Rentabilidad de la ratio angiogénica en el seguimiento de gestantes de alto riesgo de preeclampsia precoz tratadas con ácido acetilsalicílico / Profitability of the angiogenic ratio in the follow-up of pregnant women at high risk of early preeclampsia treated with acetylsalicylic acid

Objetivo: Evaluar el valor predictivo negativo de la ratio antigénica y conocer su rentabilidad para descartar preeclampsia precoz en pacientes de alto riesgo de desarrollarla, con profilaxis de ácido acetilsalicílico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal que recogió a las gestantes con cribado de preeclampsia precoz de alto riesgo (384 gestantes) en el Hospital Santa Lucía durante el año 2021, para lo que se usó test Elecsys® tabulado a un riesgo mayor a 1/150 en primer trimestre, y que tomaran ácido acetilsalicílico antes de la semana 16, quedando en 368 gestantes vistas en las semanas 20, 26, 31 y 36. Se realizó biometría, ratio angiogénica y doppler. Resultados: La incidencia de preeclampsia precoz en la población fue 4 casos (incidencia 1,08 %). Son significativos por su alto valor predictivo negativo del 100 % de preeclampsia precoz: la ratio angiogénica mayor a 38 en la semana 26 y el doppler de las uterinas en semana 20 y 26. Conclusión: En gestaciones con cribado de alto riesgo de preeclampsia que tomen ácido acetilsalicílico, una ratio angiogénica menor a 38 en la semana 26, además de un doppler uterino normal en semana 20 y 26 permite reducir el seguimiento gestacional(AU)

Objective: Our main objective was to evaluate the negative predictive value of the angiogenic ratio and to know its profitability to rule out early preeclampsia in patients at high risk of early preeclampsia with acetylsalicylic acid prophylaxis. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out that included pregnant women with high-risk early preeclampsia screening (384 pregnant women) at the Santa Lucía Hospital during the year 2021, for which the Elecsys® test tabulated at a risk >1/ was used. 150 in the first trimester, and who take acetylsalicylic acid before week 16, leaving 368 pregnant women seen in weeks 20, 26, 31 and 36, with biometry, angiogenic ratio and Doppler performed. Results: The incidence of early preeclampsia in the population was 4 cases (incidence 1.08%). They are significant due to their high negative predictive value of 100% of early preeclampsia: Angiogenic ratio > 38 in week 26, uterine Doppler in weeks 20 and 26. Conclusion: Pregnancies with high risk screening for preeclampsia who take acid acetylsalicylic acid, an angiogenic ratio < 38 at week 26 in addition to a normal uterine Doppler at weeks 20 and 26 allows for reduced gestational follow-up(AU)

Hueso nasal como marcador de aneuploidías y resultado perinatal / Nasal bone as a marker of aneuploidies and perinatal outcome

Objetivo: Describir el resultado perinatal de los embarazos en función de la evaluación del hueso nasal como marcador de aneuploidía. Métodos: De 1006 embarazadas, 607 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión para este estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, correlacional no causal donde se correlacionó la ausencia/presencia de hueso nasal con la presencia de síndrome de Down a través de cariotipo fetal prenatal y/o posnatal, así como examen clínico neonatal. Los datos fueron analizados mediantes frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes, capacidad diagnóstica del hueso nasal (índice de Youden), sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y cocientes de probabilidad, positivo y negativo. Resultados: La prevalencia de síndrome de Down fue de 1,48 %, la ausencia del hueso nasal como marcador aislado, obtuvo un índice de Youden de 0,55 (0,23 - 0,88), sensibilidad de 55,56 %, especificidad de 99,50 %, valor predictivo positivo de 62,5 %, valor predictivo negativo de 99,33 %, cocientes de probabilidad positivo (hueso nasal ausente) 111 (IC 95 % 31 - 394) y cocientes de probabilidad negativo (hueso nasal presente) de 0,45 (IC 95 % 0,22 -0,93). Conclusión: La ausencia de hueso nasal en primer trimestre aumenta el riesgo de síndrome de Down en 111 veces y la presencia del mismo lo disminuye, sin valor como prueba diagnóstica sino de pesquisa debe considerarse como un marcador secundario(AU)

Objective: To know the perinatal outcome based on nasal bone evaluation as an aneuploidy marker. Methods: From 1006 pregnant women, 607 met the inclusion criteria for this prospective, descriptive, correlational not causal research correlating nasal bone absence / presence with Down syndrome through prenatal / postnatal fetal karyotype and neonatal clinical examination. Absolute frequencies and percentages, nasal bone performance as a diagnostic test (Youden índex), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood ratios positive and negative, were calculated. Results: 1.48 % was the Down syndrome prevalence on the sample. The nasal bone absence as an isolated marker obtained an 0,55 Youden index (0.23 to 0.88 ), sensitivity 55,56%, specificity 99,50%, positive predictive value 62,5%, negative predictive value 99,33%, likelihood ratios positive (absent nasal bone) 111, (95% CI 31-394) and likelihood ratios negative (nasal bone present ) 0,45 (95% CI 0 22 -0.93 ). Conclusion: The nasal bone absence in first trimester increases Down syndrome risk 111 times and nasal bone presence decreases it with poor performance as a diagnostic test, so it should be considered a screening test and a secondary marker. Recommendations correlate these results with other markers to improve detection rates and quantify nasal bone measurements in order to make nasal bone nomograms in first trimester pregnancies(AU)

Cribado prenatal de aneuploidías mediante análisis de ácido desoxirribonucleíco libre total circulante en plasma materno. Revisión narrativa / Prenatal screening for aneuploidies by analysis of circulating total free deoxyribonucleic acid in maternal plasma. Narrative review

La prueba prenatal no invasiva es un método de cribado de aneuploidías fetales y de resultar con riesgo alto debe ser confirmado a través de prueba genética diagnóstica. Es la prueba de detección más sensible y específica para las aneuploidías fetales comunes y minimiza la realización de técnicas invasivas, solo para las gestantes con riesgo elevado. Se debe realizar asesoramiento genético pre- y poscribado. Este estudio tiene como objetivo describir los fundamentos básicos de la prueba prenatal no invasiva mediante el análisis del ácido desoxirribonucleíco libre circulante en plasma materno para cribado de aneuploidías, y de los métodos primordiales y avances en biología molecular incluyendo las tecnologías de secuenciación de nueva generación, que lo han facilitado, considerando sus beneficios y limitaciones al aplicarla en la práctica clínica, en este campo que cambia con tanta rapidez(AU)

The non-invasive prenatal test is a screening method for fetal aneuploidies and if the result is at high risk, it must be confirmed through diagnostic genetic test. It is the most sensitive and specific detection test for common fetal aneuploidies and minimizes the use of invasive techniques, only for pregnant women at high risk. Genetic counseling should be performed before and after screening. This study aims to describe the basic fundamentals of non-invasive prenatal testing by analyzing free circulating deoxyribonucleic acid in maternal plasma for aneuploidy screening, and the primary methods and advances in molecular biology, including next-generation sequencing technologies, which have facilitated it, considering its benefits and limitations when applying it in clinical practice, in this rapidly changing field(AU)

Protocolo de tamizaje y tratamiento de lesiones premalignas para la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino / Screening and treatment protocol for premalignant lesions for the prevention of cervical cancer

El cáncer cervicouterino es un problema de salud pública mundial, siendo la cuarta causa más común de incidencia y mortalidad, que cobra la vida de 270, 000 mujeres cada año.1 En América. Latina es el tercer cáncer más frecuente; en Honduras es el segundo y es la principal causa de mortalidad por cáncer en las mujeres, con un estimado de 800 casos nuevos y 480 muertes al año2. Por lo anterior, se considera necesario implementar un método diagnóstico-terapéutico que tenga por objetivo disminuir la incidencia de este tipo de cáncer mediante la prevención secundaria realizando pruebas de tamizaje para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno y efectivo. El presente protocolo está dirigido a los prestadores de servicios de salud público y privado del primer y segundo nivel de atención que brinden asistencia a la población femenina que ha iniciado su vida sexual...(AU)

Herramientas para el tamizaje de aneurisma de aorta abdominal / Tools for abdominal aortic aneurysm screening

Introducción. El aneurisma de la aorta abdominal (AAA) es la dilatación de la aorta abdominal mayor de 1,5 veces el diámetro esperado. Su prevalencia es variable, con tasas reportadas de hasta el 12,5 %. Se considera como causa de muerte de más de 10.000 personas al año en los Estados Unidos. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura fue describir los factores de riesgo y las herramientas de tamizaje de AAA. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura utilizando dos ecuaciones en bases de datos electrónicas, empleando términos seleccionados de "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) y "Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud" (DeCS). Se evaluó la calidad de los estudios con la herramienta STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology). Resultados. Se recolectaron 40 artículos y a partir de ellos se construyó el texto de revisión, identificando en estos, los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de AAA, tales como sexo masculino, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, antecedente familiar y obesidad, entre otros. La diabetes mellitus parece actuar como factor protector. Dentro de los instrumentos de tamizaje, el ultrasonido abdominal es uno de los más usados. Conclusión. El AAA es una patología multifactorial. En la actualidad la ultrasonografía de aorta es el método de elección para el tamizaje, permitiendo la detección precoz. El tamizaje de AAA con métodos no invasivos, como el ultrasonido, es útil sobre todo en zonas con prevalencia alta de la patología y en pacientes con determinados factores de riesgo.

Introduction. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilation of the abdominal aorta greater than 1.5 times the expected diameter. Its prevalence is variable, with reported rates of up to 12.5%. It is considered the cause of death of more than 10,000 people a year in the United States. The objective of this literature review was to describe risk factors and screening tools for AAA. Methods. A literature search was conducted using two equations in electronic databases, using terms selected from "Medical Subject Heading" (MeSH) and "Descriptors in Health Sciences" (DeCS). The quality of the studies was evaluated with the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) tool. Results. Forty articles were collected and from them the review text was constructed, identifying the risk factors associated with the development of AAA, such as male sex, smoking, high blood pressure, family history and obesity, among others. Diabetes mellitus seems to act as a protective factor. Among the screening instruments, abdominal ultrasound is one of the most used. Conclusion. AAA is a multifactorial pathology. Currently, aortic ultrasonography is the method of choice for screening, allowing early detection. Screening for AAA with non-invasive methods, such as ultrasound, is useful especially in areas with a high prevalence of this pathology and in patients with certain risk factors.

HPV-DNA test access based on self-collection of vaginal samples from women living with HIV/AIDS: pilot implementation in Brazil / Autocoleta vaginal por mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS para testagem de HPV-DNA: implantação piloto no Brasil

Introduction: Women living with HIV/AIDS have a higher frequency of anogenital neoplasms resulting from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The World Health Organization recommends that cervical cancer screening uses molecular tests that amplify viral genetic material, such as HPV-DNA. In addition to collection by health professionals, self-collection of vaginal samples is a useful tool for expanding access to testing. Objective: To describe the results of the pilot study that evaluated the acceptability of self-collection of vaginal samples and the applicability of offering HPV-DNA tests with self-collection of vaginal samples for women living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study involving women living with HIV/AIDS treated in eight HIV-specialty healthcare facilities distributed in all regions of the country from May 2021 to May 2022 and a central laboratory. Vaginal self-collection was offered, and participants were interviewed about sociodemographic data and impressions of self-collection. Results: In total, 1,919 women living with HIV/AIDS with an average age of 45 years participated in the study. Some type of HPV was detected in 66% (1,267) of cases. The majority (71.9%) said they preferred self-collection to sample collection by health care professionals. Only 53.8% of participants underwent cytology at the appropriate frequency, as recommended by the protocol. Conclusion: The results may support the implementation of molecular biology tests to detect HPV in women living with HIV/AIDS, including the possibility of vaginal self-collection, promoting increased access to cervical cancer screening. (AU)

Introdução: Mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS possuem maior frequência de neoplasias anogenitais decorrentes da infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV). A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda que o rastreio de câncer do colo do útero seja utilizado por testes moleculares que amplificam o material genético viral, como o HPV-DNA. Além da coleta por profissionais da saúde, a autocoleta de amostras vaginais consiste em uma ferramenta útil para ampliação do acesso à testagem. Objetivo: Descrever os resultados do estudo piloto que avaliou a aceitabilidade da autocoleta de amostra vaginal e aplicabilidade da oferta de testes HPV-DNA com autocoleta de amostras vaginais para mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo envolvendo mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS atendidas em oito serviços ambulatoriais distribuídos em todas as regiões do país no período de maio/2021 a maio/2022 e um laboratório central. Realizou-se a oferta de autocoleta vaginal e uma entrevista com as participantes sobre dados sociodemográficos e impressões da autocoleta. Resultados: No total, 1.919 mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS com média de 45 anos participaram do estudo. Houve detecção de algum tipo de HPV em 66% (1.267) dos casos. A maioria (71,9%) afirmou preferir a autocoleta à coleta de amostras por profissionais da saúde. Apenas 53,8% das participantes realizaram citologia na periodicidade adequada, conforme recomendação do protocolo. Conclusão:Os resultados poderão apoiar a implementação dos testes de biologia molecular para detecção de HPV em mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS, incluindo a possibilidade de autocoleta vaginal, promovendo a ampliação do acesso ao rastreamento de câncer do colo do útero. (AU)

Effectiveness Evaluation of Low-dose Spiral Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening in Minhang District of Shanghai / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) has been recommended for lung cancer screening in high-risk populations. However, evidence from Chinese populations was limited due to the different criteria for high-risk populations and the short-term follow-up period. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness in Chinese adults based on the Lung Cancer Screening Program in Minhang District of Shanghai initiated in 2013.@*METHODS@#A total of 26,124 subjects aged 40 years or above were enrolled in the Lung Cancer Screening Program during the period of 2013 and 2017. Results of LDCT examination, and screen-detected cancer cases in all participants were obtained from the Reporting System of the Lung Cancer Screening Program. The newly-diagnosed cases and their vital status up to December 31, 2020 were identified through a record linkage with the Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Shanghai Vital Statistics. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95%CI were calculated using the local population at ages of 40 or above as the reference. Proportions of early-stage cancer (stage 0-I), pathological types, and 5-year observed survival rates of lung cancer cases were estimated and compared between the cases derived from the screened and non-screened populations. Cox regression models were applied to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI of LDCT screening with all-cause death of the lung cancer cases.@*RESULTS@#The crude and age-standardized incidence of lung cancer in screened population were 373.3 (95%CI: 343.1-406.1) and 70.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, with an SIR of 1.8 (95%CI: 1.6-1.9), which was observed to decrease with following-up time. The early-stage cancer accounted for 49.4% of all lung cancer cases derived from the screened population, significantly higher than 38.4% in cases from the non-screened population during the same period (P<0.05). The proportion of lung adenocarcinoma (40.7% vs 35.9%) and 5-year survival rate (53.7% vs 41.5%) were also significantly higher in the cases from the screened population (all P<0.05). LDCT screening was associated with 30% (HR=0.7, 95%CI: 0.6-0.8) reduced all-cause deaths of the cases.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The participants of the screening program are at high-risk of lung cancer. LDCT favors the early-detection of lung cancer and improves 5-year survival of the screened cases, indicating a great potential of LDCT in reducing the disease burden of lung cancer in Chinese populations.

Study on primary screening technique for children with autism spectrum disorder / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore screening tools for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which are convenient for primary hospitals, it can provide basic data for formulating ASD prevention policies. This was a cross-sectional study by cluster sampling. Huyi District and Xincheng District were extracted for investigation in Xi'an City. From July 2021 to September 2022, all children aged from 3 months to 36 months who live in the two districts were subjected to primary screening. The child care physician used the routine screening tool "warning signs checklist for screening psychological, behavioral and developmental problems of children" and cartoon pictures of "early high-risk warning signs of autism", the children who were positive in the initial screening were referred to the district level maternal and child health hospital for re-screening, and those who were positive in the re-screening were referred to Xi 'an Children's Hospital for diagnosis. The results showed that a total of 17 905 children aged from 3 months to 36 months were initially screened in the two districts, including 10 588 children aged from 18 months to 36 months, 50 children who were positive in the initial screening and 50 children who were re-screened. 23 children (18 boys and 5 girls) were diagnosed with ASD. The prevalence rate of ASD in children was 2.17‰ (95% confidence interval:1.29‰-3.06‰). 42 children were positive for "warning signs checklist" at the preliminary screening, and 19 were confirmed as ASD. 27 children were positive for "cartoon pictures" in the preliminary screening, and 23 were confirmed with ASD. The "cartoon pictures" in the preliminary screening and diagnosis of consistent rate was higher than the "warning signs checklist", two kinds of screening methods comparison were statistically significant difference in the odds of consistent (χ2=11.01, P=0.001). In conclusion, relying on the three-level network of maternal and child health care, it is conducive to the whole process management of screening and diagnosis of children with ASD, and to guide the formulation of prevention policies. The cartoon pictures of "early high-risk warning signs of autism" can assist the identification of children with ASD based on the "warning signs checklist", which is simple, effective and suitable for promotion in the community health care.

HIV screening among patients with newly diagnosed solid and hematologic malignancies in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines

Objectives@#This preliminary study determined the prevalence of HIV infection among patients with newly diagnosed solid and hematologic malignancies at the Philippine General Hospital - Cancer Institute. @*Methods@#Adult Filipinos aged 19 years and above with biopsy- or imaging-confirmed malignancy and for chemotherapy, seen at the adult medical oncology and hematology clinic from January to September 2021 were included. Demographic and clinical data were obtained using a questionnaire. Rapid HIV screening was performed using blood extracted via finger prick. Pre- and post-test counselling were conducted. @*Results@#Of the 124 patients included in our study, majority were female (91, 73.4%), and 45 years old and above with a median age of 49 (20 – 74). Majority had solid tumors (121, 97.6%) with breast cancer being the most common (67, 54.0%) followed by colorectal (18, 14.5%), and head and neck cancer (14, 11.3%). Among those with hematologic malignancies, two had acute myelogenous leukemia and one had multiple myeloma. Six patients had AIDS-defining malignancies (NHL, cervical cancer). HIV risk factors and associated conditions were present in 18 patients (14.5%). Ten patients reported prior HIV testing. None of the patients tested positive for HIV. @*Conclusion@#The absence of HIV cases detected in our cohort may be due to the low prevalence of HIV risk factors and associated conditions. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend HIV testing among newlydiagnosed cancer patients. However, physicians are encouraged to offer HIV testing to cancer patients, especially to those with HIV risk factors, given the benefits of early detection and management of HIV.

Study on primary screening technique for children with autism spectrum disorder / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore screening tools for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which are convenient for primary hospitals, it can provide basic data for formulating ASD prevention policies. This was a cross-sectional study by cluster sampling. Huyi District and Xincheng District were extracted for investigation in Xi'an City. From July 2021 to September 2022, all children aged from 3 months to 36 months who live in the two districts were subjected to primary screening. The child care physician used the routine screening tool "warning signs checklist for screening psychological, behavioral and developmental problems of children" and cartoon pictures of "early high-risk warning signs of autism", the children who were positive in the initial screening were referred to the district level maternal and child health hospital for re-screening, and those who were positive in the re-screening were referred to Xi 'an Children's Hospital for diagnosis. The results showed that a total of 17 905 children aged from 3 months to 36 months were initially screened in the two districts, including 10 588 children aged from 18 months to 36 months, 50 children who were positive in the initial screening and 50 children who were re-screened. 23 children (18 boys and 5 girls) were diagnosed with ASD. The prevalence rate of ASD in children was 2.17‰ (95% confidence interval:1.29‰-3.06‰). 42 children were positive for "warning signs checklist" at the preliminary screening, and 19 were confirmed as ASD. 27 children were positive for "cartoon pictures" in the preliminary screening, and 23 were confirmed with ASD. The "cartoon pictures" in the preliminary screening and diagnosis of consistent rate was higher than the "warning signs checklist", two kinds of screening methods comparison were statistically significant difference in the odds of consistent (χ2=11.01, P=0.001). In conclusion, relying on the three-level network of maternal and child health care, it is conducive to the whole process management of screening and diagnosis of children with ASD, and to guide the formulation of prevention policies. The cartoon pictures of "early high-risk warning signs of autism" can assist the identification of children with ASD based on the "warning signs checklist", which is simple, effective and suitable for promotion in the community health care.

Ocular disorders among stroke patients in Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja, Nigeria

Objectives:To determine the pattern of ocular disorders among stroke patients in Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja (FTHL).Materials and Methods:Consecutive new stroke patients seen at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Lokoja over a 3-month period were studied. Data was collected with the use of a structured questionnaire divided into four major sections: bio-data, visual history, results of ocular assessment and NEI VFQ-25 quality of life questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS for Windows, version 23.0. Univariate analyses were presented in the form of frequencies, percentages, means, ranges, and standard deviations, charts and tables.Results:Eighty-three patients were recruited with an age range of 40-71 years, a mean age of 55.3(±7.1) years. Thirty-nine patients (47.0%) were between the ages of 51 and 60 years. Thirty-four (41.0%) patients were females while 49(59.0%) were males. Of 46 (55.4%) patients that had neuro-imaging, stroke was ischaemic in 37(80.4%) and haemorrhagic in 9(19.6%). Of the 63 patients with left sided stroke, 2 (2.4%), 4(4.8%) and 57(68.7%) had severe, moderate and mild and normal visual impairment respectively while of the 20 patients with right sided stroke, 3(3.6%) each had severe and moderate visual impairment and 14(16.9%) had normal or mild visual impairment. Other ocular abnormalities included corneal anaesthesia and macular hole in 2(1.2%).Conclusion:Anterior and posterior segments, together with neuro-ophthalmic disorders were found among stroke patients in this study. Many of the ocular abnormalities are as a result of long-standing uncontrolled hypertension which caused the stroke. It is recommended that awareness should be created among the populace about uncontrolled hypertension. It is also advised that internists should refer hypertensive patients for routine ophthalmic screening.

Rastreamento da retinopatia diabética pelo médico generalista na Atenção Primária de Saúde do Brasil / Screening of diabetic retinopathy by the physician of Primary Health Care in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia de médicos generalistas em reconhecer a retinopatia diabética por meio da retinografia colorida, com um curso de capacitação com duração de 2 horas, comparando a capacidade de rastrear e classificar a retinopatia diabética em relação ao exame presencial com oftalmologista. Métodos: No primeiro braço do estudo, de 142 pacientes diabéticos incluídos, avaliaram-se 274 olhos, em que esses pacientes foram examinados com oftalmoscópio binocular indireto e classificados quanto ao grau da retinopatia diabética. No segundo braço do estudo, 14 médicos não especialistas em oftalmologia receberam um treinamento de 2 horas para o diagnóstico de retinopatia diabética com a retinografia colorida e se aferiu a acurácia desses profissionais em rastrear a retinopatia diabética antes e depois do curso de capacitação, utilizando as retinografias obtidas na primeira frente do estudo. Resultados: Verificou-se aumento significativo da sensibilidade (82% para 99%) e da especificidade (44% para 83%) na detecção da retinopatia diabética pelos médicos generalistas, com o curso de capacitação. Conclusão: O médico generalista capacitado pode avaliar a retinopatia diabética por meio da retinografia colorida, sendo o programa de rastreamento dessa complicação do diabetes uma proposta viável e benéfica ao país.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the accuracy of general practitioners in recognizing diabetic retinopathy through color retinal retinography, with a two-hour training course, by comparing the capacity of screening and classifying diabetic retinopathy. Methods: In the first arm of the study, of 142 diabetic patients included, 274 eyes were evaluated, and these patients were examined with an indirect binocular ophthalmoscope and classified according to the degree of diabetic retinopathy. In the second arm of the study, 14 physicians who are not specialists in ophthalmology received two-hour training to diagnose diabetic retinopathy with color retinography, and the accuracy of these professionals in screening for diabetic retinopathy before and after the training course was measured using the photographic images obtained on the first front of the study. Results: There was a significant increase in sensitivity (82% to 99%) and specificity (44% to 83%) in detecting diabetic retinopathy by general practitioners, after attending the training. Conclusion: Qualified general practitioners can assess diabetic retinopathy through color retinography, and the screening program for this diabetes complication is a viable and beneficial proposal for the country.

Diagnóstico da retinopatia diabética por inteligência artificial por meio de smartphone / Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy by artificial intelligence using smartphone

RESUMO Objetivo: Obter imagens de fundoscopia por meio de equipamento portátil e de baixo custo e, usando inteligência artificial, avaliar a presença de retinopatia diabética. Métodos: Por meio de um smartphone acoplado a um dispositivo com lente de 20D, foram obtidas imagens de fundo de olhos de pacientes diabéticos; usando a inteligência artificial, a presença de retinopatia diabética foi classificada por algoritmo binário. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 97 imagens da fundoscopia ocular (45 normais e 52 com retinopatia diabética). Com auxílio da inteligência artificial, houve acurácia diagnóstica em torno de 70 a 100% na classificação da presença de retinopatia diabética. Conclusão: A abordagem usando dispositivo portátil de baixo custo apresentou eficácia satisfatória na triagem de pacientes diabéticos com ou sem retinopatia diabética, sendo útil para locais sem condições de infraestrutura.

ABSTRACT Introduction: To obtain fundoscopy images through portable and low-cost equipment using artificial intelligence to assess the presence of DR. Methods: Fundus images of diabetic patients' eyes were obtained by using a smartphone coupled to a device with a 20D lens. By using artificial intelligence (AI), the presence of DR was classified by a binary algorithm. Results: 97 ocular fundoscopy images were evaluated (45 normal and 52 with DR). Through AI diagnostic accuracy around was 70% to 100% in the classification of the presence of DR. Conclusion: The approach using a low-cost portable device showed satisfactory efficacy in the screening of diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy, being useful for places without infrastructure conditions.

Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®): a success history and particularities of its use in Brazil

Abstract BI-RADS® is a standardization system for breast imaging reports and results created by the American College of Radiology to initially address the lack of uniformity in mammography reporting. The system consists of a lexicon of descriptors, a reporting structure with final categories and recommended management, and a structure for data collection and auditing. It is accepted worldwide by all specialties involved in the care of breast diseases. Its implementation is related to the Mammography Quality Standards Act initiative in the United States (1992) and breast cancer screening. After its initial creation in 1993, four additional editions were published in 1995, 1998, 2003 and 2013. It is adopted in several countries around the world and has been translated into 6 languages. Successful breast cancer screening programs in high-income countries can be attributed in part to the widespread use of BI-RADS®. This success led to the development of similar classification systems for other organs (e.g., lung, liver, thyroid, ovaries, colon). In 1998, the structured report model was adopted in Brazil. This article highlights the pioneering and successful role of BI-RADS®, created by ACR 30 years ago, on the eve of publishing its sixth edition, which has evolved into a comprehensive quality assurance tool for multiple imaging modalities. And, especially, it contextualizes the importance of recognizing how we are using BI-RADS® in Brazil, from its implementation to the present day, with a focus on breast cancer screening.

Screening and prevention of preterm birth: how is it done in clinical practice?

Abstract Objective: To ascertain how screening for preterm birth is performed among obstetricians working in public and private practice in a middle-income country. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 265 obstetrician-gynecologists employed at public and private facilities. An online questionnaire was administered, with items designed to collect data on prematurity screening and prevention practices. Results: The mean age of respondents was 44.5 years; 78.5% were female, and 97.7% had completed a medical residency program. Universal screening (i.e., by ultrasound measurement of cervical length) was carried out by only 11.3% of respondents in public practice; 43% request transvaginal ultrasound if the manual exam is abnormal, and 74.6% request it in pregnant women with risk factors for preterm birth. Conversely, 60.7% of respondents in private practice performed universal screening. This difference in screening practices between public and private practice was highly significant (p < 0.001). Nearly all respondents (90.6%) reported prescribing vaginal progesterone for short cervix. Conclusion: In the setting of this study, universal ultrasound screening to prevent preterm birth was used by just over half of doctors in private practice. In public facilities, screening was even less common. Use of vaginal progesterone in cervical shortening was highly prevalent. There is an unmet need for formal protocols for screening and prevention of preterm birth in middle-income settings.

Utility of Panoramic Radiographs in the Screening of Individuals with Edentulous Arches: A Need-Analysis Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the utility of panoramic radiographs in pre-prosthetic screening of edentulous arches. Material and Methods: Panoramic radiographs taken for three years were retrospectively analyzed. Observations from the radiographs shall be categorized and classified into either of the two categories, namely: 'findings with minimal impact on denture fabrication' and 'findings which affect denture fabrication and require further evaluation.' Anatomic variations, jaw pathologies, and residual ridge resorption patterns were assessed. Results: This study included the initial screening of 23,020 panoramic radiographs, out of which 505 (showing either one or both edentulous arches) were included for the study purpose. The age range of the subjects was from 21 to 94 years. 52.6% of the radiographs showed positive findings. More than half of the radiographs belonged to the males (52.5%). Hyperpneumatization of the maxillary sinus, crestal position of the mental foramen, and retained root fragments were the most common entities noted in the radiographs. Changes in the mental foramen were significantly higher in males than females (p=0.002). Conclusion: Observations from this study showed that panoramic radiographs have high utility for screening edentulous arches, and they should be used in routine clinical practice before denture fabrication.

Tendência do rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino em Mato Grosso, período de 2014 a 2021 / Trends in cervical cancer screening in the state of Mato Grosso from 2014 to 2021 / La tendencia del seguimiento del cáncer de cuello uterino en Mato Grosso, período de 2014 a 2021

Objetivo: analisar a tendência do rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino em Mato Grosso, entre 2014 a 2021. Método: estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado a partir do DATASUS, com mulheres que realizaram o exame citopatológico em Mato Grosso, no período de 2014 a 2021, por meio de análise de regressão linear. Resultados: a partir da análise dos dados foi observado tendência de estabilidade no período para as variáveis analisadas. A faixa etária que mais realizou o exame foi a de 25 a 64 anos, o principal motivo do exame foi o rastreamento do câncer de colo uterino, a maioria das amostras foram adequadas, a maior parte dos exames apresentou representação de zona de transformação e a maior parte dos exames foi entregue com mais de 30 dias. Conclusão: devido a esta estabilidade observada, necessita-se rever a política de atenção oncológica para as mulheres no estado quanto ao câncer de colo uterino.

Objective: analysis of cervical cancer screening trends in the sate of Mato Grosso. Method: a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, conducted using DATASUS data, involving women who underwent cytological screening in Mato Grosso from 2014 to 2021, through linear regression analysis. Results: data analysis revealed a trend of stability during the study period for the variables analyzed. The age group that most frequently underwent the screening was 25 to 64 years old, and the primary reason for the examination was cervical cancer screening. Most of the samples were adequate, the majority of the exams showed transformation zone representation, and the majority of the exams were delivered after a 30-day period. Conclusion: due to this observed stability, there is a need to reconsider the oncological care policy for women in the state regarding cervical cancer.

Objetivos: analizar la tendencia del cribado del cáncer de cuello uterino en el estado de Mato Grosso. Método: un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado utilizando datos de DATASUS, involucrando a mujeres que se sometieron a un cribado citológico en Mato Grosso desde 2014 hasta 2021, a través del análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados: el análisis de datos reveló una tendencia de estabilidad durante el período de estudio para las variables analizadas. El grupo de edad que con mayor frecuencia se sometió al cribado fue de 25 a 64 años, y la razón principal para el examen fue el cribado del cáncer de cuello uterino. La mayoría de las muestras fueron adecuadas, la mayoría de los exámenes mostraron representación de la zona de transformación, y la mayoría de los exámenes se entregaron después de un período de 30 días. Conclusión: debido a esta estabilidad observada, es necesario reconsiderar la política de atención oncológica para las mujeres en el estado con respecto al cáncer de cuello uterino.

Consulta de enfermagem às mulheres que convivem com HIV na perspectiva fenomenológica / Consulta de enfermería a mujeres conviviendo con elVIH desde una perspectiva fenomenológica / Nursing Consultation For Women Living With Hiv From A Phenomenological Perspective

Objetivo: desvelar os significados do ser mulher soropositiva e a vivência da consulta de enfermagem no rastreamento do Câncer de Colo de Útero e de Mama. Método: estudo qualitativo, fenomenológico, embasado na analítica heideggeriana com 11 mulheres entrevistadas em um Serviço de Assistência Especializada de Minas Gerais entre novembro/2018 a setembro/2019. Resultados: no mundo público, o ser aí mulher-que-convive-com-HIV assumiu a identidade impessoal, buscando não se distinguir das outras mulheres. Reconheceram o atendimento prestado como sistematizado, individualizado e, mesmo de maneira fugaz, recuperaram a responsabilidade sobre os cuidados com a saúde e seu tratamento. Conclusões:os sentidos desvelados possibilitaram indicar que as mulheres no seu cotidiano vivenciam a faticidade da sorologia, o medo e a angústia de sofrerem preconceito, convivem com o peso do diagnóstico e do cuidado de si, encontram na consulta de enfermagem embasada na Teoria Humanística a valorização eu-com-o-outro no mundo do cuidado, em uma prática dialógica que a coloca como ativa e desperta seu interesse em dar seguimento ao rastreamento.(AU)

Objetivo:revelar los significados de ser una mujer seropositiva y la experiencia de la consulta de enfermería en el seguimiento del cáncer de cuello uterino y de mama. Método:estudio cualitativo, fenomenológico, basado en el análisis heideggeriano con 11 mujeres entrevistadas en un Servicio de Asistencia Especializada de Minas Gerais entre noviembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. Resultados:en el mundo público, el ser ahí mujer-que-convive-con-el-VIH asumió una identidad impersonal, buscando no distinguirse de otras mujeres. Reconocieron la atención recibida como sistematizada e individualizada y, aunque de manera fugaz, recuperaron la responsabilidad sobre el cuidado de su saludy su tratamiento. Conclusiones:los sentidos revelados permitieron indicar que las mujeres en su cotidianidad experimentan la factualidad de la serología, el miedo y la angustia de sufrir prejuicios, conviven con el peso del diagnóstico y el cuidado de símismas, y encuentran en la consulta de enfermería basada en la Teoría Humanística la valorización del yo-con-el-otro en el mundo del cuidado, en una práctica dialógica que las coloca como activas y despierta su interés en continuar con el seguimiento.(AU)

Objective: to unveil the meanings of being an HIV seropositive woman and the experience of nursing consultation in cervical and breast cancer screening. Method: a qualitative, phenomenological study based on Heideggerian analysis with 11 women interviewed in a Specialized Assistance Service in Minas Gerais between November/2018 and September/2019. Results: in the public world, the women living with HIV assumed an impersonal identity, seeking not to distinguish themselves from other women. They recognized the care provided as systematized, customized, and, even briefly, recovered concern for health care and treatment. Conclusions: the meanings unveiled allowed to point that women in their daily lives experience the realism of serology, the fear and anguish of suffering prejudice, they live with the weight of the diagnosis and self-care, they find in the nursing consultation based on the Humanistic Theory the valuing self-with-others in the world of care, in a dialogical practice that places her as active and awakens her interest in continuing with the screening.(AU)

Plan de acción adulto del Plan nacional de cáncer 2022-2027 / Adult Action Plan of the National Cancer Plan 2022-2027

El Plan de Acción del Plan Nacional de Cáncer para Adultos 2022-2027 se propone el desafío de disminuir la mortalidad prematura por cáncer, aumentar la sobrevida, reducir el incremento observado en las tasas de incidencia, y medir el impacto del cáncer en la calidad de vida de las personas con diagnóstico oncológico y sus familias. Integra tres áreas prioritarias: promoción y protección de la salud; tamizajes; diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento. A estas se suma un área transversal que considera el desarrollo de la red oncológica, la investigación científica, los registros oncológicos y la participación ciudadana.

Sobreuso de ecografía transvaginal en un hospital universitario privado de Argentina: estudio de corte transversal / Transvaginal ultrasound overuse in a private university hospital in Argentina: a cross-sectional study

Introducción. Si bien contamos con recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia en contra de realizar tamizaje de cáncer ovárico con ecografía transvaginal debido a que aumenta el riesgo de resultados falsamente positivos y de cascadas diagnósticas, sin disminuir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad, su solicitud en mujeres sanas es frecuente. Sin embargo, no conocemos la magnitud de la implementación de esta práctica, que constituye un cuidado de bajo valor. Objetivo. Documentar el sobreuso de ecografías transvaginales realizadas en forma ambulatoria en un hospital universitario privado de Argentina. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal de una muestra aleatoria de ecografías realizadas en forma ambulatoria durante 2017 y 2018. Mediante revisión manual de las historias clínicas, la solicitud de cada ecografía fue clasificada como apropiada cuando algún problema clínico justificaba su realización, o inapropiada cuando había sido realizada con fines de control de salud o por una condición clínica sin indicación de seguimiento ecográfico. Resultados. De un total de 1.997 ecografías analizadas, realizadas a 1.954 mujeres adultas (edad promedio 50 años),1.345 (67,4 %; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 % 65,2 a 69,4) habían sido solicitadas en el contexto de un control de saludo sin un problema asociado en la historia clínica y otras 54 (8,3 %; IC 95 % 6,3 a 10,7), por condiciones de salud para las que no hay recomendaciones de realizar seguimiento ecográfico. Conclusiones. Esta investigación documentó una alta proporción de sobre utilización de la ecografías transvaginales en nuestra institución. Futuras investigaciones permitirán comprender los motivos que impulsan esta práctica y ayudarán a diseñar intervenciones para disminuir estos cuidados de bajo valor. (AU)

Background. Although we have evidence-based recommendations against screening for ovarian cancer with transvaginalultrasound because it increases the risk of false positive results and diagnostic cascades without reducing mortality from this disease, its request in healthy women is frequent. However, we do not know the magnitude of the implementation of this practice, which constitutes low-value care. Objective. To document the overuse of transvaginal ultrasounds performed on an outpatient basis in a private university hospital in Argentina. Methods. Cross-sectional study of a random sample of outpatient ultrasounds performed during 2017 and 2018. Through a manual review of the medical records, the request for each ultrasound was classified as appropriate when a clinical problem justified its performance or inappropriate when it was carried out for health control purposes or for a clinical condition that had no indication for ultrasound follow-up. Results. Of a total of 1997 ultrasounds analyzed, performed on 1954 adult women (average age 50 years), 1,345 (67.4 %;95 % confidence interval [CI] 65.2 to 69.4) had been requested in the context of a health check-up or without a documented problem in the medical history that would support its performance, and another 54 (8.3 %; 95 % CI 6.3 to 10.7), for health conditions for which there are no treatment recommendations to perform ultrasound follow-up. Conclusions. This research documented a high proportion of overuse of transvaginal ultrasound in our institution. Future research will allow us to understand the reasons that drive this practice and will help design interventions to reduce thislow-value care. (AU)