Sobrevida post instalación de gastrostomía: experiencia de un centro terciario / Survival post installation of gastrostomy: experience of a tertiary cente

Introduction: Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) is one of the preferred methods for providing enteral feeding to patients whose oral intake nutrition is not feasible. There is limited evidence regarding post- PEG survival. Our primary objective is to evaluate long-term survival and identify main variables in a cohort of patients with PEG. Methodology: A retrospective study of patients who underwent PEG at Sótero del Río Hos- pital between 2013 and 2020 was conducted. Demographic data, indications for PEG, and time from placement to death, in applicable cases, were evaluated. Specific indications were classified into four groups: Neoplasia, Dementia, Stroke (CVA), and Other neurological causes. Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to represent survival, and log-rank tests were used. Results: 635 patients were included, 53.5% male, with a median age of 69 years (IQR 55-79). Indications included Neoplasia (11.8%), Dementia (9.8%), Stroke (58.4%), and Other neurological causes (20.0%). The overall survival rate was 36%, with rates of 50.23% at one year and 3.94% at five years, and a median survival of 12 months (IQR 4-28). According to the previous diagnosis, the Other neurological causes group had a higher survival rate (p < 0.001), with a median survival of 16 months (IQR 4-35). Conclusions: PEG is an invasive technique where placement is influenced by multiple variables such as previous diagnosis and patient type. Our study demonstrated a survival rate consistent with the literature, where factors such as age and the type of disease that prompted indication are relevant to consider.

Introducción: La gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP) es uno de los métodos de elección para brindar alimentación enteral a pacientes que ven afectada su capacidad de nutrición por vía oral. Existe escasa evidencia respecto a la sobrevida post GEP, estudios describen un 40% al año, en relación a la gravedad inherente de la enfermedad de base de los pacientes. Nuestro objetivo principal es evaluar la sobrevida a largo plazo y cuáles serían las principales variables que podrían influir, en una cohorte de pacientes con GEP. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes a quienes se les instaló una GEP en el Hospital Sótero del Río, entre los años 2013- 2020. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, indicación de la GEP y tiempo transcurrido desde la instalación hasta el fallecimiento, en los casos correspondientes. Las indicaciones específicas fueron clasificadas en cuatro grandes grupos: Neoplasia, Demencia, Accidente Cerebrovascular (ACV) y Otras causas neurológicas. Se trazaron curvas de Kaplan-Meier para representar la supervivencia y se utilizaron pruebas de log-rank test. En el análisis estadísti- co se utilizó SPSS versión 25. Resultados: Se incluyeron 635 pacientes, 53,5% sexo masculino, con una mediana de edad 69 años (RIQ 55-79). Dentro las indicaciones: Neoplasia (11,8%), Demencia (9,8%), ACV (58,4%) y Otras causas neurológicas (20,0%). La tasa de sobrevida global fue del 36%, siendo al año 50,23 % y a los 5 años 3,94%; con una mediana de sobrevida de 12 meses (RIQ 4-28). Según diagnóstico previo, el grupo Otras causas neurológicos tuvo una mayor sobrevida (p < 0,001), con una mediana de 16 meses (RIQ 4-35). Conclusiones: La GEP es una técnica invasiva donde su instalación responde a múltiples variables como diagnóstico previo y tipo de paciente. Nuestro trabajo demostró una tasa de supervivencia acorde con la literatura, donde los factores como la edad y el tipo de enfermedad que originó indicación son relevantes a considerar.

Gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea em crianças e adolescentes: 15 anos de experiência em um hospital terciário / Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and adolescents: 15-years' experience of a tertiary center

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is an important option for enteral nutrition for both children and adults. It is considered a safe, effective, and advantageous technique in comparison to other complementary feeding routes. It allows continuous feeding, the feeding of patients with swallowing disorders due to neurological causes or others, and the administration of non-palatable diets or medications, all with low rates of complications and mortality. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the main indications and complications of PEG in pediatric patients. In addition, the impact on the nutritional status of patients undergoing PEG was also compared with weight, body mass index (BMI), and height according to references from the World Health Organization. METHODS: This observational and retrospective study included 152 children and adolescents who underwent PEG between January/2003 and December/2018. Patients up to 18 years of age at the time of the procedure were included. Complications related to the procedure were classified as minor or major. Patients with PEG indication for nutritional supplementation were evaluated for weight gain, height, and BMI, using the Z score at the day of the procedure and six months, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure. RESULTS: Indications for PEG were: swallowing disorder of neurological cause (67.1%), need for nutritional supplementation (25%), swallowing disorder of mechanical origin (6.6%), and indication of gastric decompression (1.3%). Minor complications occurred in 57.8% of patients and major complications in 9.8% of patients. The traction technique corresponded to 92.1% and puncture to 7.9%. The death rate was 1.3%. Thirty-eight patients had an indication for nutritional supplementation. In these patients, there was a gradual increase in both BMI and weight, reaching statistically significant differences (P=0.0340 and P= 0.0105, respectively). These differences were more evident in chronic renal disease patients. Height did not vary significantly (P=0.543). CONCLUSION: PEG proved to be an advantageous option as an auxiliary feeding method in pediatric patients. Dysphagia of neurological origin was the main indication followed by the need for nutritional supplementation. PEG has low frequency of major complications and mortality. This study also showed the importance of PEG in patients who need nutritional supplementation, as it enabled patients to move from undernutrition to normal weight ranges.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (GEP) é uma importante opção de nutrição enteral para crianças e adultos, sendo considerada uma técnica segura, eficaz e vantajosa em comparação às outras vias de alimentação complementar. Permite a alimentação contínua, a alimentação em pacientes com distúrbios de deglutição de causa neurológica ou outros, a administração de dietas ou medicamentos não palatáveis, todos com baixos índices de complicações e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as principais indicações e complicações de pacientes pediátricos submetidos à GEP e o impacto no estado nutricional de pacientes submetidos à GEP para suplementação nutricional, comparando peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e estatura com referências da Organização Mundial de Saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional e retrospectivo de 152 crianças e adolescentes submetidos à GEP, no período de janeiro/2003 a dezembro/2018. Foram incluídos pacientes até 18 anos de idade na época do procedimento. As complicações relacionadas ao procedimento foram divididas em menores e maiores. Pacientes com indicação de GEP para suplementação nutricional foram avaliados quanto ao ganho de peso, altura e IMC, por meio do escore Z no dia do procedimento e 6 meses; 1 ano; e 2 anos após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: As indicações para GEP foram distúrbio de deglutição de causa neurológica (67,1%), necessidade de suplementação nutricional (25%), distúrbio de deglutição de origem mecânica (6,6%), e indicação de descompressão gástrica (1,3%). Complicações menores ocorreram em 57,8% dos pacientes e complicações maiores em 9,8%. A técnica de tração correspondeu a 92,1% e a punção, 7,9%. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 1,3%. Trinta e oito pacientes tinham indicação de suplementação nutricional. Nestes, houve aumento gradativo tanto do IMC quanto do peso, com variação estatisticamente significativa da mediana P=0,0340 e P=0,0105, respectivamente, mais evidente nos pacientes renais crônicos. A altura não variou significativamente (P=0,543). CONCLUSÃO: A GEP mostrou-se uma opção vantajosa como forma auxiliar de alimentação em pacientes pediátricos, tendo como principais indicações a disfagia de causa neurológica e a necessidade de suplementação nutricional, com baixa prevalência de complicações maiores e mortalidade. Este estudo também mostrou a importância da GEP em pacientes com necessidade de suplementação nutricional, possibilitando a passagem dos pacientes desnutridos para escores nutricionais de peso adequados à idade.

Squamous cell carcinoma implantation in gastrostomy orifice. Case report / Implantação de carcinoma espinocelular em orifício de gastrostomia. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is used to provide enteral nutritional support for patients with obstructive oropharyngeal or esophageal neoplasms. The placement of the catheter is considered safe, with few complications. Despite this, a specific complication that is considered rare, has been increasingly described in the literature, i.e., metastasis of head and neck cancer in the gastrostomy stoma. In this report, we described a case of metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx in the gastrostomy site, and discussed the possible etiologies and alternatives, seeking to reduce the incidence of this complication.

RESUMO A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é utilizada para oferecer suporte nutricional enteral para pacientes com neoplasias obstrutivas de orofaringe ou esôfago. A colocação da sonda é considerada segura, com poucas complicações. Apesar disso, uma complicação em particular, considerada rara, está sendo cada vez mais descrita na literatura: a metástase de neoplasia de cabeça e pescoço para o estoma da gastrostomia. Neste relato, descrevemos um caso de metástase de carcinoma espinocelular de laringe para o sítio da gastrostomia, e discutimos as possíveis etiologias e alternativas, buscando diminuir a incidência desta complicação.

Hemorragia masiva: una complicación tardía del reemplazo de la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea. A propósito de un caso / Massive hemorrhage: a late complication of replacement percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: case report

La gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP) se utiliza como alternativa de la alimentación enteral/nasoenteral en situaciones en las que la alimentación por vía oral a largo plazo no es eficaz o no se tolera. Se prefiere principalmente en pacientes con afecciones neurológicas y, además, como apoyo de la nutrición en pacientes con enfermedades cardíacas congénitas, fibrosis quística, enfermedad intestinal inflamatoria y diversas enfermedades orofaríngeas. Si bien la colocación es sencilla en comparación con muchos procedimientos invasivos, presenta complicaciones, que incluyen desde la infección de la herida hasta la muerte. La GEP exige personal médico experimentado, antibióticos profilácticos adecuados e información exhaustiva para los pacientes o sus familias sobre el procedimiento y los cuidados posteriores. Presentamos una complicación rara, aunque importante, que surgió durante el reemplazo de la sonda de gastrostomía después del método de "corte y empuje". El tope, que debe llegar hasta el extremo distal del estómago, se desplazó hacia arriba, hasta el esófago proximal, y causó una úlcera profunda en la mucosa esofágica y una hemorragia masiva.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is used as an alternative to enteral/nasoenteral feeding in situations where long-term oral feeding is ineffective or not tolerated. It is mostly preferred in patients with neurological conditions and also to support nutrition in patients with congenital heart diseases, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and various oropharyngeal diseases. Although it is easily applicable compared to many invasive procedures, it has complications ranging from wound infection to death. PEG requires experienced medical personnel, appropriate prophylactic antibiotics and exhaustive information to the patients or their families about the procedure and subsequent care. We present a rare but important complication during the replacement of the gastrostomy tube subsequent to the "cut and push" method. The bumper portions, which should move to the distal end of the stomach, moved upwards to the proximal esophagus, caused a deep ulcer in the esophageal mucosa and a massive hemorrhage.

O Cromo sérico baixo é raro em doentes submetidos a gastrostomia endoscópica para nutrição entérica de longa duração / Low serum chromium is rare in patients that underwent endoscopic gastrostomy for long term enteral feeding

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Patients that underwent Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) present with protein-energy malnutrition. Trace elements are required in small quantities and Chromium (Cr) displays a major role in the metabolism. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate Cr levels and its relationship with serum proteins, BMI and underlying diseases during the first 3 months of PEG feeding. METHODS Prospective observational study during 3-months, when PEG was performed (T0), after 4 (T1), and 12 weeks (T3). Initial evaluation included: age, gender, underlying disease, NRS-2002, BMI, serum albumin, transferrin and Cr concentration. At T1 and T3 a blood sample was collected for Cr, albumin and transferrin. A Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to assess Cr. According with the underlying disease, patients were divided into two groups: head and neck cancer (HNC) and neurological dysphagia (ND). All patients were fed with homemade meals. RESULTS A one hundred and twenty-nine patients (80 males), 26-95 years old were studied: HNC-52; ND-77. The observed data included low mean values of BMI from 71 patients; low Cr-8, low albumin-70, low transferrin-85 and 57 with both proteins low. Albumin was associated with survival time ( P =0.024) and there was a significant correlation between albumin and Cr (r=0.217, P =0.012). A good evolution of Cr and proteins values was observed, with no low Cr levels at T3. CONCLUSION Low serum Cr is rare in PEG-patients, with no relationship to other studied parameters. For the minority of patients displaying low Cr before gastrostomy, homemade PEG meals seem to be effective.

RESUMO CONTEXTO Doentes submetidos a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea apresentam desnutrição energético-proteica. Os elementos traço são necessários em pequenas quantidades e o Cromo (Cr) tem um papel importante no metabolismo. OBJECTIVO Pretendeu-se avaliar os níveis séricos de Cr e sua relação com as proteínas séricas, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e as doenças subjacentes nos primeiros 3 meses de alimentação por gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea. MÉTODOS Estudo prospetivo observacional durando 3 meses: avaliações no momento do procedimento (T0), após 4 (T1) e 12 semanas (T3). A avaliação inicial incluiu: idade, gênero, doença subjacente, Nutricional Risk Screening 2002 , IMC, concentração sérica de Cr, albumina e transferrina. Em T1 e T3, colheu-se sangue para Cr, albumina e transferrina. Para avaliação do Cr, utilizou-se espectrometria de absorção atómica em forno de grafite. Classificaram-se os doentes em dois grupos: neoplasias cervicofaciais (NCF) e disfagia neurológica (DN). Todos foram alimentados com alimentos de preparação doméstica. RESULTADOS Avaliaram-se 129 doentes (80 homens), entre 26-95 anos: NCF-52; DN-77. Encontraram-se valores baixos do IMC-71; Cr-8, albumina-70, transferrina-85 e 57 com ambas as proteínas baixas. Identificou-se correlação com significado estatístico entre a albumina e Cr (r=0,217, P =0,012) e entre a albumina e tempo de sobrevivência ( P =0,024). Foi observada boa evolução do Cr e proteínas, não sendo encontrados valores baixos de Cr em T3. CONCLUSÃO O Cr baixo é raro em doentes com gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea, sem relação com outros parâmetros, incluindo o tipo de doença subjacente. Para a minoria dos doentes com Cr baixo antes da gastrostomia, refeições de preparação doméstica parecem ser adequadas.

Endoscopic gastrostomy: critical analysis in a regional referral hospital / Gastrostomía endoscópica: análisis crítico en un hospital referencial regional

Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe and effective endoscopic surgical procedure for enteral access and gastrointestinal decompression, and it is an excellent alternative to surgical gastrostomy. There are various clinical indications and these mainly include the need for prolonged enteral nutritional support due to complications from neurological, geriatric and oncological diseases and decompression of the gastrointestinal tract. Although safe and effective, a number of possible complications relating to the time (early or late complications) and severity (minor or major complications) may occur. Objective: To evaluate the indications and complications relating to PEG among selected patients at the digestive endoscopy service of a regional referral hospital. Materials and methods: A retrospective study on patients who underwent PEG between May 2013 and April 2015 was conducted. The patients were identified through searching the medical records and using a standardized data form. Results: 53 cases were analyzed. The average age was 70.47 years and 60.37% of the patients were women. The main indication identified was the need for enteral nutritional support, and 73.58% of these indications were derived from neurological complications, 15.09% from geriatric complications and 9.43% from oncological complications and 1.88% were due to gastrointestinal decompression. Complications occurred in 24.52% of the cases: 23.07% were major and 76.93% were minor. Regarding the time, there were eight cases of late complications and five of early complications. Conclusion: PEG was shown to be an effective and safe method for enteral access. The indication and complication rates were similar to those reported in the literature.

Introducción: La gastrostomía endoscópica percutânea (GEP) es un procedimento endoscópico-quirúrgico seguro y efectivo para el acceso enteral y para la descompresión gastrointestinal, constituyéndose como una excelente alternativa a la gastrostomía quirúrgica. Las indicaciones clínicas son variadas y comprenden principalmente: necesidad de soporte nutricional enteral prolongado por complicaciones de las enfermedades neurológicas, geriátricas y oncológicas, así como la descompresión del tracto gastrointestinal. Aunque es segura y eficaz, se puede producir una serie de posibles complicaciones relacionadas al momento (precoz temprano o tardío) de la realización del procedimiento y a la gravedad (mayor o menor). Objetivo: Evaluar las indicaciones y complicaciones relacionadas a la realización de la GEP en pacientes seleccionados de un sector de endoscopia digestiva de un hospital regional de referencias. Materiales y métodos: Fue realizado un estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes sometidos a la GEP en el periodo de mayo de 2013 a abril de 2015. Los pacientes fueron identificados a partir de la investigación de los registros y formulario estándar de datos. Resultados: Fueron analizados 53 casos. La edad media fue de 70,47 años con un 60,37% del sexo femenino. La indicación principal verificada fue la necesidad de soporte nutricional enteral, siendo 73,58% por complicaciones neurológicas, 15,09% geriátricas, 9,43% oncológicas; y 1,88% de las indicaciones fueron para descomprensión gastrointestinal. Ocurrieron complicaciones en 24,52% de los pacientes: 23,07% mayores y 76,93% menores. En relación al momento, fueron verificados ocho casos de complicaciones tardías y cinco de complicaciones precoces (tempranas). Conclusión: La GEP se mostró como un método eficaz y seguro para el acceso enteral. Los índices de complicación fueron semejantes a los datos evidenciados en la literatura.

Gastrostomía endoscópica -through como dispositivo de instalación / Endoscopic gastrostomy using the pull through kit as installation device

Background: The pull-through method to install endoscopic gastrostomies is not devoid of complications. Aim: To describe and show the results of a trans-abdominal method to perform endoscopic gastrostomies using the accessories available in any endoscopic facility. material and methods: The technique consists in installing an exchange tube using the pull kit, which acts as a tube installer. We attempted the procedure in 14 patients whose ages ranged from 15 days to 83 years in a regional hospital. results: In 13 patients, the tube was correctly installed using the trans-abdominal pathway and they could be fed two hours later. Three months later, 11 patients were alive and did not experience complications associated with the gastrostomy. Conclusions: This preliminary experience supports the use of the described technique to install gastrostomies.

Objetivo: Para evitar las complicaciones de la gastrostomía endoscópica (GE) hemos desarrollado un método transabdominal empleando accesorios disponibles en cualquier unidad de endoscopia y una técnica con la cual los endoscopistas están familiarizados. Describimos el método y mostramos sus resultados. material y método: Esta técnica consiste en instalar una sonda de recambio con la ayuda del kit Pull que actúa como instalador de la sonda. Hemos intentado este procedimiento en 14 pacientes con edades entre 15 días y ochenta y tres años. Esta experiencia se realizó en el Hospital de Iquique. resultados: En 13 pacientes se logró instalar la sonda por vía transabdominal y alimentar dos horas después. A los 3 meses, once permanecían vivos y no habían tenido complicaciones mayores relacionadas a su gastrostomía. Conclusión: Aunque se trata de una experiencia inicial, creemos que esta técnica de gastrostomía combinada presenta una alternativa a otras técnicas endoscópicas de acceso transabdominal.

Gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea: análise do perfil epidemiológico, indicações e principais complicações em hospital terciário / Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: review of epidemiological profile, indications and major complications in tertiary care hospital

Objetivos: descrever, analisar e avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que realizaram gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea no Serviço de Endoscopia do Hospital Regional do Mato Grosso do Sul Rosa Pedrosian, de 01 de janeiro de 2013 a 01 de janeiro de 2015, as indicações e complicações associadas ao procedimento. Materiais e métodos: foram analisados os dados coletados de prontuários de 108 pacientes que realizaram gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de tração (pull technique) descrita por Ponsky e Gauderer em 1981, com o aparelho de endoscopia Olympus Evis Exera II CV-180 e kits de gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy feeding tube, Kit, 24 Fr O.D., Pull Method fornecido pela Boston Scientific®. Todos os pacientes receberam antibiótico profilaxia com cefazolina quando não estavam em uso de antibioticoterapia. Resultados: 62 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (57%) e 46 do sexo masculino (43%), com idade que variou entre 2 e 95 anos (média 69,05 anos). Acidente vascular encefálico foi a principal indicação do procedimento em 62 (57%) casos. Ocorreram 2 complicações maiores (6%) em pacientes que tiveram broncoaspiração durante o procedimento endoscópico e foram a óbito na sala de endoscopia. Em 30 (31%) pacientes houve complicações, sendo encontrada mais de uma complicação menor no mesmo paciente totalizando 33 complicações consideradas menores (94%). A principal complicação encontrada foi infecção periostomal em 11 (10%) pacientes. Conclusões: a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea apresenta altos índices de sucesso e baixos índices de complicações, qualificando-a como método de escolha para obtenção de via alimentar definitiva em pacientes com incapacidade de alimentação por via oral.

Objective: to describe, analyze and evaluate the profile of patients submit percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy at the Endoscopy Department of the Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul Rosa Pedrossian from 01 January 2013 to 01 January 2015, and the indications and complications related to the procedure. Materials and methods: the collected data were analyzed of 108 records patients to submit percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy by pull technique described in 1981 by Ponsky and Gauderer, using Olympus Evis Exera II CV-180 endoscopy and Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy feeding tube, Kit, 24 Fr O.D., Pull Method provided by Boston Scientific®. Antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolina was administered in all patients when not in use of antibiotic therapy. Results: 62 patients were women (57%) and 46 men (43%). Mean age was 69, 05 years old (2 to 95). Stroke was the most common indication for the procedure in 63 (57%) cases. Occurred 2 major complications (6%) in patients with aspiration and death in the endoscopy room. In 30 (31%) patients were complications, was found more than one minor complication in the same patient totalizing 33 minor complications (94%). The common complication was periostomal infection in 11 (10%) patients. Conclusions: the percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy has high success rates and low complications, considering with gold standard method in patients with impaired dietary.

Percutaneous endoscopic versus surgical gastrostomy in patients with benign and malignant diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To compare the complications and mortality related to gastrostomy procedures performed using surgical and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques, this review covered seven studies. Five of these were retrospective and two were randomized prospective studies. In total, 406 patients were involved, 232 of whom had undergone percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and 174 of whom had undergone surgical gastrostomy. The analysis was performed using Review Manager. Risk differences were computed using a fixed-effects model and forest and funnel plots. Data on risk differences and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using the Mantel-Haenszel test. There was no difference in major complications in retrospective (95% CI (-0.11 to 0.10)) or randomized (95% CI (-0.07 to 0.05)) studies. Regarding minor complications, no difference was found in retrospective studies (95% CI (-00.17 to 0.09)), whereas a difference was observed in randomized studies (95% CI (-0.25 to -0.02)). Separate analyses of retrospective and randomized studies revealed no differences between the methods in relation to mortality and major complications. Moreover, low levels of minor complications were observed among endoscopic procedures in randomized studies, with no difference observed compared with retrospective studies.

Proton Pump Inhibitor Use before Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Is Associated with Adverse Outcomes

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Knowledge of the risk factors associated with adverse outcomes after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) may be helpful for developing PEG recommendations. The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical risk factors associated with adverse clinical outcomes after PEG, especially regarding the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data from PEG patients at seven university hospitals between June 2006 and January 2012. All patients were followed up through February 2012 after PEG, and the clinical risk factors for adverse clinical outcomes after PEG were analyzed. RESULTS: Data from 1,021 PEG patients were analyzed. PPI users were more frequently included in the complication group than the noncomplication group (p=0.040). PEG-related complications (p=0.040) and mortality (p=0.003) were more frequent in the PPI group than in the control group. In the subgroup analysis of complicated PEG cases, infectious complications were more frequently found in the PPI group than in the control group (35.8% vs 27.8%). After adjustment for multiple possible confounding factors, PPI users (odds ratio, 1.531; 95% confidence interval, 1.017 to 2.305) and diabetic patients had increased mortality after PEG. CONCLUSIONS: PPI use may be associated with adverse outcomes in patients with PEG; however, further prospective studies investigating this issue are warranted.

Gastrostomia cirúrgica: indicações atuais e complicações em pacientes de um hospital universitário / Surgical gastrostomy: current indications and complications in a university hospital

OBJETIVO: revizar as indicações e as complicações observadas após a realização de gastrostomias cirúrgicas em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário público de ensino. MÉTODOS:estudo retrospectivo não randomizado de revisão dos prontuários médicos dos pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia cirúrgica nos últimos cinco anos, sobre as indicações e complicações. RESULTADOS: no período de 2007 a 2011, 86 pacientes foram submetidos à gastrostomias cirúrgicas para nutrição enteral. A técnica operatória utilizada foi a de Stamm na totalidade dos casos. Os homens constituíram 76 (88%) dos casos e a média de idade foi 58,4 anos, a idade máxima 87 anos e a mínima de 19 anos. Foram observadas 16 (18,60%) complicações consideradas menores, 17 (19,76%) complicações graves e oito (9,3%) óbitos peri-operatórios. CONCLUSÃO: as gastrostomias cirúrgicas, embora consideradas procedimentos de menor porte, não são isentas de complicações e mortalidade. A técnica operatória de Stamm, apesar das complicações relatadas, é de fácil execução, manuseio e oferece segurança.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the surgical gastrostomies performed at a public University Hospital, their indications and complications. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, nonrandomized review of medical records of patients who underwent surgical gastrostomy from 2007 to 2011; RESULTS: , In the period of studied, 86 patients underwent surgical gastrostomies for enteral nutrition. The Stamm technique was employed in all cases. Men constituted 76 (88%) of the cases and the mean age was 58.4 years, the maximum age being 87 years and the minimum 19. We observed 16 (18.60%) minor complications, 17 (19.76%) serious complications and 8 (9.3%) perioperative deaths. CONCLUSION: Surgical gastrostomy, while considered a smaller procedure, is not without complications and mortality. The Stamm technique, despite the complications reported, is easy to perform and to handle, as well as safe.

Comparison of Complications between Endoscopic and Percutaneous Replacement of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tubes

When replacing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes, an internal bolster may be retrieved either percutaneously or endoscopically. The aim of this study was to compare the complications of percutaneous and endoscopic method during PEG tube replacement. The medical records of 330 patients who received PEG tube replacement were retrospectively analyzed. According to the removal method of internal bolster, we categorized as endoscopic group and percutaneous group. Demographic data, procedure-related complications and risk factors were investigated. There were 176 cases (53.3%) in endoscopic group and 154 cases (46.7%) in percutaneous group. The overall immediate complication rate during PEG tube replacement was 4.8%. Bleeding from the stoma (1.3%) occurred in percutaneous group, whereas esophageal mucosal laceration (7.4%) and microperforation (0.6%) occurred in endoscopic group. The immediate complication rate was significantly lower in the percutaneous method (OR, 6.57; 95% CI, 1.47-29.38, P=0.014). In multivariate analysis, old age was a significant risk factor of esophageal laceration and microperforation during PEG tube replacement (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.04-14.07, P=0.043). The percutaneous method may be more safe and feasible for replacing PEG tubes than the endoscopic method in old patients.

Peristomal infection after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: a 7-year surveillance of 297 patients / Infecção peristomal na gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea: estudo de 297 doentes gastrostomizados ao longo de 7 anos

CONTEXT: Healthcare-associated infection represents the most frequent adverse event during care delivery. Medical advances like percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy have brought improvement on quality of life to patients but an increased risk of healthcare-associated infection. Predictive risk factors for peristomal wound infection are largely unknown but evidence suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis and preventive strategies related to infection control may reduce infection rates. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to evaluate the global prevalence rate of peristomal infection. Secondary objectives were to characterise the positive culture results, to evaluate the prophylactic antibiotic protocol and to identify potential risk factors for peristomal infection. METHODS: Retrospective study of 297 patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy performed at a general hospital between January 2004 and September 2010. Patients received prophylactic cefazolin before the endoscopic gastrostomy procedure. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, underling disease conditions to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and patient potential intrinsic risk factors. Statistical analysis was made with the statistical program SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: A total of 297 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes were inserted. Wound infection occurred in 36 patients (12.1%). Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant was the most frequently isolated microorganism (33.3%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30.6%). The incidence rate had been rising each year and differ from 4.65% in 2004/2007 to 17.9% in 2008/2010. This finding was consistent with the increasing of prevalence global infection rates of the hospital. Most of the infections (55.6%) were detected in the first 10 days post procedure. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index values, mean survival time and duration of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding between patients with and without periostomal infection. Institutional factors, namely global prevalence infection rates and the endemic character of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant, play an important role in peristomal infection rates. Traditional antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin is not adequate due to the prevalence of resistant organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Peristomal infection is a frequent problem with clinical impact in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy patients and should be considered a healthcare associated infection. The antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens using cephalosporins are not adequate and need to be reviewed due to the high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant and other resistant organisms in hospitals and nursing homes.

CONTEXTO: As infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde constituem o mais frequente efeito adverso observado durante a prestação de cuidados de saúde. Os avanços clínicos como a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea melhoraram a qualidade de vida dos doentes mas trouxeram um risco acrescido de infeções associadas aos cuidados de saúde. Os fatores de risco para a infecção peristomal são pouco conhecidos, mas a profilaxia antibiótica e outras estratégias profiláticas parecem reduzir a infeção peristomal. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo primário foi a avaliação global da taxa de infecção peristomal e a caracterização microbiológica dos agentes infetantes. Foram objetivos secundários a avaliação do protocolo de profilaxia antibiótica utilizado e a identificação de potenciais fatores de risco para a infeção peristomal. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospetivo em doentes submetidos a gastrostomia endoscópica entre janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2010. Os doentes receberam profilaxia antibiótica com cefazolina antes do procedimento. Os processos clínicos foram revistos obtendo-se os dados demográficos, diagnóstico da doença subjacente e potenciais fatores de risco para infeção. A análise estatística foi feita com recurso ao programa SPSS 17.0. RESULTADOS: Foram gastrostomizados 297 doentes adultos. A infeção peristomal afetou 36 doentes (12,1%). O Staphylococcus aureus resistente à metacilina foi o micro-organismo mais frequentemente isolado (33,3%) seguido pela Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30,6%). A incidência de infeção peristomal aumentou progressivamente ao longo dos anos de 4,65% em 2004/2007 até 17,9% em 2008/2010. Este achado foi consistente com o crescimento global da infeção hospitalar. A maioria das infeções peristomais (55,6%) foi identificada nos primeiros 10 dias após a gastrostomia. Não encontramos diferenças significativas na prevalência da infeção peristomal relacionáveis com a idade, índice de massa corporal, sobrevida e duração da nutrição por gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea. Fatores institucionais, como a prevalência global da infeção hospitalar e o caráter endêmico do MRSA, são importantes na infeção peristomal e a profilaxia tradicional com cefazolina não é adequada num contexto de elevada prevalência de micro-organismos resistentes. CONCLUSÕES: A infeção peristomal é um problema frequente e clinicamente significativo que deve ser encarado como infeção associada aos cuidados de saúde. A profilaxia usando cefalosporinas pode não ser adequada e deve ser revista em hospitais e outras instituições com elevada prevalência de micro-organismos resistentes.

New "introducer" PEG-gastropexy with T fasteners: a pilot study / Gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia com T-tags: um estudo piloto

CONTEXT: Enteral feeding is indicated for patients unable to maintain appropriate oral intake, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the most adequate long-term enteral access. Peristomal infections are the most common complications of PEG, occurring in up to 8 percent of patients, despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The "introducer" PEG-gastropexy technique avoids PEG tube passage through the oral cavity, preventing microorganisms' dislodgment to the peristomal site. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of peristomal wound infection at 7-day post-procedure after conventional "pull" technique versus a new "introducer" PEG-gastropexy kit. Secondary outcomes included success rates, procedure time, and other complications. METHODS: Eighteen patients referred for PEG placement between June and December 2010 were randomly assigned to "pull" PEG with antibiotics or "introducer" PEG-gastropexy technique without antibiotics. RESULTS: Overall success rate for both methods was 100 percent, although mean procedure duration was higher in the "introducer" PEG-gastropexy group (12.6 versus 6.4 minutes, P = 0.0166). Infection scores were slightly higher in patients who underwent "pull" PEG with antibiotics compared with "introducer" PEG-gastropexy without antibiotics (1.33 ± 0.83 versus 0.75 ± 0.67, P = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Although procedure duration was longer in the "introducer" PEG-gastropexy, infection scores were marginally higher in the "pull" PEG technique.

CONTEXTO: A nutrição enteral está indicada para pacientes incapazes de manter aporte voluntário adequado e a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (GEP) é a via preferencial para acesso enteral de longa duração. As infecções periostomais são as principais complicações da GEP, ocorrendo em até 8 por cento dos pacientes, a despeito do uso de antibiótico profilático. A GEP pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia evita a passagem da sonda de gastrostomia pela cavidade oral, prevenindo contra o deslocamento de microorganismos ali presentes até o sítio da ostomia. OBJETIVO: Comparar a incidência de infecção periostomal no 7º dia após GEP por técnica de tração versus GEP pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia. Objetivos secundários incluíram: taxa de sucesso, tempo de procedimento e outras complicações. MÉTODOS: Dezoito pacientes encaminhados ao setor de endoscopia do Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, para realização de GEP entre junho e dezembro de 2010, foram randomizados para realização de gastrostomia pela técnica de tração com antibioticoterapia profilática ou pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia sem antibiótico profilaxia. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso para ambos os métodos foi de 100 por cento, apesar do tempo do procedimento ter sido mais longo no grupo da técnica de introdução (12,6 versus 6,4 min, P = 0,0166). Os índices de infecção foram discretamente superiores no grupo de GEP por tração, com antibioticoterapia profilática, em comparação ao grupo GEP por introdução com gastropexia (1,33 ± 0,83 versus 0,75 ± 0,67, P = 0,29). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da duração do procedimento ter sido mais longa no grupo GEP por introdução com gastropexia, a taxa de infecção foi discretamente mais elevada no grupo GEP por tração.

Avaliação da gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea como procedimento ambulatorial em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço: viabilidade, complicações e impacto clínicodo momento da realização (pré, per ou pós-tratamento) / [Evaluation of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy as an outpatient procedure in patients with head and neck cancer: viability, complications and clinical impact at the time of the procedure (pre, per or post-treatment)]

A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (GEP) é um método relativamente simples e seguro de acesso enteral para pacientes com disfagia. Esse procedimento é normalmente realizado durante internação hospitalar. A utilização da GEP como procedimento ambulatorial ainda não está bem estabelecida na literatura. Os objetivos principais desse estudo foram investigar a viabilidade e segurança da GEP ambulatorial e o impacto clínico do momento de realização do procedimento (pré, per ou pós-tratamento) em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP). Em ensaio clínico prospectivo não controlado, pacientes com CCP em bom estado geral foram selecionados e incluídos em um protocolo de acompanhamento de GEP ambulatorial. O estudo foi dividido em 2 partes sequenciais e complementares, a primeira para avaliação da taxa de sucesso e de complicações precoces do procedimento, e a segunda para avaliação da taxa global de complicações em relação ao momento do tratamento. Na primeira parte do estudo, foram selecionados 136 pacientes. Três pacientes foram excluídos do estudo no pré-operatório, 4 foram hospitalizados pós-procedimento e 129 (94,8%) receberam alta hospitalar 3 horas após o procedimento. A taxa de complicações menores foi de 17,6% (dor local 7,4%; infecção de ferida 6,6%; dor abdominal 2,9%; hematoma 0,7%). Complicações maiores ocorreram em 2,2% (sepultamento do retentor interno da sonda 1,5%; saída acidental precoce da sonda 0,7%) dos procedimentos. Não houve óbitos. Na segunda fase do estudo, um total de 201 pacientes foram submetidos à GEP ambulatorial, sendo 58 (28,9%) pré-tratamento, 48 (23,9%) durante o tratamento e 95 (47,5%) pós-tratamento para a doença de base. Houve complicações em 55,7% dos pacientes no acompanhamento de longo prazo (precoces em 16,9% e tardias em 49,8%; maiores em 6,5% e menores em 55,2%). As taxas de complicações foram semelhantes às descritas para pacientes hospitalizados. A avaliação das variáveis estudadas (faixa etária, sexo e momento da realização da GEP) não mostrou associação com a taxa de complicações totais (precoces ou tardias, menores ou maiores). Não houve diferença significativa nas taxas de complicações das GEPs realizadas no pré, per ou pós-tratamento. A realização ambulatorial de GEP é viável e segura em pacientes com CCP em boas condições clinicas. Internações desnecessárias são evitadas e os custos hospitalares são reduzidos.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a relatively simple and safe method of providing enteral access for patients with dysphagia. The procedure is usually performed in hospitalized patients. The use of PEG as an outpatient procedure has not been well established in the literature. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the feasibility and safety of outpatient PEG, and the clinical impact of the timing of the procedure (pre, peri or post-treatment) in a selected group of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. In this prospective clinical study, HNC subjects in good condition were selected and enrolled in a close protocol of outpatient PEG. The study was divided into 2 sequential and complementary parts, the first part to evaluate the success rate and early complications, and the second part to evaluate the overall complication rate in relation to treatment timing. At the first part of the study, 136 patients were selected. Three patients were excluded preoperatively, four were hospitalized after the procedure and 129 (94.8%) weredischarged three hours after the procedure. The rate of minor complications was 17.6% (local pain 7.4%, wound infection 6.6%, abdominal pain 2.9%, hematoma 0.7%). Major complications occurred in 2.2% (buried bumper syndrome 1.5%, accidental early tube dislodgment 0.7%). There was no mortality. At the final part of the study, a total of 201 patients underwent ambulatory PEG, 58 (28.9%) pretreatment, 48 (23.9%) during treatment and 95 (47.5%) after treatment for the underlying malignant disease. There were complications in 55.7% of patients in the long-term follow-up (16.9% early and 49.8% late, 6.5% major and 55.2% minor). Complication rates were similar to those described for hospitalized patients. The evaluation of clinical-demographic variables (age, sex and timing of PEG) was not associated with significant statistical difference for complication rates (early or late, major or minor). There was also no significant statistical difference for the complication rates of pre, peri or post-treatment PEGs. Ambulatory PEG is viable and safe in HNC patients in good clinical condition. Unnecessary admissions are avoided nd costs of hospitalization are reduced.

Gastronomia endoscópica percutânea: análise de 35 pacientes / Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: review of 35 patients

Objetivos- avaliar as gastrostomias endoscópicas percutâneas realizadas no serviço de endoscopia do Hospital e Maternidade São Camilo Pompeia/São Paulo, de 01 janeiro de 2008 até 31 junho de 2009, quanto sua indicação, efetividade e índice de complicações. Materiais e métodos- foram realizadas 35 gastrostomias endoscópicas percutâneas pela técnica de tração (pull technique), descrita em 1981 por Ponsky e Gauderer, com o aparelho de endoscopia Olympus Exera CLV 165 e kits de gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea fornecidos pela Wilson Cook e Boston. Todos pacientes receberam antibioticoprofilaxia com cefazolina. Resultados- 13 (37%) pacientes do sexo masculino e 22 (63%) do sexo feminino, com idade variando entre 15 e 95 anos (média de 45 anos). Acidente vascular encefálico foi a principal indicação do método, com 18 (51%) casos. A duração do procedimento variou entre 4 e 14 minutos (média de 7 minutos e 3 segundos). Ocorreu apenas uma complicação imediata. Verificou-se infecção local em 1 (3,5%) paciente, infecção local e em 4 extravasamento do conteúdo gástrico. Conclusões- a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é um procedimento de simples e rápida execução, seguro, sem necessitar de laparotomia, anestesia geral ou loco-regional, apresentando baixos índices de morbimortalidade, boa aceitabilidade estética e facilidade de manejo pelos familiares dos pacientes.

Objective- to describe, analyze and evaluate the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy at the endoscopic department of the Hospital São Camilo Pompeia / São Paulo from 01 January 2008 to 31 June 2009. Materials and methods- 31 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy were performed by pull technique, described in 1981 by Ponsky and Gauderer, using Olympus Evis Exera CLV 165 endoscope and Wilson Cook and Boston Access percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy kits device. Antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolina was administered in all patients. Results- 13 (37%) patients were men and 22 (63%) women. Mean age was 45 years old (15 to 95). Stroke was the most commom indication for the procedure, accounting for 18 (51%) patients. Average procedure length was 7 minutes and 3 seconds, ranging from 4 to 14 minutes. Immediate complications occur in 1 patient. Local infection occurred in 1 (3.5%) patient, local infection plus fluids drainage in 4. Conclusions- percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a simple, short and safe procedure, with no need of laparotomy, no general or regional anesthesia, presenting low complications rate, low morbi-mortality, better cosmesis and simple handling for the patients family.

Acute buried bumper syndrome: An endoscopic buried bumper syndrome:approach.

Acute buried bumper syndrome is an uncommon complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement. If not recognized and treated appropriately, it can lead to serious complications including death. We report a case of an acute buried bumper syndrome, successfully managed with PEG tube repositioning through the original tract, without the need of replacement.

Babies with brain damage who can not swallow: surgical management / Recém-nascidos com lesão cerebral que não deglutem: manejo cirúrgico

BACKGROUND: Neonates with severe neurological impairment are often unable to swallow, necessitating gastrostomy for feeding. Because of the risk of developing severe reflux, this procedure is often associated with fundoplication. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of gastrostomy and Nissen fundoplication in 22 neonates with swallowing difficulties due to serious neurological impairment. METHOD: All children underwent an initial period of nasogastric feeding and after informed consent underwent gastrostomy and Nissen fundoplication. RESULTS: There were no significant intraoperative complications. There were two cases of postoperative periostomy leakage. Of the 22 neonates 16 were alive four months after surgery. Six neonates died of complications due to underlying disease. CONCLUSION: We concluded that gastrostomy and Nissen fundoplication are safe procedures and help parents give a better care to these children.

INTRODUÇÃO: Neonatos com dano neurológico são freqüentemente incapazes de deglutir necessitando de gastrostomia para alimentação. Devido ao risco de refluxo grave, esse procedimento é associado à fundoplicatura. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança e eficácia da gastrostomia com fundoplicatura Nissen em 22 neonatos com dificuldades de deglutição devido à lesão neurológica grave. MÉTODO: Todos os neonatos foram submetidos a um período inicial de alimentação por sonda nasogástrica e, após consentimento informado, foram submetidos a gastrostomia com fundoplicatura Nissen. RESULTADOS: Não houve complicações intra-operatórias significativas. Houve dois casos de vazamento pós-operatório da ostomia. Dos 22 neonatos, 16 estavam vivos 4 meses após a cirurgia. Seis neonatos morreram por complicações devido à doença de base. CONCLUSÃO: A gastrostomia com fundoplicatura Nissen é procedimento seguro e ajuda os pais a darem melhor cuidado a crianças com lesão neurológica.

Gastrostomia endoscópica: indicações, técnicas e complicações / Endoscopic gastrostomy: indications, techniques, and complications

Introdução: A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (PEG) é um método utilizado para administração de nutrição enteral prolongada em pacientes com trato gastrointestinal funcionante, mas incapazes de receber aporte nutricional suficientepor via oral. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o procedimento de PEG,principalmente quanto à indicação, técnica utilizada e complicações relacionadas. Método: Foi feito um levantamento retrospectivo das PEGsrealizadas na Real e Benemérita Sociedade Portuguesa de Beneficência-HospitalSão Joaquim no período de abrilde 1999 a dezembro de 2003. Resultados: 90 pacientes foram submetidos à PEG naquele período, sendo a técnica de Ponsky-Gauderer a mais utilizada. A indicação foi de ordem neurológica na maioria dos casos. As complicações foram do tipo menor na grande maioria. Óbitos ocorreram, mas nenhum deles estava relacionado ao procedimento. Conclusão: A PEG constitui-seem método de baixo custo e reduzida morbidade em relação à gastrostomia cirúrgica, podendo ser realizada com anestesia local, além de possuir baixo índice de complicações, quando de correta indicação.

Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy: results and complications

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is usually difficult in patients with malignant involvement of oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus. Flouroscopic guided insertion of Gastrostomy catheter with Gastropexy have gained acceptance because it is easy and less time consuming as well as less invasive as compare to surgical procedure[5]. This study was done to evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous placement of gastrostomy with gastropexy using imaging guidance in patients with oropharyngeal and esophageal cancers. Over five years, 105 patients were referred to our department for percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy. In five patients the procedure was not performed because of overlying viscera and high position of stomach. We performed 100 gastrostomies with gastropexy procedures using seldinger technique. Success rate for percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy was 100%. No major complication had occurred. There were 11 minor complications occurred including 4 stomal infection, 3 catheter obstruction, one peritonism and three were extensive pneumoperitoneum. Stomal infection and catheter obstruction were not related to procedure. So, our true minor complications were only 4 [4%] which is comparable to literature. Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy is an effective and safe procedure for enteric access of nutrition in patients with oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer where percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is difficult