função, força muscular e amplitude de movimento. No entanto, essa técnica é útil para a ativação do quadríceps durante os primeiros dias após a cirurgia.

Os 12 pontos-chave da reabilitação após artroplastia total do joelho / The 12 keypoints for rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty

Incumbe cada vez mais ao médico de família o follow-up da reeducação das próteses totais do joelho. São vários os fatores que para isso contribuem: o número total de próteses totais do joelho está em constante crescimento, o tempo da hospitalização diminui e a reeducação carece frequentemente de um acompanhamento prolongado de 3 a 4 meses. Passado esse período, é capital promover o retorno à atividade física,limitando os efeitos perniciosos do sedentarismo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi providenciar conhecimentos atuais em matéria de reeducação após a prótese total do joelho aos médicos de família. Sob forma de revisão crítica e narrativa da literatura atual, identificaram-se os 12 pontos-chave em reabilitação após próteses totais do joelho. A fisioterapia a ritmo sustentado é necessária para uma recuperação otimal da amplitude articular.A longo prazo, deve-se encorajar a realização de atividades físicas adaptadas.

The rehabilitation process after total knee arthroplasty (TKA)relies more and more on the family doctor. Many factors contribute to this development: the constantly increasing number of totalknee arthroplasty performed, the reduced length of stay at thehospital and the rehabilitation process after total knee arthroplasty requiring care for 3 to 4 months. After this time, it is also ofmajor importance to encourage patients to take up physicalactivities in order to limit the negative effects of sedentarity. Thegoal of this paper is to give family doctors an overview of thecurrent knowledge in the area of rehabilitation after total kneearthroplasty for physicians. Using a critical narrative review weidentified 12 key points for the rehabilitation of a TKA. In orderto improve knee range of movement, frequent and sustainedphysiotherapy sessions are necessary. Furthermore, short-termadapted physical activity should be prescribed.

Reliability of the 50-foot walk test and 30-sec chair stand test in total knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of the 50-Foot Walk Test (50 FWT) and 30-second Chair Stand Test (30 CST) in patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS: The study was designed as a test-retest research. Thirty-three patients who would undergo bilateral TKA were recruited. The tests 30 CST and 50 FWT were performed twice on the same day with 5-minute intervals, respectively. Between the first and second tests, patients waited for an hour on sitting position in order to prevent fatigue. In addition to these tests, we registered the knee pain experienced by the patients using a 100 mm VAS scale. RESULTS: The 50 FWT and 30 CST showed excellent reliability. ICC for 50 FWT and 30 CST were 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. SRD95 was 1.07 for 50 FWT and 0.96 for 30 CST. CONCLUSIONS: According to results of this study, both 50 FWT and 30 CST have excellent reliability in patients with TKA. These tests are simple, no time consuming and constitute sensitive methods to measure the functional performance in patients with TKA in the clinical settings. Clinicians and researchers may use these tests to quantify even small changes in functional performance for patients with TKA. Level of Evidence III, Diagnostic Study.

Effects of resistance training in older women with knee osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to analyze the effects of resistance training on functional performance, lower-limb loading distribution and balance in older women with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and osteoarthritis (OA) in the contralateral knee. In addition, this older knee OA and TKA group (OKG) was compared to older (OG) and young women (YG) without musculoskeletal diseases who underwent the same resistance training program. METHODS: Twenty-three women divided into OKG (N = 7), OG (N = 8) and YG (N = 8) had their functional performance, lower-limb loading distribution and balance compared before and after 13 weeks of a twice-weekly progressive resistance training program. RESULTS: At baseline, the OKG showed lower functional performance and unilateral balance, and impaired lower-limb loading distribution compared to the OG and the YG (p<0.05). After resistance training, the OKG showed improvements in functional performance (∼13% in sit-to-stand and rising from the floor, ∼16% in stair-climbing and ∼23% in 6-minute walking (6 MW)), unilateral balance (∼72% and ∼78% in TKA and OA leg, respectively) and lower-limb loading distribution, which were greater than those observed in the OG and the YG. The OKG showed post-training 6 MW performance similar to that of the OG at baseline. Sit-to-stand performance and unilateral stand balance were further restored to post-training levels of the OG and to baseline levels of the YG. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance training partially restored functional, balance and lower-limb loading deficits in older women with TKA and OA in the contralateral knee. These results suggest that resistance training may be an important tool to counteract mobility impairments commonly found in this population. .

A Novel Non-Invasive Adjuvant Biomechanical Treatment for Patients with Altered Rehabilitation after Total Knee Arthroplasty: Results of a Pilot Investigation

BACKGROUND: Many factors contribute to suboptimal results after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) but little is known regarding the value of postsurgical rehabilitation after TKA. We examined the effects of an enhanced closed kinematic chain exercises program (AposTherapy) on gait patterns and clinical outcomes among patients with a lack of progress in their postsurgical rehabilitation. METHODS: Twenty-two patients were prospectively followed during the study. Gait spatiotemporal parameters were measured at the initial evaluation, after 15 minutes of therapy, and after 3 months of therapy. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the short form (SF) 36 health survey were completed by patients before treatment and after 3 months of treatment. RESULTS: The WOMAC and SF-36 scores improved significantly after 3 months of treatment. Gait velocity, single limb support, and step length of the operated leg improved significantly even after a single 15 minutes treatment. Normal gait velocity was observed in 36% of patients after 3 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A physiotherapy program that included enhanced closed kinematic chain biomechanical therapy was beneficial for patients who experienced a suboptimal rehabilitation course after TKA.

Fatores preditivos de resultados desfavoráveis da meniscectomia medial artroscópica em pacientes com mais de 50 anos de idade / Predictors of poor outcomes of arthroscopic medial meniscectomy in patients over 50 years old

A evolução do conhecimento acerca das funções dos meniscos e do tratamento das suas lesões, impulsionada pelo advento da cirurgia artroscópica, consagrou e popularizou a meniscectomia por esta via, por ser uma técnica menos invasiva, com menor morbidade e menores custos hospitalares, a ponto de torná-la, atualmente, a cirurgia ortopédica mais frequentemente realizada no mundo. Embora a maior parte dos pacientes submetidos a esta intervenção cirúrgica tenha resultados favoráveis e resolução rápida dos sintomas, percebe-se que parte considerável dos pacientes, especialmente os mais idosos, não apresenta uma evolução póscirúrgica satisfatória, apresentando piora dos sintomas e, eventualmente, necessitando de nova cirurgia. Partindo da hipótese que em determinados pacientes a meniscectomia, em vez de tratar, precipita e acentua um desequilíbrio biomecânico do joelho, o autor realizou estudo observacional prospectivo não-controlado com 86 pacientes de ambos os gêneros, com idade superior a 50 anos (média de 60,2 ± 7,1 anos), submetidos à meniscectomia artroscópica para tratamento de lesão do menisco medial de natureza degenerativa, com o objetivo de determinar variáveis demográficas, clínicas, anatômicas e cirúrgicas relacionadas aos resultados desfavoráveis. As avaliações funcionais pré e pós-operatórias foram realizadas utilizandose o Índice do KOOS (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score), aplicado a todos os pacientes antes da cirurgia e 60 meses depois. Após análise estatística dos resultados obtidos, o autor verificou que 10 fatores podem ser considerados preditivos das meniscectomias mediais artroscópicas neste grupo etário, sendo quatro fatores fortemente associados aos resultados desfavoráveis: lesão da raiz posterior do menisco medial, dor pré-operatória intensa, claudicação antes da cirurgia e tempo decorrido entre o início dos sintomas e a cirurgia; dois fatores foram considerados moderadamente associados aos resultados...

The evolution of knowledge concerning meniscal functions and the treatment of their injuries, boosted by the development of arthroscopic surgery, has established and popularized arthroscopic meniscectomy due to its less invasiveness, less post-operative morbidity and lower hospital costs, to the point it has become, nowadays, the most frequently performed orthopedic procedure in the world. Although the majority of patients undergoing this operation is quite pleased with the outcomes and with the prompt resolution of their symptoms, it is noticeable that a considerable amount of patients with meniscal injuries, mainly the older, does not have a satisfactory postoperative outcome, with worsening of symptoms after being operated on and occasionally requiring another surgery. Based on observations of his medical practice and on the assumption that meniscectomy, rather than treat, can hasten and accentuate a biomechanical imbalance of the knee in those patients, the author conducted an observational prospective uncontrolled study with 86 patients of both genders, aged over 50 years old (average 60.2 ± 7.1 years), who underwent arthroscopic meniscectomy for the treatment of degenerative medial meniscal lesions, aiming to determine demographic, anatomical, clinical and surgical variables related to poor outcomes. The functional pre and post-operative evaluations were performed using the KOOS index (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) applied to all patients before surgery and 60 months later. After statistical analysis of the results, the author found that 10 factors can be considered predictors of arthroscopic medial meniscectomy in this age group: four factors were strongly associated with unfavorable results - posterior root lesion of the medial meniscus, intense pre-operative pain, claudication before surgery and time elapsed between onset of symptoms and surgery; two factors were moderately associated with unfavorable results - bone marrow...

Resultados de revisão de artroplastia total do joelho com haste não cimentada "Press-fit" / Results of revision total knee arthroplasty using press-fit cementless stem

Objetivo: Mostrar nossa experiência com haste não-cimentadas press-fit e fixação metafisária com cimento em série selecionada de pacientes que realizaram revisão de artroplastia total do joelho. Métodos: Trinta e quatro pacientes (35 joelhos) foram submetidos a revisão de artroplastia total do joelho usando técnica "press-fit". Seguimento mínimo foi de um ano (média de 2,2 anos) e máximo de três anos. Resultados: Dos 34 pacientes, 20 foram mulheres e 14 foram homens. Houve um óbito por causa não relacionada a artroplastia e perda de seguimento de um paciente. Não houve nenhum caso em que fosse necessária nova revisão. Os pacientes que foram submetidos à revisão apresentaram melhora clínica e funcional demonstrado pelos resultados do KSS, resultados do questionário de qualidade de vida SF-36, através do ganho de amplitude de movimento e da melhora no alinhamento do membro. Conclusão: Houve melhora clínica e funcional no pós-operatório em relação ao pré-operatório na revisão de artroplastia total do Joelho com haste não cimentada "press-fit". Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.

Objective: To show our experience with press-fit cementless stem and metaphyseal fixation with cement in a selected series of patients who underwent revision total knee arthroplasty. Methods: Thirty-four patients (35 knees) underwent revision total knee arthroplasty using the press-fit technique. Minimum follow-up was one year (mean 2.2 years) with a maximum length of three years. Results: Of 34 patients, 20 were women and 14 were men. There was one death due to causes not related to arthroplasty and one patient dropout. There were no cases in which further review was necessary. Patients who underwent revision had clinical and functional improvement demonstrated by the results of the KSS, results of the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, through gains in range of motion and improved limb alignment. Conclusion: There was postoperative clinical and functional improvement in comparison to the preoperative status in revision total knee arthroplasty with press-fit cementless stem. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

Relevância da infiltração analgésica para o alívio da dor na artroplastia total do joelho / Relevance of infiltration analgesia in pain relief after total knee arthroplasty

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de anestesia sobre a intensidade da dor no período pós-operatório inicial.MÉTODOS: Um total de 87 pacientes (77 mulheres, 10 homens) a serem submetidos à artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) foi distribuído para receber anestesia subaracnoidea isolada ou combinada com anestesia local de tecidos moles, anestesia local de tecidos moles e bloqueio de nervo femoral e bloqueio do nervo femoral preventivo com anestesia local de tecidos moles. Avaliamos intensidade da dor, consumo de opiáceos, mobilidade da articulação do joelho e complicações da cirurgia.RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos com infiltração preventiva e anestesia local de tecidos moles tiveram baixa intensidade de dor no primeiro dia pós-operatório, em comparação com os que receberam anestesia local de tecidos moles e bloqueio de nervo femoral (P = 0,012, magnitude do efeito 0,68). Os indivíduos que receberam infiltração preventiva e anestesia de tecidos moles locais tiveram a maior amplitude de movimento no momento da alta hospitalar (média de 90 graus [DP 7], P = 0,01, em comparação aos que receberam apenas anestesia subaracnoidea, e P = 0,001 em comparação com os que receberam anestesia subaracnoidea e anestesia dos tecidos moles).CONCLUSÃO: Apesar das diferenças da dor pós-operatória e da mobilidade do joelho, os resultados obtidos em todo o período pós-operatório não nos possibilitam favorecer nem a anestesia infiltrativa local nem a regional na ATJ. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Comparativo Prospectivo.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of different types of anesthesia on pain intensity in early postoperative period.PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 87 patients (77 women, 10 men) scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were assigned to receive either subarachnoid anesthesia alone or in combination with local soft tissue anesthesia, local soft tissue anesthesia and femoral nerve block and pre-emptive infiltration together with local soft tissue anesthesia. We assessed the pain intensity, opioid consumption, knee joint mobility, and complications of surgery.RESULTS: Subjects with pre-emptive infiltration and local soft tissue anesthesia had lower pain intensity on the first postoperative day compared to those with soft tissue anesthesia and femoral nerve block (P=0.012, effect size 0.68). Subjects who received pre-emptive infiltration and local soft-tissue anesthesia had the greatest range of motion in the operated knee at discharge (mean 90 grades [SD 7], P=0.01 compared to those who received subarachnoid anesthesia alone, and P=0.001 compared to those with subarachnoid together with soft tissue anesthesia).CONCLUSION: Despite the differences in postoperative pain and knee mobility, the results obtained throughout the postoperative period do not enable us to favour neither local nor regional infiltration anesthesia in TKA. Level of Evidence II, Prospective Comparative Study.

Enxerto homólogo de mecanismo extensor em artroplastia total do joelho / Extensor mechanism allograft in total knee arthroplasty

OBJETIVO: Analisar a experiência com transplante homologo do mecanismo extensor nas artroplastias totais do joelho e comparar resultados com experiência internacional.MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente três casos de transplante homologo do mecanismo extensor após artroplastia total do joelho que foram realizados em nosso serviço com apoio de um dos poucos bancos de tecidos brasileiros e tentamos estabelecer se nossa experiência foi similar à reportada na literatura internacional quanto a indicação do paciente, técnica utilizada e resultados.RESULTADOS: Dois casos evoluíram bem com o procedimento e um caso apresentou resultado insatisfatório evoluindo para amputação. Assim como mostra a literatura, tensão adequada do enxerto, fixação tibial apropriada e principalmente seleção precisa do paciente são os melhores preditores de bom resultado.CONCLUSÃO: O procedimento em questão tem indicação precisa, apesar de incomum, tanto pela raridade da problemática quanto pela baixa demanda de enxertos devido aos poucos bancos de tecidos no Brasil.Nível de Evidência IV, Série de Casos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experience with allograft transplantation of the extensor mechanism in total knee arthroplasty and compare results with the international experience.METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated three cases of extensor mechanism allograft after total knee arthroplasty performed in our hospital with the aid of one of the few tissue banks in Brazil and attempt to establish whether our experiences were similar to others reported in the world literature regarding patient indication, techniques, and outcomes.RESULTS: Two cases went well with the adopted procedure, and one case showed bad results and progressed to amputation. As shown in the literature, the adequate tension of the graft, appropriate tibial fixation and especially the adequate patient selection are the better predictors of good outcomes. Previous chronic infection can be an unfavorable predictor. CONCLUSION: This surgical procedure has precise indication, albeit uncommon, either because of the rarity of the problem or because of the low availability of allografts, due to the scarcity of tissue banks in Brazil. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.

Estudo da estabilidade dos componentes na artroplastia total do joelho sem cimento / Study on implant stability in cementless total knee arthroplasty

OBJETIVO: Comparar dois métodos de avaliação da estabilidade dos componentes tibial e femoral nas artroplastias de joelho não cimentadas com plataforma rotatória. MÉTODOS: Para isso foram avaliados 20 pacientes (20 joelhos) através de uma análise de radiografias dinâmicas com intensificador de imagem e manobras de estresse em varo e valgo, que foram comparadas com radiografias estáticas em frente e perfil dos joelhos, analisadas por dois cirurgiões experientes, cegos um em relação ao outro. RESULTADOS: Os resultados das análises estáticas e dinâmicas foram comparados e demonstraram forte correlação estatística (p<0,001), utilizando-se o método Kappa de comparação. CONCLUSÃO: O componente tibial mostrou-se mais instável quando comparado com o componente femoral, tanto na análise estática, quanto na dinâmica. Nível de evidência IV, Série de Casos.

Objetives: Determine the stability of tibial and femoral components of 20 cementless knee arthroplasties with rotating platform. METHODS: The 20 patients (20 knees) underwent an analysis of dynamic radiographs with an image amplifier and maneuvers of varus and valgus which were compared to static frontal and lateral radiographs of the knees and analyzed by two experienced surgeons in a double-blind way. RESULTS: We could observe in this study that both methods showed very similar results for the stability of the tibial and femoral components (p<0,001) using the Kappa method for comparison. CONCLUSION: The tibial component was more unstable in relation to the femoral component in both static and dynamic studies. Level of evidence IV, Case Series.

Tradução e validação da escala Knee Society Score: KSS para a Língua Portuguesa / Translation and validation of the Knee Society Score: KSS for Brazilian Portuguese

OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar o "Knee Society Score" (KSS) para a língua portuguesa e verificar suas propriedades de medida, reprodutibilidade e validade. MÉTODO: Avaliados 70 pacientes de ambos os sexos, em estudo clínico transversal, idade entre 55 e 85 anos, osteoartrose primária submetidos a artroplastia total de joelho, com o questionário KSS pelo avaliador 1 (inglês) e após 30 minutos pelo avaliador 2 (português) no pré- operatório e após três e seis meses de pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: O índice alfa de Cronbach e a diagramação de Bland-Altman não detectaram diferença entre as médias das duas avaliações no pré-operatório (p=1,000), com três meses (p=0,991) e seis meses de pós-operatório (p=0,985) na pontuação do joelho e na nota da função do joelho, p=1,000 nos três períodos. CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira do Knee Society Score, o Escore da Sociedade do Joelho, mostrou ser um instrumento de fácil compreensão e aplicação; válido e confiável para medir a pontuação e função do joelho de pacientes brasileiros submetidos a ATJ. Nível de Evidências: Estudos diagnósticos - Nivel de Evidência I, Teste de critérios diagnósticos desenvolvidos anteriormente em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).

OBJECTIVE: To translate, culturally adapt and validate the "Knee Society Score" (KSS) for the Portuguese language and determine its measurement properties, reproducibility and validity. METHOD: We analyzed 70 patients of both sexes, aged ages between 55 and 85 years, in a cross-sectional clinical trial, with diagnosis of primary osteoarthritis, undergoing total knee arthroplasty surgery. We assessed the patients with the English version of the KSS questionnaire and after 30 minutes with the Portuguese version of the KSS questionnaire, done by a different evaluator. All the patients were assessed preoperatively, and again at three, and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference, using Cronbach's alpha index and the Bland-Altman graphical analysis, for the knee score during the preoperative period (p = 1), and at three months (p = 0.991) and six months postoperatively (p = 0.985). There was no statistical difference for knee function score for all three periods (p = 1.0). CONCLUSION The Brazilian version of the Knee Society Score is easy to apply, as well providing as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the knee score and function of Brazilian patients undergoing TKA. Level of Evidence: Level I - Diagnostic Studies- Investigating a Diagnostic Test - Testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied 'gold' reference standard).

Midvastus versus medial Para patellar approach for total knee replacement

A vastus-splitting approach for total knee arthroplasty has been advocated to preserve function of the extensor mechanism and to decrease the prevalence of lateral release. Critics have claimed that there is greater blood loss and compromised exposure in large patients who are managed with this approach. The purpose of the present study was to compare vastus-splitting and medial parapatellar approaches for primary total knee arthroplasty. Thirty two patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty were randomized to treatment with a medial para-patellar or vastus-splitting approach. In group one [n=16], the medial para-patellar approach, and in group two [n=16], a transvastus approach was used. Pressfit-condylar prosthesis [Depuy] was used. Surgical data, functional parameters, and preoperative and postoperative outcomes were assessed. Early follow-up showed no differences in functional parameters, tourniquet time, or the frequency of patellar resurfacing. The outcome was in favour of midvastus approach showing lower incidence of extension lag and blood loss and the better rehabilitation. Regaining the leg raise was superior to medial parapatellar approach. The vastus-splitting approach offers a viable alternative to the medial para-patellar approach for primary total knee arthroplasty that reduces the need for lateral retinacular release without impairment of quadriceps function. We recommend midvastus approach

Muscle strength and exercise intensity adaptation to resistance training in older women with knee osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVES: To analyze muscle strength and exercise intensity adaptation to resistance training in older women with knee osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Twenty-three community-dwelling women were divided into the following groups: older, with knee osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty in the contralateral limb (OKG; N= 7); older, without symptomatic osteoarthritis (OG; N= 8); and young and healthy (YG; N= 8). Muscle strength (1-repetition maximum strength test) and exercise intensity progression (workload increases of 5 percent-10 percent were made whenever adaptation occurred) were compared before and after 13 weeks of a twice-weekly progressive resistance-training program. RESULTS: At baseline, OKG subjects displayed lower muscle strength than those in both the OG and YG. Among OKG subjects, baseline muscle strength was lower in the osteoarthritic leg than in the total arthroplasty leg. Muscle strength improved significantly during follow-up in all groups; however, greater increases were observed in the osteoarthritic leg than in the total knee arthroplasty leg in OKG subjects. Greater increases were also seen in the osteoarthritic leg of OKG than in OG and YG. The greater muscle strength increase in the osteoarthritic leg reduced the interleg difference in muscle strength in OKG subjects, and resulted in similar posttraining muscle strength between OKG and OG in two of the three exercises analyzed. Greater exercise intensity progression was also observed in OKG subjects than in both OG and YG subjects. CONCLUSIONS: OKG subjects displayed greater relative muscle strength increases (osteoarthritic leg) than subjects in the YG, and greater relative exercise intensity progression than subjects in both OG and YG. These results suggest that resistance training is an effective method to counteract the lower-extremity strength deficits reported in older women with knee osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty.

Por uma tecnologia de cuidado integral ao paciente da fila de espera para artroplastia total primária de joelho no Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia

O objeto do estudo em questão é o cuidado ao paciente que está na fila de espera para um procedimento ortopédico de alta complexidade, a artroplastia total primária de joelho no Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia. Atualmente o tempo aproximado de espera na instituição para a realização desse procedimento, após a indicação pelo especialista, é de 44 meses. A proposta inicial foi o desenho, com a participação dos profissionais envolvidos, de um dispositivo de intervenção pela equipe multidisciplinar ao paciente que está aguardando na fila, contribuindo para o aperfeiçoamento de práticas de assistência integral, humanizada e voltadas para qualidade do cuidado. Esse cuidado integral ao sujeito em sofrimento deve ser entendido, principalmente, como se opondo à visão reducionista focada na doença, tão presente no modelo biomédico assistencial hegemônico. A abordagem metodológica foiclínico-qualitativa apoiada na Psicossociologia Francesa e na Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais semi-estruturadas com os pacientesda fila de espera e posteriormente entrevistas em grupo semi-estruturadas com a equipe multidisciplinar do Centro de Atenção Especializada do Joelho, baseadas na problematização do material produzido nas entrevistas com os pacientes. Adotamos como principais categorias analíticas a noção de cuidado ao paciente, o sofrimento vivenciado por eles, a integralidade em saúde, o imaginário e a produção do sentido pelos sujeitos da pesquisa...