Hipervitaminosis B12: Nuestra experiencia y una revisión / Hypervitaminosis B12. Our experience and a review

Los altos niveles de vitamina B12 o cobalamina, también denominado hipervitaminosis B12 es una anormalidad analítica frecuentemente subestimada. De acuerdo con la literatura algunas de las entidades relacionadas con este hallazgo son las neoplasias sólidas (primarias o metastásicas) y las enfermedades hematológicas agudas o crónicas. Otras causas incluyen la afección hepática, la gammapatía monoclonal de significación indeterminada, la insuficiencia renal y, con menor frecuencia, un exceso de consumo de vitamina B12, enfermedades inflamatorias o autoinmunes y los trastornos hematológicos transitorios (neutrofilia y eosinofilia secundaria). Este artículo informa sobre causas de hipervitaminosis B12, nuestra experiencia y hace una revisión de la literatura.

High serum levels of vitamin B12 or cobalamin, also called hypervitaminemia B12, is a frequently underestimated biological abnormality. According to the literature, some of the entities related to this finding are solid neoplasia (primary or metastatic) and acute or chronic hematological diseases. Other causes include liver disorders, monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance, renal failure and, less frequently, excess of vitamin B12 intake, inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, and transient hematological disorders (neutrophilia and secondary eosinophilia). This article reports on causes of hypervitaminosis B12, our experience and a review of the literature.

Human exposure to mercury and its hematological effects: a systematic review / Exposição humana ao mercúrio e seus efeitos hematológicos: uma revisão sistemática / Exposición humana al mercurio y sus efectos hematológicos: una revisión sistemática

Mercury is a metal found in the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. It is highly toxic to ecosystems and living beings. Most human exposures come from ingestion of contaminated seafood, outgassing from dental amalgam or occupational exposure (e.g. gold mining), among other cases. Large populations are exposed to mercury, making it a very important issue from the public health perspective. Adverse health effects are commonly seen in the nervous system, but every organ is a potential target, such as the bone marrow. The main goal of this study was to assess the available evidence on human exposure to mercury and its hematological effects. A search strategy was constructed, including key terms (MeSH, text word and equivalents) for querying 2 repositories of master dissertation and PhD thesis (Fiocruz/ARCA and University of São Paulo) and 4 different electronic databases: BVS/LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and TOXLINE/NIH, for articles published from 1950 to February 2018. There was no language restriction and a tool (EPHPP) was used to assess the quality of included studies. According to pre-established criteria, 80 studies were retrieved, all of them observational (48 case reports, 24 cross-sectional, 6 case series and 2 cohorts), comprising 9,284 people. Despite the fact that most exposed ones (6,012) had normal blood cell count and mercury hematological effects did not seem very usual (1,914 cases: 14 severe and 29 deaths), three studies reported association (β) for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and basophilia. We concluded that the gathered information pointed to mercury hematotoxic effects, some of them may be serious and even fatal.

O mercúrio é um metal que pode ser encontrado naturalmente no meio ambiente e através de fontes antropogênicas. É altamente tóxico para ecossistemas e seres vivos. A maior parte da exposição humana provém da ingestão de pescados contaminados, da liberação de gases da amálgama dentária ou da exposição ocupacional (p.ex.: extração de ouro). Vastas populações são expostas ao mercúrio, tornando-se uma questão de saúde pública muito importante. Efeitos adversos à saúde são comumente observados no sistema nervoso, mas todos os órgãos são alvos em potencial, como a medula óssea. O principal objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as evidências disponíveis sobre a exposição humana ao mercúrio e seus efeitos hematológicos. Uma estratégia de busca foi realizada, incluindo termos chave (palavras-chave, palavras do texto e equivalentes), para pesquisar dois repositórios de dissertações de mestrado e teses de doutorado (Fiocruz/ARCA e Universidade de São Paulo) e quatro bases de dados eletrônicas: BVS/LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus e TOXLINE/NIH (artigos publicados de 1950 até fevereiro de 2018). Não houve restrições de linguagem e uma ferramenta (EPHPP) foi utilizada para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos incluídos. De acordo com os critérios pré-estabelecidos, foram encontrados 80 estudos, todos observacionais (48 relatos de caso, 24 estudos transversais, 6 séries de casos e 2 coortes), que compreendiam 9.284 pessoas. Apesar do fato de que as pessoas mais expostas (6.012) tinham contagens de células sanguíneas normais, e os efeitos hematológicos do mercúrio não pareciam muito comuns (1.914 casos, 14 graves e 29 mortes), três estudos relataram a associação de (β) anemia, linfopenia, neutrofilia e basofilia. Concluímos que as informações coletadas indicam efeitos hematotóxicos do mercúrio, alguns dos quais podem ser muito graves e até fatais.

El mercurio es un metal que se puede encontrar de forma natural en el ambiente y mediante fuentes antropogénicas. Es altamente tóxico para los ecosistemas y seres vivos. Entre otras, la mayor parte de la exposición humana, proviene de la ingestión de pescado contaminado, liberación de gases de amalgamas dentales o exposición ocupacional (p.ej. extracción de oro). Vastas poblaciones están expuestas al mercurio, convirtiéndolo en un asunto muy importante desde la perspectiva de la salud pública. Los efectos adversos para la salud se observan comúnmente en el sistema nervioso, pero cada órgano es un objetivo potencial, como la médula ósea. El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar las evidencias disponibles sobre la exposición humana al mercurio y sus efectos hematológicos. Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda, incluyendo términos clave (palabras-clave, palabras del texto y equivalentes), se consultaron 2 registros de trabajos finales de máster y tesis de doctorado (Fiocruz/ARCA y Universidad de São Paulo) y 4 bases de datos electrónicas diferentes: BVS/LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus y TOXLINE/NIH, para artículos publicados desde el año 1950, hasta febrero de 2018. No hubo restricciones de lengua y se usó la herramienta (EPHPP) para evaluar la calidad de los estudios incluidos. De acuerdo con los criterios preestablecidos, se recopilaron 80 estudios, todos observacionales (48 informes de casos, 24 estudios transversales, 6 series de casos, y 2 cohortes), que comprendieron a 9.284 personas. A pesar de que la mayoría de los expuestos (6.012) tenían un recuento normal de células sanguíneas y los efectos hematológicos del mercurio no parecían muy comunes (1.914 casos: 14 severos y 29 muertes), tres estudios informaron de la asociación (β) para anemia, linfopenia, neutrofilia y basofilia. Concluimos que la información recabada indicaba los efectos hematotóxicos del mercurio, algunos de los cuales pueden ser muy serios e incluso fatales.

Normoblastemia multinuclear en un recién nacido secundaria a hipoxia / Multinucleated normoblastemia in a newborn secondary to hypoxia

Es posible detectar normoblastos en los frotis de sangre periférica de los recién nacidos. En general, la cantidad de normoblastos por cada 100 leucocitos está en el intervalo de 0 a 10. Se observan con más frecuencia de lo usual ante una situación de hipoxia porque la hipoxia intrauterina aumenta la producción de eritrocitos. Sin embargo, no se había informado antes un caso de normoblastos multinucleados en un recién nacido a causa de la hipoxia. Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con normoblastos multinucleados secundarios a hipoxia intrauterina. Este caso es importante porque es la primera vez que se han detectado normoblastos multinucleados en el frotis de sangre periférica de un recién nacido hipóxico.

Normoblasts may be seen in peripheral blood smear of newborns. The number of normoblasts per 100 white blood cells is generally in the range of 0-10.They can be seen more common than usual in hypoxic condition, because intrauterine hypoxia increases the production of red blood cells. However, multinucleated normoblasts in a newborn caused by hypoxia haven't been reported before. We present a newborn with multinucleated normoblasts secondary to intrauterine hypoxia. This case is important; because it is the first time multinucleated normoblasts in peripheral blood smear of a hypoxic newborn has been detected.

A hundred years after the first article, a recollection: Cabot ring

No abstract available.

Clasificación de eritrocitos empleando modelos ocultos de Márkov / Red Blood cell classification with hidden Markov models

Se realiza un estudio del desempeño de los modelos ocultos de Márkov (HMM) en la clasificación morfológica supervisada de eritrocitos en muestras de sangre periférica de pacientes con anemia drepanocítica. Los contornos se representan de forma novedosa considerando las diferencias angulares en la curvatura de los puntos del mismo. El entrenamiento de cada modelo se realiza tanto con la descripción normal de los contornos como con la representación de la rotación de los mismos, para garantizar una mayor estabilidad en los parámetros estimados. Se desarrolla un proceso de validación cruzada de 5x1 para estimación del error. Se obtienen las medidas de sensibilidad, precisión y especificidad de la clasificación. Los mejores resultados en cuanto a sensibilidad se obtienen al clasificar eritrocitos pertenecientes a dos clases: normales (96 por ciento) y elongados (99 por ciento). Al considerar además una clase de eritrocitos con otras deformaciones los mejores resultados se obtienen realizando el entrenamiento de los modelos con la rotación de todos los contornos, que alcanzó sensibilidades de normales (94 por ciento), elongados (82 por ciento) y con otras deformaciones (76 por ciento)(AU)

A study of the performance of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) in morphologic supervised classification of erythrocytes in peripheral blood smears of patients with sickle cell disease is realized. Contours are represented in original way considering the angular differences in the curvature of the points of the same. The training of every model comes true with the normal description of the contours and with the representation of the rotation of the same, in order to guarantee a bigger stability in the esteemed parameters. A process of validation crossed of 5x1 for estimate of the error is developed. The measures of sensibility, precision and specificity of classification are obtained. The best results obtain when classifying erythrocytes in two classes, with sensibility values in normal of 96 percent and elongated 99 percent. In the classification of erythrocytes considering the class of other deformations better results obtain accomplishing the training of the models with the rotation of all the contours, that it attained sensibilities of normal (94 percent), elongated (82 percent) and with other deformations (76 percent)(AU)

[Effect of family-centered empowerment model [FCEM] on quality of life of mothers having teenagers with iron deficiency anemia]

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common hematological disease and like other chronic diseases affects different aspects of quality of life of patients and their mothers as their primary caregiver. The present study has been done in order to investigate the effect of [FCEM] on quality of life of mothers having teenagers with iron deficiency anemia in Tehran, 2013. This semi-experimental research was conducted after choosing 60 mothers of female teenager' with iron deficiency anemia and dividing them into two case and control groups through purposive sampling. The research tools included demographic; as well as, WHO Quality of Life-BREF [WHOQOL-BREF] questionnaires. FCEM was implemented in the case group and the post test was carried out 1.5 month after the end of the intervention. Before intervention the means of the quality of life in the case group and the control group were 54.63 +/- 6.89 and 54.50 +/- 7.66 respectively. Independent t-test showed no significant difference in the quality of life in mothers of adolescent girls between the two groups [P=0.94]; whereas, after the intervention the means of the quality of life in the case group and control groups were 60.13 +/- 4.20 and 54.46 +/- 7.09 respectively. Independent t-test showed a significant difference between the two groups in the mean of the quality of life [P<0.001]. In addition, paired t-test showed a significant difference before and after the intervention in the case group in the mean of the quality of life [P<0.001]. While, this difference was not significant in the control group [P=0.851]. Findings showed that the FCEM was effective in increasing the quality of life of mothers having adolescent with iron deficiency anemia. It is recommended that further studies be performed on the effectiveness of this model on other chronic diseases

Prevalence of sen virus infection in hemodialysis and blood diseased patients in Assiut university hospitals

SENV is a blood- borne, circular ss DNA virus and possessing nine genotypes [A to I]. Among nine genotypes, SENV-D and SENV-H genotypes have the strong link with patients with non [A-E] hepatitis infections .Recently, the identification of SEN virus [SENV] as a possible etiologic agent of parenteral transmission hepatitis let to the study of the prevalence of such agent. This study compared SENV prevalence and its two important genotypes [D and H] which might be pathogenic in high risk subjects including blood diseased patients and hemodialysis patients and low risk subjects as healthy blood donors. This study included 75 multitransfused patients, 60 of them were hemodialysis and the remaining were blood diseased including hemophilics, anemics and leukemics. The study included also 25 healthy blood donors as a control They were received consecutively at Department of Internal Medicine, Assiut University Hospital. The sera were separated and SENV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The results showed a higher prevalence of SENV infection in patients group than blood donors [46.7% versus 20%].No significant relation was found between SENV infection and age, duration of hemodialysis or liver enzymes. However, there was significant difference between SENV positive and negative patients as regards gender and number of blood transfusions. SENV is commonly present in blood diseased and hemodialysis patients attended to Assiut University Hospitals as well as in blood donors at variable rates. SENV infection has been found in only 20% of blood donors but in 46.7% of patients. The results also indicated that other possible routes of SENV infection other than blood transfusion may be included. Its pathogenic role in causing hepatitis is not documented, so far it can be considered as simple guest till further studies have been done

As relações interpessoais no cuidar do cliente em espaço onco-hematológico: uma contribuição do enfermeiro / The interpersonal relations in the take care of the client in onco-hematological space: a nurse's contribution

Durante minha trajetória profissional experenciando o cuidar de clientes portadores de doença onco-hematológica percebi a luta destes seres humanos pela vida e como a relação enfermeiro-cliente era vital para a realização do cuidado. O enfermeiro interage grande parte do tempo com esta clientela a qual percorre uma trajetória de re-internações e longos períodos de tratamento. Nesse sentido, entendendo que a relação interpessoal como uma condição importante para que o enfermeiro compreenda o outro em sua totalidade e preste um cuidado singular, delimitei como objeto de estudo as relações interpessoais do enfermeiro na ação de cuidar do cliente internado para tratamento onco-hematológico. Para tanto, o objetivo foi compreender o significado das relações interpessoais na ação de cuidar do enfermeiro junto ao cliente internado para tratamento onco-hematlógico. Trata-se de estudo de natureza qualitativa, cujo referencial teórico pautou-se nas concepções da fenomenologia sociológica de Alfred Schutz. O cenário de realização do estudo foi a enfermaria de Hematologia de um Hospital Universitário Federal do estado do Rio de Janeiro e os sujeitos foram todos os seis enfermeiros lotados nessa unidade. Antes da etapa de campo e em cumprimento aos princípios éticos da Resolução 196/96 do CNS que trata da pesquisa com seres humanos, o projeto foi submetido ao Comitê de Ética dessa instituição cenário do estudo, sendo aprovado com o Parecer nº 092/11. A captação das falas deu-se por meio de entrevista com a utilização das seguintes questões orientadoras: fale para mim sobre as ações que você desenvolve junto ao cliente internado para tratamento onco-hematológico; o que significam as relações interpessoais na ação de cuidar do cliente internado para tratamento onco-hematológico?; e o que você faz para que esta relação aconteça? A análise compreensiva das falas possibilitou a apreensão das categorias: cuidar através de procedimentos técnicos e científicos, orientando para o enfrentamento da doença e atender o paciente na perspectiva de suas necessidades estabelecendo a relação interpessoal entre enfermeiro e o cliente. O enfermeiro descreve as ações desenvolvidas junto ao cliente em tratamento onco-hematológico como um fazer técnico, rico em procedimentos, que tem em vista apoiar o cliente para enfrentar o tratamento difícil de uma doença grave, a partir de suas necessidades, estabelecendo uma relação íntima, transparente e forte, ocorrendo de forma espontânea e natural. Para estabelecer esta relação os enfermeiros utilizam estratégias como: a empatia, a brincadeira, o carinho, a confiança e a disponibilidade para promover o cuidado de enfermagem. As relações interpessoais se mostraram inerentes à ação de cuidar desse enfermeiro, ator social da equipe de saúde, o qual possui a disponibilidade para interagir com o cliente, transcendendo o aspecto tecnicista, fazendo parte de sua identidade profissional o constituinte relacional.

During my professional trajectory experiencing the take care of the clients with onco-hematological disease, I perceived the fight of these human beings for the life and how the nurse-client relationship was vital for the care realization. The nurse interacts much of the time with this clientele which comes a way of re-hospitalizations and long ways of treatment. In this sense, understanding that the interpersonal relation be an important condition so that the nurse understand the other in its totality and take a singular care I delineated as study object the nurse´ s interpersonal relations in the action of take care of the client hospitalized for onco-hematological treatment. For such, the objective was to understand the meaning of the interpersonal relationship in the action of take care of the nurse with the hospitalized client for onco-hematological treatment. It treats of study of qualitative nature, which theoretical reference based on the conceptions of the sociological phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. The Scenario of the study realization was the nursery of Hematology of a Federal University Hospital of the Rio de Janeiro state and the subjects were all the six (06), nurses placed in this unit. Before the field step and in compliance with the ethical principles of the 196/96 Resolution of the CNS that treats of the research with human beings, the project was submitted to the Ethical Committee of this institution scenario of this study, being approved with the Opinion n. 092/11. The speeches capture occurred by means of interview with the utilization of the following guiding questions: Talk to me about the actions that you develop with the hospitalized client for onco-hematological treatment. What means the interpersonal relationships in the action of take care of the hospitalized client for onco-hematological treatment? What do you do so that this relationship occurs? The comprehensive analysis of the speeches made possible the categories´ apprehension: To take care through technical and scientific procedures guiding to the confronting of the disease and Attend the patient in the perspective of its needs establishing the interpersonal relationship between nurse and the client. The nurse describes the actions developed with the client in onco-hematological treatment as a technical making, rich in procedures that have in view to support the client to confront the hard treatment of a serious disease, from its needs, establishing a close, transparent and strong relationship occurring in a spontaneous and natural way. To establish this relationship the nurses use strategies like: the empathy, the joke, the confidence, the availability to promote the care of nursing. The interpersonal relationships showed inherent to the action of take care of this nurse, social actor of the health team, which has the possibility to interact with the client, transcending the technicality aspect, being part of its professional identity the relational constituent.

Clinical Significance of Platelet Count at day +60 After Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Thrombocytopenia (TP) is a frequent complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and regarded as a poor prognostic factor, especially in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), although various factors were related to the development of TP after allogeneic SCT. Sixty-three patients receiving allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) were stratified according to platelet count (PC) at day +60 and analyzed in terms of overall survival (OS) and the incidence of non-relapse mortality (NRM). Ten patients (15.9%) were stratified in group 1 (PC or =80 x 10(9)/L). Group 3 was associated with lower incidence of extensive chronic GVHD (p=0.013), better 3-yr OS (p=0.0030), and lower NRM rate (p<0.0001). In multivariate analyses, the PC at day +60 was identified as an independent prognostic factor (p=0.003) together with CD34+ cell dose (p<0.001), disease risk (p=0.004), and acute GVHD (p=0.033) in terms of NRM, and the PC (p=0.047) and CD34+ cell dose (p=0.026) in terms of incidence of infectious events. Measuring the platelet count at day +60 is a simple method for predicting the risk of chronic GVHD development and prognosis after allogeneic PBSCT.

Oficina em Hemovigilância: investigação da transmissão de doenças pelo sanque: caderno pedagógico / Workshop on homosurveillance: investigation of diseases trasnmission through blood transfusion: pedagogic handbook

Esta publicação se propõe a auxiliar na capacitação de profissionais que atuam nas áreas de vigilância epidemiológica, de vigilância sanitária e dos serviços de hemoterapia nas esferas estadual e municipal. Contribui, também, para a integração das práticas de hemovigilância na investigação dos incidentes de transfusão de sangue infecciosos e parasitários no Brasil

Manual técnico de hemovigilância / Technical manual of hemosurveillance

O Sistema de Hemovigilância visa a aumentar a segurança nas transfusões sangüíneas, dedicando atenção particular aos incidentes transfusionais. Este manual apresenta as normas técnicas de hemovigilância, cuja implantação promoverá a operacionalização de um sistema ágil e eficaz, capaz de coordenar, processar e analisar a informação notificada e de permitir ações de correção e prevenção dos incidentes transfusionais

Significance of haematological manifestations in patients with tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in India. Haematological changes associated with tuberculosis have been incompletely investigated. To the best of our knowledge, there is no comprehensive study assessing the haematological abnormalities in these patients from the Indian subcontinent. In the present study, we have compared peripheral blood and bone marrow findings in patients with disseminated/miliary tuberculosis (DTB/MTB) as well as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). An attempt has also been made to assess the effect of antituberculosis therapy on the haematologic abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty two patients with disseminated/miliary tuberculosis and 23 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were prospectively studied to determine the various haematological manifestations in tuberculosis and the effect of antituberculosis therapy. All patients received standard antituberculosis treatment. They were subjected to a detailed haemogram including peripheral blood examination, which was repeated on completion of antituberculosis therapy. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy was also done in all patients before starting antituberculosis treatment. RESULTS: Normocytic normochromic anaemia was the most common abnormality observed in all the groups and subgroups (DTB/MTB 84%, PTB 86%). Other haematological abnormalities of the white blood cells include leucopenia (DTB/MTB 25%, PTB 0%; p < 0.02), neutropenia (DTB/MTB 22%, PTB 0%; p < 0.04), lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis. Pancytopenia was observed only in patients with disseminated/miliary tuberculosis (p < 0.05). Thrombocytopenia was more common in patients with disseminated/miliary tuberculosis (p < 0.007), whereas thrombocytosis was more common in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (p < 0.04). The patients of disseminated/miliary tuberculosis with granulomas in the bone marrow had certain significant differences as compared to patients without granulomas. These patients showed severe anaemia, peripheral monocytopenia and bone marrow histiomonocytosis. The haemogram reverted to normal with antituberculosis therapy in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the varied haematological abnormalities observed in patients with tuberculosis in this part of the world, it is concluded that the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis should be entertained in patients with varied haematological disorders.

Bisalbuminemia: an interesting electrophoretic abnormality--a report of two cases.

We hereby report two cases of Bisalbuminemia for its extreme rarity in Indian literature. In an attempt to look for 'M' component, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of serum displayed observation. The saline eluates of the slower (variant in our cases) and the faster component showed a reaction of complete identify in the agar gel double diffusion test when tested against monospecific antialbumin antibody. The immunoelectrophoretic analysis also confirmed the antigenic similarity between the two fractions. A wider use of disc electrophoresis perhaps would disclose additional cases of Bisalbuminemia in normals and in disease states.

Effect of chemotherapy on thyroid hormone concentration in patients with malignant hematologic diseases

Malignant hematologic diseases are severe illnesses for which complex forms of treatment are used and to wich a great variety of metabolic changes are anticipated. Both lymphomas and leukemias, as well as chemotherapy, can induce abnormalities in thyroid hormone metabolism without overt disease, thus leading to what is know as euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS). In the present report, 25 patients with lymphoma and leukemias were studied to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on thyroid hormone concentration. After chemotherapy, the most frequent and significant alteration was a decrease in serum triiodothyronine concentration

Evaluación de la validez y precisión del hemograma automatizado (CELL-DYN 1600) en enfermedades hematológicas

Objetivo: Evaluar la validez y presición del hemograma analizado automáticamente por el sistema CELL-DYN 1600, en enfermedades hematológicas

Study of sex ratios, ABO and Rh blood groups distribution in some hematological and lymphatics diseases in Iran

Associations of some hematological and lymphatic diseases with sex and ABO and Rh blood groups were studied in 2579 patients, compared with a control group of 126332 individuals, by the use of clinical as well as laboratory findings, in Tehran. Highly significant increase of male/female ratio is shown in acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, aplastic anaemia and paroxismal nocturnal haematuria. Idiopathic thrombocy'topoenic purpura shows a decrease of this ration. In chronic myelocytic leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia, group 0 has the highest incidence, followed by groups A and B, and group AB has the lowest incidence. Between various diseases, the highest frequency of blood group A was went observed in Hodgkin's disease, and the lowest in NHL. Group B had highest frequency within PNH patients and the lowest in NHL. Group 0 had the highest In AML patients there is a significant decrease of Rh negative patient 17.15%]. The highest incidence of Rh negative was among the SA patients [18.18%] and the lowest in MM [3.70%]