Résumé
BACKGROUND: Every year about 9 million fragility fractures (FF) occur worldwide and 80% of these are underdiagnosed or undertreated. Aiming to close the gap of diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, Fracture Liaison Services (FLS) were developed. AIM: To describe the implementation of the first FLS in Chile, its inclusion criteria, patient enrolment, treatment adherence and referrals during the first year. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A FLS was implemented at a health care network composed by two hospitals. The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) guidelines were applied with a nurse practitioner as the coordinator. From May 2020 to April 2021 all patients diagnosed with a FF in the emergency rooms were invited to participate. Patients with pathological fractures and active cancer were excluded. Demographical data, fracture location, previous fractures, treatment and adherence, and mortality were recorded. RESULTS: From 443 patients with a diagnosis of FF, 177 patients (40%) accepted to participate. Their mean age was 74 ± 13 years and 84% (149) were female. Forty eight percent (84) had a lower extremity FF. Hip fractures were the most common (67). Ninety-five patients reported previous FF and 11,2% (20) had received anti-osteoporotic treatment. At four months of follow-up, 62% (50) had received vitamin D and calcium supplementation and 20% (16) of those patients with an indication of anti-osteoporotic drugs, had received them. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the FLS was successful with a 40% enrolment of patients, receiving certification by the IOF.
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus , Ostéoporose/diagnostic , Ostéoporose/traitement médicamenteux , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Vitamine D/usage thérapeutique , Agents de maintien de la densité osseuse/usage thérapeutique , Prévention secondaire , Fractures de la hancheRésumé
RESUMEN Introducción: La osteoporosis es la enfermedad ósea más común de los adultos mayores y constituye un importante problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. Objetivo: Actualizar algunos conceptos sobre osteoporosis y su tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de publicaciones entre 2010-2020 en inglés, con los términos: "osteoporosis", "tratamiento de la osteoporosis", "fracturas por osteoporosis". Resultados: La osteoporosis tiene gran impacto no solamente desde el ámbito clínico, sino también económico y social. Su tratamiento incluye medidas generales y el empleo de diversos grupos de fármacos. La posibilidad de fracturas por fragilidad en muñeca, columna y cadera es considerable lo que determina morbilidad y mortalidad elevadas(AU)
ABSTRACT Introduction: Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease in aged adults and it constitutes a major public health problem throughout the world. Objective: To update concepts on osteoporosis and treatment. Methods: A review of publications from 2010 to 2020 in English was carried out, using the terms "osteoporosis", "treatment of osteoporosis", "osteoporosis fractures". Results: Osteoporosis has great impact not only clinically, but economically and socially as well. Its treatment includes general measures and the use of various groups of drugs. The possibility of fragility fractures in the wrist, spine and hip is significant, which determines high morbidity and mortality(AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Ostéoporose/thérapie , Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en santé , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôleRésumé
Tecnologia: Ácido zoledrônico e bifosfonados orais (alendronato e risedronato de sódio). Indicação: Prevenção de fraturas em pessoas com osteoporose. Pergunta: Em pessoas com osteoporose, o ácido zoledrônico é mais eficaz e seguro que os bifosfonados orais para prevenção de fraturas e outros desfechos de interesse? Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases eletrônicas Pubmed e BVS usando estratégias de buscas predefinidas. Foi feita avaliação da qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas com a ferramenta Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). Resultados: Foram selecionadas e incluídas 5 revisões sistemáticas. Conclusão: O ácido zoledrônico é similar aos bifosfonados orais para prevenir fraturas em mulheres com osteoporose. Seu efeito sobre a densidade mineral óssea femoral é similar ao do alendronato e superior ao do risedronato. Um tratamento por 3 anos com ácido zoledrônico ou por 5 anos com alendronato de sódio é suficiente para prevenir fraturas vertebrais e não vertebrais. Bifosfonados têm similar risco de eventos adversos que o placebo, incluindo transtornos cardiovasculares e taxa de abandono do tratamento devido a distúrbios gastrointestinais. O ácido zoledrônico tem maior incidência de sintomas influenza-like que o placebo. O ácido zoledrônico não provoca eventos adversos do tipo esofágicos, gastrointestinais sérios ou do trato gastrointestinal superior, mas tem maior risco de náuseas, que pode estar relacionada à infusão intravenosa de grandes doses
Technology: Zoledronic acid and oral bisphosphonates. Indication: Prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Question: In people with osteoporosis, is zoledronic acid more effective and safer than oral bisphosphonates for preventing fractures and other outcomes? Methods: Bibliographic search was performed on PUBMED and BVS, using predefined search strategies. Evaluation of the methodological quality of systematic reviews was done by the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) tool. Results: 5 systematic reviews were selected and included. Conclusion: Zoledronic acid is similar to bisphosphonates for preventing fractures in women with osteoporosis and his effect on femoral bone mineral density is similar to that of alendronate and superior to risedronate. A 3 years treatment with zoledronic acid or for 5 years with sodium alendronate is sufficient to prevent vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. Bisphosphonates have a similar risk of adverse events than placebo, including cardiovascular disorders and risk of attrition due to gastrointestinal events. Zoledronic acid has a higher incidence of influenza-like symptoms (myalgia and arthralgia) than placebo, limited to the first dose and lasting a few days. Zoledronic acid does not cause esophageal, serious gastrointestinal or upper gastrointestinal tract adverse events, but has a higher risk of nausea, which can be caused by large doses of intravenous infusion
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Ostéoporose/traitement médicamenteux , Alendronate/usage thérapeutique , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Acide risédronique/usage thérapeutique , Acide zolédronique/usage thérapeutique , Densité osseuse/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Résultat thérapeutique , Alendronate/effets indésirablesRésumé
Tecnologia: Denosumabe e bifosfonados. Indicação: tratamento de osteoporose para prevenção de fraturas. Pergunta: O denosumabe é mais eficaz e seguro que os bifosfonados orais para tratamento da osteoporose e prevenção de fraturas secundárias à osteoporose? Métodos: Levantamento bibliográfico realizado na PUBMED seguindo estratégia de busca predefinida. Avaliação da qualidade metodológica das revisões sistemáticas com a ferramenta AMSTAR (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews). Resultados: Foram selecionadas e incluídas 3 revisões sistemáticas, com pontuação de 9 a 11 no AMSTAR. Conclusão: Denosumabe tem menor risco relativo que alendronato e risedronato de sódio para fraturas vertebrais e maior efeito sobre densidade óssea mineral femoral, com risco similar de outros tipos de fratura e eventos adversos (infecções, transtornos cardiovasculares, óbito por infecção, morte cardiovascular ou por qualquer causa). Denosumabe evita 0,00154 fraturas, previne 0,00025 institucionalizações (ou cuidados permanentes de enfermagem no domicílio) e promove um ganho de 0,0018 anos de vida a mais que o alendronato de sódio por paciente tratado. Denosumabe é um pouco mais eficaz e tão seguro quanto os bifosfonados, mas a diferença de eficácia é mínima
Technology: Denosumab and bisphosphonates. Indication: osteoporosis treatment for fracture prevention. Question: Denosumab is more effective and safer than oral bisphosphonates for treating osteoporosis and preventing fractures related to osteoporosis? Methods: Bibliographic search was performed on PUBMED, following predefined search strategies. Evaluation of the methodological quality of systematic reviews was carried out using the AMSTAR (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews) tool. Results: We selected and included 3 systematic reviews. Their scores ranged from 9 to 11 on AMSTAR. Conclusion: Denosumab has a lower relative risk than sodium alendronate and risedronate for vertebral fractures and greater effect on femoral mineral bone density, with a similar risk for non-vertebral fractures and adverse events (infections, cardiovascular disorders, death caused by infection, cardiovascular death or any cause mortality). Denosumab avoids 0.00154 fractures, prevents 0.00025 nursing home/ residential care admissions and get 0.0018 years of life gained per treated patient more than sodium alendronate. Denosumab is slightly more effective and as safe as bisphosphonates, but the effectiveness difference is minimal
Sujets)
Humains , Ostéoporose/traitement médicamenteux , Alendronate/usage thérapeutique , Agents de maintien de la densité osseuse/usage thérapeutique , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Acide risédronique/usage thérapeutique , Dénosumab/usage thérapeutique , Résultat thérapeutique , Alendronate/effets indésirables , Médecine factuelle , Acide risédronique/effets indésirables , Dénosumab/effets indésirablesRésumé
La osteopenia, una disminución de la densidad mineral ósea de menor severidad que la osteoporosis, definida por valores de T-score entre -1,0 y -2,5 en la densitometría ósea , podría asociarse con un mayor riesgo de fracturas. Motivado por el pedido de una paciente con osteopenia que solicita a su médico algún medicamento que le ayude a disminuir su riesgo de fracturas, el autor se pregunta si los bifosfonatos podrían ser beneficiosos para las pacientes con este factor de riesgo. Luego de realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica y seleccionar la evidencia más reciente y de mejor calidad, se concluye que estos fármacos podrían ser útiles para prevenir fracturas en mujeres mayores de 65 años con elevado riesgo de fractura,independientemente del resultado de la densitometría. (AU)
Osteopenia, a minor decrease in bone mineral density, defined by T-score values between -1.0 and -2.5 in a bone densitometry, is associated with an increased risk of fractures. Moved by the request of a patient with osteopenia who asks her doctor for any medication that may help her reduce his risk of fractures, the author wonders if bisphosphonates could be beneficial for patients with this condition. After conducting a bibliographic search and selecting the most recent and best quality evidence, he concluded that these drugs could be useful to prevent fractures in women older than 65 years with ahigh risk of fracture, regardless of densitometry results. (AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Sujet âgé , Ostéoporose/traitement médicamenteux , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/traitement médicamenteux , Diphosphonates/usage thérapeutique , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Ostéoporose/étiologie , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/complications , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/étiologie , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/imagerie diagnostique , Facteurs de risque , Fractures ostéoporotiques/physiopathologie , Fractures ostéoporotiques/traitement médicamenteuxSujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Ostéoporose/diagnostic , Ostéoporose/physiopathologie , Ostéoporose/prévention et contrôle , Densité osseuse/physiologie , Appréciation des risques/méthodes , Brésil , Facteurs de risque , Fractures ostéoporotiques/diagnostic , Fractures ostéoporotiques/physiopathologie , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Adulte d'âge moyenRésumé
Los pacientes con fracturas por fragilidad presentan elevadas tasas de morbimortalidad, lo que implica además un alto costo para el erario público. Luego de una fractura por osteoporosis, la mayoría de los pacientes no recibe una adecuada evaluación y tratamiento. Para suplir este vacío de atención médica se crearon distintas políticas; la mejor de ellas son los Servicios de Enlace de Pacientes con Fracturas (Fracture Liaison Service, en inglés). Estos programas tienen una vigencia internacional de más de diez años y son patrocinados por organismos internacionales. La finalidad de estos servicios es la prevención secundaria de fracturas. La modalidad de trabajo tiene como objetivo facilitar y asegurar la rápida identificación, el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de esta población en diferentes contextos asistenciales. La experiencia internacional demuestra que estos servicios son exitosos pues logran incrementar el inicio y la adherencia al tratamiento, disminuir las tasas de mortalidad, de morbilidad y de nuevas fracturas, y son costo-efectivos. En nuestro medio, el inicio de los Servicios de Enlace es reciente. El propósito de esta actualización es realizar una revisión de los fundamentos, características, modalidad operativa y los logros obtenidos por dichos programas. Las fracturas por fragilidad ósea constituyen un problema importante para la salud pública. Esta presentación tiene como objetivo alertar y motivar a la comunidad médica a intervenir de manera sistemática y dinámica para mejorar el cuidado habitual en esta población de pacientes. (AU)
Fragility fractures are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates and higher costs. After a fracture, most patients do not receive adequate assessment and treatment. To fill this gap in medical care, different policies have been created; the best of them being the Fracture Liaison Services. These programs have been in place for over ten years worldwide and are sponsored by international organisms and societies. The purpose of the Fracture Liaison Services is secondary fracture prevention. Their goal is to ensure the rapid identification, diagnosis and treatment of this population in different clinical contexts. They increase treatment adherence and decrease mortality and morbidity rates and the incidence of new fractures. International experience shows that these services are successful and costeffective. (AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Fractures ostéoporotiques/thérapie , Ostéoporose , Santé publique/statistiques et données numériques , Fractures ostéoporotiques/mortalité , Fractures ostéoporotiques/épidémiologie , Confort du patient , Adhésion et observance thérapeutiquesRésumé
OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados de densitometrias ósseas e do risco de fratura pela plataforma Fracture Risk Assessment Tool® (FRAX®). Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, de natureza quantitativa, realizado por meio da análise de prontuários de indivíduos que realizaram densitometria óssea e seus respectivos laudos, com cálculo posterior do risco de fratura maior e de quadril nos próximos 10 anos pela FRAX®. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 60,19±9,44 anos, e houve predomínio de mulheres (96,5%). Dos indivíduos, 1,1% foi classificado como com risco de fratura maior e 9,1% com risco de fratura de quadril. A osteoporose foi encontrada em 12,4% da amostra, com predomínio nos pacientes mais idosos, e a coluna foi o sítio mais comum (53,7%). Admitindo-se a densitometria óssea como padrão-ouro para diagnóstico de osteoporose, a sensibilidade da plataforma para detectar risco de fratura maior foi 4,5%. Observou-se correlação positiva entre idade e risco de fratura, e negativa entre idade e T-score. CONCLUSÃO: Foi baixa a sensibilidade da plataforma, e não foi importante a relação entre os resultados da densitometria óssea e da FRAX®, sugerindo que esta ferramenta não se mostrou adequada para ser inserida como método de rastreio para osteoporose na população estudada.(AU)
OBJECTIVES: To compare the results of bone densitometry and fracture risk through the platform Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of quantitative approach performed through the analyses of medical records of individuals who underwent bone densitometry and their respective reports, with a posterior calculation of the risk of major and hip fracture in the next 10 years through FRAX®. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.19±9.44 years, with a predominance of women (96.5%). Of the individuals, 1.1% were classified as having a major fracture risk, and 9.1% as having a hip fracture risk. Osteoporosis was found in 12.4% of the sample, with predominance in the older patients, and the spine was the most common site (53.7%). Assuming bone densitometry as the gold standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis, the sensitivity of the platform to detect major fracture risk was 4.5%. There was a positive correlation between age and fracture risk, and a negative correlation between age and t-score. CONCLUSION: The platform showed low sensitivity, and the relationship between the results of the bone densitometry and FRAX® was not significant, suggesting that this tool is not adequate to be inserted as a screening method for osteoporosis in the studied population.(AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Densité osseuse/physiologie , Fractures osseuses/prévention et contrôle , Ostéoporose/imagerie diagnostique , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Densitométrie/méthodes , Facteurs de risqueSujets)
Humains , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Os et tissu osseux/imagerie diagnostique , Densitométrie/méthodes , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Os et tissu osseux/ultrastructure , Algorithmes , Ménopause , Facteurs de risque , Tériparatide/usage thérapeutique , Agents de maintien de la densité osseuse/usage thérapeutiqueRésumé
El score de hueso trabecular (TBS, Trabecular Bone Score) es una medición de la textura de los grises derivada de la evaluación del raquis por DXA y proporciona un índice de la microarquitectura ósea. Se ha demostrado que los valores bajos presentan capacidad para predecir fracturas. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si existían diferencias entre los valores de TBS de pacientes con fracturas frente a no fracturadas. Materiales y métodos: se revisaron 159 historias clínicas de mujeres menopáusicas que consultaron para evaluación de su salud ósea. Se consideraron los antecedentes autorreferidos de fracturas (Fx), la DMO de raquis, cuello femoral y fémur total y TBS. Resultados: treinta pacientes (18,9%) presentaron fracturas y en ellas se observó menor TBS (con Fx: 1,295±83 vs. sin Fx: 1,366±84, p<0,0001), menor índice de masa corporal (IMC) (con Fx: 23,7±1,9 vs. sin Fx: 25,7±4,2, p=0,02), sin diferencias en la edad (p=0,39), ni en valores de DMO (L1-L4 p=0,11, cuello femoral p=0,20 y fémur total p= 0,12). Muchas de las fracturas ocurrieron en pacientes sin osteoporosis por DXA. Conclusiones: el TBS aumentaría la capacidad de DXA para identificar a mujeres argentinas en riesgo de padecer fracturas sin tener osteoporosis densitométrica. Este es el primer trabajo realizado en la Argentina con medición de TBS. (AU)
Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) is a measure of the grey scale derived from DXA lumbar image and provides information about microarchitecture. It has been shown that low TBS values can predict fractures. Our objective was to evaluate if there are any differences between the TBS values in patients with fractures vs. non-fractures. Materials and methods: We reviewed 159 medical records of menopausal women who consulted for evaluation of their bone health. Self-reported fractures (Fx), spine BMD, femoral neck and total femur and TBS were evaluated. Results: thirty patients (18.9%) presented fractures and they showed lower TBS (with Fx: 1,295±0,083 vs. without Fx: 1,366±0,084, p<0.0001), lower body mass index (BMI) (with Fx: 23.7±1.9 vs. without Fx 25.7±4.2, p=0.02), without differences in ages (p=0.39) or in BMD values (L1-L4 p=0.11, femoral neck p=0.20 and total femur p=0.12). Some fractures occurred in patients without osteoporosis, as determined by DXA. Conclusions: TBS would increase the ability of DXA to identify Argentine women at risk for fractures without densitometric osteoporosis. This is the first work done in Argentina with TBS measurement. (AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Os et tissu osseux/imagerie diagnostique , Fractures de fatigue/prévention et contrôle , Densitométrie/méthodes , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Ostéoporose/physiopathologie , Argentine , Os et tissu osseux/physiopathologie , Ménopause , Indice de masse corporelle , Densité osseuse , Fractures de fatigue/imagerie diagnostique , Études rétrospectives , Facteurs de risque , Études de cohortes , Fémur/physiopathologie , Fémur/imagerie diagnostique , Fractures ostéoporotiques/imagerie diagnostiqueRésumé
La osteoporosis es un trastorno común en las mujeres posmenopáusicas; sin embargo, también puede afectar a hombres y mujeres jóvenes premenopáusicas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la prevalencia de causas secundarias de baja masa ósea en un grupo de mujeres premenopáusicas que consultaron en una Institución especializada en Osteología. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal, descriptivo y observacional. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 88 pacientes que consultaron por baja masa ósea durante un período de 19 meses, con la finalidad de encontrar posibles causas secundarias. A su vez, se definió como pacientes con diagnóstico de baja masa ósea idiopática aquellas en las cuales no se encontró ninguna causa secundaria de pérdida ósea. Resultados: de las 88 mujeres evaluadas, el 48,9% presentaba al menos una causa secundaria para baja masa ósea (amenorrea secundaria, hipercalciuria, tratamiento con glucorticoides, hipovitaminosis D y enfermedad celíaca) y el 51,1% fueron consideradas idiopáticas. Conclusiones: es esencial evaluar exhaustivamente a las mujeres premenopáusicas con baja masa ósea a fin de descartar posibles causas secundarias y tomar las medidas preventivas necesarias para mejorar esa condición. (AU)
Objective: osteoporosis is a common disorder in postmenopausal women, however it can also affect men and premenopausal young women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of secondary causes of low bone mass in premenopausal women that consulted physicians in an institution specialized in osteology for a period of 19 months. Material and methods: this is a retrospective, transversal, descriptive and observational study. The clinical history of 88 patients who consulted a physician due to low bone mass for a period of 19 months in an institution specialized in osteology. Were analyzed the patient's clinical history in order to find secondary causes. We define as suffering Low Bone Mass those patients who did not have secondary causes. Results: of the 88 women tested, 48,9% had one or more secondary causes or risks factors for low bone mass (secondary amenorrea, hypercalciuria, treatment with glucocorticoids, hypovitamiosis D and celiac disease) and 51,1% patients were considered idiopathic. Conclusions: we conclude that it is essential to exhaustively search for secondary causes of low bone mass in premenopausal women, due to the high prevalence of secondary osteoporosis in this population. (AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Adulte , Jeune adulte , Ostéoporose/induit chimiquement , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/complications , Préménopause/métabolisme , Ostéoporose/physiopathologie , Ostéoporose/prévention et contrôle , Avitaminoses/complications , Os et tissu osseux/métabolisme , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/étiologie , Maladies osseuses métaboliques/sang , Fractures de fatigue/prévention et contrôle , Maladie coeliaque/complications , Prévalence , Études rétrospectives , Facteurs de risque , Études de cohortes , Densitométrie , Hypercalciurie/complications , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Aménorrhée/complications , Glucocorticoïdes/effets indésirablesRésumé
Osteoporose é um problema de saúde pública importante que acomete mais de metade das mulheres com idade superior a 50 anos. Doença com um enorme impacto sobre a saúde pública, através da morbidade e mortalidade aumentadas, com custos econômicos associados resultantes das fraturas. O objetivo é avaliar e identificar as pessoas de risco para desenvolver fraturas osteoporóticas de fragilidade que necessitam ser tratadas. A abordagem de mulheres com baixa massa óssea e aumento do risco de fraturas deve ser multidisciplinar. A farmacoterapia é apenas uma Steiner ML, Strufaldi R, Fernandes CE das possíveis intervenções. Aspectos como a nutrição orientada, fortalecimento muscular, prevenção de quedas, suplementos vitamínicos e minerais devem ser considerados. O tratamento farmacológico permite a prevenção da perda óssea, a prevenção primária e secundária de fragilidade óssea e deve ser baseado na avaliação do risco de fratura do indivíduo e na relação custo-benefício do medicamento escolhido.
Osteoporosis is a significant public health problem that affects more than half of women aged over 50. This disease has a huge impact on public health through morbidity and increased mortality, and economic costs associated with the resulting fractures. The goal is to assess and identify risk people to develop osteoporotic fragility fractures that need to be addressed. The approach of women with low bone mass and increased risk of fractures should be multidisciplinary. Pharmacotherapy is just one of the possible interventions. Aspects such as the guidance nutrition, muscle strengthening, prevention of falls, mineral and vitamin supplements should be considered. Pharmacological treatment allows preventing bone loss and primary and secondary prevention of osteoporosis and should be based on risk factors and pharmaceutical cost benefit analysis.
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus , Ostéoporose/traitement médicamenteux , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/traitement médicamenteux , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Hormone parathyroïdienne/usage thérapeutique , Strontium/usage thérapeutique , Groupes à Risque , Calcitonine/usage thérapeutique , Oestrogénothérapie substitutive , Facteurs de risque , Modulateurs sélectifs des récepteurs des oestrogènes , Diphosphonates/usage thérapeutique , Dénosumab/usage thérapeutiqueRésumé
A osteoporose é a doença do metabolismo ósseo mais comum, afetando cerca de 200 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. As fraturas por fragilidade, sua consequência mais temida, são a maior causa da diminuição da qualidade de vida, morbidade e mortalidade feminina na pós-menopausa. Entretanto, identificar as mulheres com risco de fratura e que beneficia -se-ão do tratamento farmacológico é desafiado . Metodologias de seleção são falhas, sendo intenso o debate atual sobre o tratamento excessivo versus deficien e. A definição da probabilidade de fratura em termos absolutos, utilizando fatores de risco clínicos e avaliação da densidade óssea, com auxílio de ferramentas clínicas, é a forma utilizada atualmente na seleção de indivíduos para tratamento. O ginecologista precisa conhecer e dominar esta abordagem para realizar uma boa assistência a mulheres com osteoporose.
Osteoporosis is the most common disease of bone metabolism, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. The fragility fractures, his most feared consequence, are a major cause of decreased quality of life, morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. However, identifying women with high risk of fracture which will benefit from pharmacological treatment is challenging. Screening methodologies are not accurate leading to an intense debate about over versus sub treatment. Acquiring probability of fracture, using clinical risk factors and bone mass, with clinical tools assistance, is the best way to select individuals for treatment. The gynecologist must know and master this approach to make a good assistance to women with osteoporosis.
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus , Ostéoporose/imagerie diagnostique , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/imagerie diagnostique , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Densité osseuse , Facteurs de risque , Densitométrie/méthodesRésumé
ABSTRACT Bisphosphonates are considered first-line agents in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis based on extensive experience of use, safety, and proven efficacy in reducing vertebral, non-vertebral and femur fractures. However, post-marketing reports based on the treatment of millions of patients/year over lengthy periods of time have revealed the occurrence of initially unexpected adverse effects, such as osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fracture, leading to the restriction of treatment duration with bisphosphonates by global regulatory agencies. However, despite the association between these effects and bisphosphonates, this risk should be analyzed in the context of osteoporosis treatment, alongside the benefit of preventing osteoporotic fractures and their clinical consequences. Therefore, we consider it plausible to discuss the restriction to the use of bisphosphonates, possible indications for prolonged treatment and alternative therapies following the suspension of this drug class for patients with persistent high risk of fracture after initial treatment, especially considering the problems of public health funding in Brazil and the shortage of drugs provided by the government. Thus, to standardize the treatment of osteoporosis in the public health care system, we aim to develop a proposal for a scientifically-based pharmacological treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, establishing criteria for indication and allowing the rational use of each pharmacological agent. We discuss the duration of the initial bisphosphonate treatment, the therapeutic options for refractory patients and potential indications of other classes of drugs as first-choice treatment in the sphere of public health, in which assessing risk and cost effectiveness is a priority.
RESUMO Com base na vasta experiência de uso, segurança e eficácia comprovada na redução de fraturas vertebrais, não vertebrais e femorais, os bisfosfonatos são considerados agentes de primeira linha no tratamento da osteoporose pós-menopáusica. No entanto, os relatos pós-venda baseados no tratamento de milhões de pacientes/ano durante períodos prolongados de tempo revelaram a ocorrência de efeitos adversos inicialmente inesperados, como osteonecrose da mandíbula e fratura atípica do fêmur. Isso levou as agências reguladoras globais a restringirem a duração do tratamento com bisfosfonatos. No entanto, apesar da associação entre esses efeitos e os bisfosfonatos, esse risco deve ser analisado no contexto do tratamento da osteoporose, paralelamente ao benefício na prevenção de fraturas osteoporóticas e suas consequências clínicas. Portanto, considera-se plausível discutir a restrição ao uso dos bisfosfonatos, possíveis indicações para o tratamento prolongado e terapias opcionais após a suspensão dessa classe de fármaco para pacientes com alto risco persistente de fratura após o tratamento inicial, especialmente se considerarmos os problemas financeiros de saúde pública no Brasil e a escassez de fármacos fornecidos pelo governo. Assim, para padronizar o tratamento da osteoporose no sistema público de saúde pretende-se desenvolver uma proposta de tratamento farmacológico cientificamente fundamentada para a osteoporose pós-menopáusica, estabelecer critérios de indicação e permitir o uso racional de cada agente farmacológico. Discutem-se a duração do tratamento inicial com bisfosfonatos, as opções terapêuticas para pacientes refratários e potenciais indicações de outras classes de medicamentos como tratamento de primeira linha na esfera da saúde pública, em que a avaliação do risco e custo-efetividade é uma prioridade.
Sujets)
Humains , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/traitement médicamenteux , Diphosphonates/usage thérapeutique , Agents de maintien de la densité osseuse/usage thérapeutique , Prise de décision clinique/méthodes , Algorithmes , Brésil , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/complications , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/économie , Facteurs de risque , Analyse coût-bénéfice , Diphosphonates/économie , Agents de maintien de la densité osseuse/économie , Fractures ostéoporotiques/économie , Fractures ostéoporotiques/induit chimiquement , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Ostéonécrose de la mâchoire associée aux biphosphonates/économie , Ostéonécrose de la mâchoire associée aux biphosphonates/prévention et contrôle , Programmes nationaux de santéRésumé
El pico de masa ósea (PMO) se alcanza entre los 20 y 35 años, pero la aposición ósea continúa hasta alcanzar el pico de fortaleza ósea (PFO). Se crea así una ventana entre ambos picos que podría ser evaluada mediante marcadores bioquímicos de recambio óseo, ya que durante dicho período la densidad mineral permanece constante. El objetivo fue determinar el final de la aposición ósea mediante marcadores bioquímicos óseos. Se evaluaron por décadas entre 20 y 49 años de edad 139 sujetos sanos de ambos sexos (69 hombres y 70 mujeres), determinando fosfatasa alcalina ósea (FAO), osteocalcina (OC), propéptido amino terminal del colágeno tipo 1 (P1NP) y telopéptido C-terminal del colágeno tipo 1 (CTX). Los marcadores correlacionan negativamente con la edad (OC: r= -0,3; p<0,01; P1NP: r= -0,4; p< 0,01 y CTX: r= -0,4; p<0,01), exceptuando FAO. En hombres de 20-29 años, P1NP y el CTX fueron significativamente mayores vs. 30-39 años (p<0,05 y p<0,001, respectivamente), y entre 30-39 años vs. de 40-49 años en P1NP y CTX (p<0,05; p<0,001, respectivamente). En mujeres de 20-29 años, P1NP y CTX fueron significativamente mayores vs. 30-39 años (p<0,0001 y p<0,01, respectivamente). Conclusión: los marcadores de remodelado óseo más sensibles y específicos permitirían determinar bioquímicamente el fin de la aposición ósea que se produce entre el PMO y el PFO. Si bien es necesario ampliar el número de sujetos evaluados, los datos que surgen de la presente investigación sentarían las bases para futuros estudios epidemiológicos referidos al fin de la aposición ósea. (AU)
Peak bone mass is achieved between 20-35 years; however bone apposition continues to reach an optimal skeleton strength. The window between peak bone mass and peak bone apposition may be evaluated by biochemical bone turnover markers. The objective of this study was to determine the end of bone apposition through biochemical bone markers in both sexes. A total of 139 subjects (69 men and 70 women) were divided by decades between 20 and 49 years of age. Bone alkaline phosphatase (BAL), osteocalcin (OC), type I collagen propeptide (P1NP) and type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) were evaluated. Except BAL, the other bone markers negatively correlated with the age [OC (r= -0.3; p<0.01); P1NP (r= -0.4; p<0.01) and CTX (r= -0.4; p<0.01)]. Regarding men aged 20 to 29 years, P1NP and CTX were significantly higher vs. 30-39 years (p<0.05 y p<0.001, respectively) and. vs. 40-49 years (p<0.05; p<0.001, respectively). In women, the results were similar. Regarding 20-29 years, P1NP and CTX were higher vs. 30-39 years (p<0.001 y p<0.01, respectively). Bone remodeling rate decreases after the third decade, suggesting the end of the apposition period of peak bone mass. Conclusion: The most specific and sensitive bone markers would biochemically determine the end of bone apposition that extends between the peak of bone mass and the peak of bone strength. Although it is necessary to increase the number of subjects evaluated, the data that emerge from the present study would establish the bases for future epidemiological studies referring to the end of bone apposition. (AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Adulte , Adulte d'âge moyen , Jeune adulte , Résorption osseuse/physiopathologie , Marqueurs biologiques , Ostéoblastes/physiologie , Ostéoclastes/physiologie , Ostéogenèse/physiologie , Os et tissu osseux/métabolisme , Densité osseuse/physiologie , Ostéocalcine/sang , Calcium/sang , Facteurs âges , Remodelage osseux/physiologie , Créatinine/sang , Collagène de type I/biosynthèse , Collagène de type I/sang , Densitométrie , Phosphatase alcaline/sang , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôleRésumé
El tratamiento de las formas graves de osteoporosis representa un desafío en la práctica asistencial. Reportamos tres pacientes con formas graves de osteoporosis tratadas en el Instituto de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Metabólicas con un esquema secuencial de teriparatide 20 µg/día durante 18 meses, seguidos de 12 meses de denosumab 60 mg semestral. Luego de 18 meses de tratamiento con teriparatide la densidad mineral ósea en columna aumentó 5,86±1,01% y en cuello femoral 1,92±3,10%; al finalizar los doce meses de tratamiento con denosumab se constató un aumento total en columna de 10,45±1,70% y en cuello femoral 9,28±3,86%. El tratamiento con teriparatide se acompañó de un aumento en los niveles plasmáticos de telopéptidos del colágeno óseo (CTX) y en el período de tratamiento con denosumab dichos valores disminuyeron de manera significativa, mostrando el impacto de estos fármacos sobre el remodelado óseo. Concluimos que el tratamiento secuencial con teriparatide y denosumab en dosis convencionales resultó beneficioso en las tres pacientes tratadas. Sería de utilidad ampliar esta experiencia en un trabajo prospectivo. (AU)
High risk osteoporosis treatment is a challenge in daily medical practice. We report three patients that attended our institution with severe osteoporosis who received sequentially teriparatide (20 ug daily) for eighteen months followed by denosumab (60 mg every six months) for twelve months. After teriparatide treatment bone mineral density increased 5.86±1.01% at lumbar spine and 1.92±3.10 % at femoral neck, while after denosumab it continued increasing to reach a total of 10.45±1.70% at lumbar spine and 9.28±3.86% at femoral neck. Teriparatide treatment increased bone resorption evidenced by high serum CTX while after denosumab it fell abruptly, showing the impact of these two drugs on bone turnover. We conclude that sequential treatment with teriparatide and denosumab in approved doses was beneficial for these three patients. Prospective studies are needed. (AU)
Sujets)
Humains , Femelle , Adulte d'âge moyen , Sujet âgé , Ostéoporose/traitement médicamenteux , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/traitement médicamenteux , Tériparatide/administration et posologie , Dénosumab/administration et posologie , Densité osseuse/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/sang , Facteurs de risque , Résultat thérapeutique , Remodelage osseux/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Densitométrie , Col du fémur/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Vertèbres lombales/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiquesRésumé
With the advent of high active antiretroviral therapy there was a significant improvement on HIV subjects survival. Thus, bone changes related to HIV became an important aspect of these individuals. HIV affects bone remodeling causing bone fragility. In addition, antiretroviral therapy may also negatively affect bone metabolism. Several studies describe an increased incidence of fractures in these patients when compared with controls without the disease. The European Society of AIDS (EACS), and other societies, have included guidance on management of osteoporosis in HIV-infected patients emphasizing the identification of patients with low bone mass. Supplementation of calcium and vitamin D and the use of alendronate in these individuals should be recommended on a case base.
Com o advento da terapia antirretroviral, houve uma melhora considerável na sobrevida dos indivíduos portadores do vírus HIV. Dessa forma, as alterações ósseas referentes ao HIV se tornaram um fator importante no cuidado desses indivíduos. O HIV altera o remodelamento ósseo causando fragilidade óssea. As alterações causadas por esse vírus nos linfócitos T afetam a produção de RANKL e de citocinas pró-inflamatórias levando à osteoclastogênese. Ademais, a terapia antirretroviral também pode afetar negativamente o metabolismo ósseo. Vários estudos descrevem aumento da incidência de fraturas nesses indivíduos quando comparados a controles sem a doença. Diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de SIDA (EACS) têm orientado o manejo da osteoporose nesses sujeitos, enfatizando a identificação de pacientes com baixa massa óssea. A suplementação de cálcio e vitamina D e o uso de alendronato nesses indivíduos devem ser recomendados caso a caso.
Sujets)
Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Vieillissement/métabolisme , Os et tissu osseux/métabolisme , Os et tissu osseux/virologie , Fractures osseuses , Infections à VIH , Ostéoporose/complications , Antirétroviraux/effets indésirables , Densité osseuse , Fractures osseuses/étiologie , Fractures osseuses/virologie , Infections à VIH/complications , Infections à VIH/métabolisme , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Facteurs de risqueRésumé
The trabecular bone score (TBS) is a new method to describe skeletal microarchitecture from the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) image of the lumbar spine. While TBS is not a direct physical measurement of trabecular microarchitecture, it correlates with micro-computed tomography (µCT) measures of bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabecular number, and trabecular separation, and with vertebral mechanical behavior in ex vivo studies. In human subjects, TBS has been shown to be associated with trabecular microarchitecture and bone strength by high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT). Cross-sectional and prospective studies, involving a large number of subjects, have both shown that TBS is associated with vertebral, femoral neck, and other types of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Data in men, while much less extensive, show similar findings. TBS is also associated with fragility fractures in subjects with secondary causes of osteoporosis, and preliminary data suggest that TBS might improve fracture prediction when incorporated in the fracture risk assessment system known as FRAX. In this article, we review recent advances that have helped to establish this new imaging technology.
TBS (do inglês, “trabecular bone score”) é um novo método que estima a microarquitetura óssea a partir de uma imagem de densitometria óssea (DXA) da coluna lombar. Apesar de o TBS não ser uma medida física direta da microarquitetura trabecular, ele correlaciona-se com o volume ósseo, densidade da conectividade trabecular, número de trabéculas e separação trabecular medidos por microtomografia computadorizada (µCT), e com medidas mecânicas da resistência óssea vertebral em estudos ex vivo. Estudos em humanos confirmaram que o TBS associa-se a microarquitetura trabecular e resistência óssea medidas por tomografia computadorizada quantitativa periférica de alta resolução (HRpQCT). Estudos transversais e prospectivos, envolvendo um grande número de indivíduos, mostraram que o TBS é associado com fratura vertebral, de colo de fêmur e com outros tipos de fraturas osteoporóticas em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Dados em homens, apesar de escassos, mostram resultados semelhantes. Além disso, o TBS foi associado a fraturas por fragilidade em indivíduos com diversas causas secundárias de osteoporose e, dados preliminares, sugerem que o uso do TBS pode melhorar a previsão de fratura quando incorporado ao sistema de avaliação de risco de fratura (FRAX). Este artigo faz uma revisão de avanços recentes que têm ajudado a estabelecer esse novo método de imagem.
Sujets)
Femelle , Humains , Mâle , Absorptiométrie photonique/méthodes , Densité osseuse , Os et tissu osseux/anatomie et histologie , Os et tissu osseux/physiologie , Vertèbres lombales , Fractures ostéoporotiques/diagnostic , Absorptiométrie photonique/tendances , Agents de maintien de la densité osseuse/usage thérapeutique , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/complications , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/diagnostic , Ostéoporose post-ménopausique/traitement médicamenteux , Fractures ostéoporotiques/étiologie , Fractures ostéoporotiques/prévention et contrôle , Post-ménopause/physiologie , Facteurs de risqueRésumé
Vários estudos têm avaliado o risco de fraturas futuras associado a diversas fraturas, em vários sítios esqueléticos; uma fratura prévia em qualquer sítio duplica o risco de fraturas futuras. Aparentemente ocorrem fraturas secundárias rapidamente após a primeira fratura. O risco de fraturas subsequentes parece ser maior logo após o primeiro episódio, especialmente no primeiro ano. Tem-se como objetivo reduzir o número de fraturas de quadril em 20% até 2020...
Many scientific studies have been evaluated the risk of future fractures related to multiple fractures, at several skeletal sites; one previous fracture at any site it doubles the risk of future fractures. Seemingly many secondary fractures ocurr quickly thereupon the first fracture. The risk of subsequent fractures it seems to be higher thereupon the first episode, especially in the first year. The goal is to decrease the amount of hip fractures by 20% until 2020...