Incidencia y factores asociados a sepsis en victimas quemadas internadas en un hospital brasileño / Incidence and factors associated with sepsis in burned victims admitted to a Brazilian hospital

OBJETIVO: Conocer la incidencia de sepsis y los factores asociados en las víctimas de quemaduras. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, en que el diagnóstico de sepsis fue confirmado por los criterios de definición de sepsis de la Asociación Americana de Quemaduras. Se investigó la asociación entre sepsis y las características del paciente, las quemaduras y el tiempo de hospitalización. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de sepsis fue 14,5% (n=27) de los pacientes y 77,7% (n=21) evolucionaron para alta hospitalaria. La incidencia de sepsis fue asociada con el porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada mayor que 10% (p<0,001) y una estadía hospitalaria mayor que 10 días (p<0,001). La mortalidad fue mayor en pacientes con sepsis (p=0,002). Hubo un cambio en la frecuencia de prescripción de antimicrobianos con el diagnóstico de sepsis, algunos foram prescritos solamente antes (ciprofloxacina, cefalotina, ceftriaxona, amoxicilina y gentamicina) y otros solamente durante el episodio de sepsis (tigeciclina, piperacilina y tazobactam, fluconazol y linezolida). CONCLUSIÓN: La incidencia de sepsis fue baja y está asociada con muerte. Se identifico que, el porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada y la duración de la estadía hospitalaria, están significativamente asociados con la incidencia de sepsis. La sepsis cambió el perfil del uso de antimicrobianos.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of sepsis and factors associated with casualties of burns. METHODS: This is a retrospective study, in which the diagnosis of sepsis was confirmed by the criteria for definition of sepsis of the American Association of Burns. If we investigate the association between sepsis and patient characteristics, burns and hospitalization time. RESULTS: The incidence of sepsis was 14.5% (n=27) of patients and 77.7% (n=21) evolved to hospital discharge. The incidence of sepsis was associated with a body surface area percentage greater than 10% (p<0.001) and a greater state than 10 days (p <0.001). Mortality was higher in patients with sepsis (p=0.002). There was the change of antimicrobial profile. Same medicines was used only before the diagnosis (ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin and gentamicin) and other only after the sepsis diagnosis (tigecycline, piperacillin and tazobactam, fluconazol and linezolida). CONCLUSION: The incidence of sepsis is low and is associated with the disease. It has been found that the percentage of body surface burned and the length of hospital stay is significantly associated with the incidence of sepsis. The sepsis causes the change of antimicrobial use profile.

Avaliação das complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes idosos submetidos à parotidectomia / Evaluation of postoperative complications in elderly patients submitted to parotidectomy

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar subtipos histológicos mais incidentes e as principais complicações pós-operatórias em pacientes idosos portadores de tumor de parótida e submetidos à parotidectomia. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de 57 pacientes idosos submetidos à parotidectomia, no período de 2003 a 2017, no Hospital Municipal São José de Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados: trinta e três (57,9%) pacientes tinham tumores benignos, sendo o mais frequente o tumor de Warthin, e 17(29,8%) tumores malignos, sendo o carcinoma escamoso o mais frequente. Sete (12,3%) pacientes evoluíram com complicações clínicas, sendo a labilidade pressórica e as complicações respiratórias as mais incidentes em quatro (7%) e três (5,3%) casos, respectivamente. Treze (22,1%) pacientes apresentaram complicações cirúrgicas relacionadas à ferida operatória, sendo o hematoma e a infecção de ferida as mais incidentes, com seis (10,5%) casos cada. Vinte e quatro (42,1%) pacientes tiveram algum grau de disfunção do nervo facial no pós-operatório, sendo o grau III de Brackman-House, em 11 casos (19,3%), o mais frequente. O tempo cirúrgico e a linfadenectomia mostraram associação com complicações clínicas. As principais variáveis que apresentaram associação com complicações cirúrgicas foram: tamanho do tumor, tempo cirúrgico mais longo, reoperação e volume de infusão de cristaloides no transoperatório. Conclusão: as neoplasias parotídeas apresentam perfil diferenciado na população idosa, destacando-se o tumor de Warthin e o carcinoma escamoso. Hematoma e infecção da ferida operatória, e as lesões do nervo facial foram as complicações mais prevalentes no pós-operatório.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the most incident histological subtypes and the main postoperative complications in elderly patients with parotid tumors submitted to parotidectomy. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study with 57 elderly patients submitted to parotidectomy from 2003 to 2017, at the São José County Hospital of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results: thirty-three (57.9%) patients had benign tumors, the most frequent being Warthin's tumor, and 17 (29.8%), malignant tumors, squamous cell carcinoma being the most frequent. Seven patients (12.3%) presented clinical complications, arterial pressure instability and respiratory complications being the most frequent, in four (7%) and three (5.3%) cases, respectively. Thirteen (22.1%) patients presented complications related to the surgical wound, hematoma and wound infection being the most frequent, with six (10.5%) cases each. Twenty-four (42.1%) patients had some degree of facial nerve dysfunction in the postoperative period, Brackman-House grade III being the most frequent, in 11 cases (19.3%). Surgical time and lymphadenectomy were associated with clinical complications. The main variables that showed an association with surgical complications were tumor size, longer surgical time, reoperation, and perioperative crystalloid infusion volume. Conclusion: parotid neoplasms present a differentiated profile in the elderly population, especially Warthin's tumor and squamous cell carcinoma. Hematoma and infection of the operative wound and facial nerve lesions were the most prevalent complications in the postoperative period.

Síndrome hemofagocítico secundario a infecciones graves en un quemado / Secondary hemophagocytic syndrome due to recurrent infections in a severely burned patient

El síndrome hemofagocítico constituye una entidad infrecuente, heterogénea, subdiagnosticada, y muchas veces fatal. En los casos secundarios, los desencadenantes pueden ser numerosos, tales como infecciones, fármacos, enfermedades autoinmunes y neoplasias. El mecanismo fisiopatogénico se explica por la presencia de una función disminuida o defectuosa de células NK y linfocitos T citotóxicos, que resulta en una activación inmune inefectiva y descontrolada, conduciendo al daño celular, falla multiorgánica y proliferación macrofágica con hemofagocitosis. Existen diferentes opciones terapéuticas, mayormente combinaciones de citostáticos y esteroides, cuyo objetivo es la supresión de la respuesta inmune descontrolada. Ocasionalmente, la condición clínica de algunos pacientes con síndrome hemofagocítico impide la utilización de esquemas terapéuticos intensivos. Comunicamos el caso de un paciente quemado grave, que reúne los criterios diagnósticos de síndrome hemofagocítico, quien presentó una evolución favorable con el tratamiento combinado de esteroides e inmunoglobulinas endovenosas.

The hemophagocytic syndrome represents an infrequent, occasionally misdiagnosed and usually fatal heterogeneous entity. Infections, drugs, autoimmune diseases and cancer are often triggers of the secondary hemophagocytic syndrome. Its physiopathogenic mechanism is explained by an impaired and inefficacious function of the NK and T cytotoxic cells that leads to an ineffective and uncontrolled immune response, inducing cellular damage, multiorganic failure with macrophage proliferation and hemophagocytosis. The main objective of the different therapeutic options, commonly combinations of steroids and chemotherapy, is the suppression of the uncontrolled immune response. Occasionally, the clinical condition of some patients represents a contraindication for intensive treatment. We report a case of a severely burned patient that fulfilled the revised criteria for the hemophagocytic syndrome and was successfully treated with the combination of intravenous immunoglobulins and steroids.

Infecciones en niños quemados / Infections in children with burn injuries

La infección es una causa muy importante como factor de complicaciones y como determinante en las consideracio-nes de alto riesgo, especialmente en niños de corta edad. Enfermería cumple un rol esencial y, en el cual, no escatima esfuerzos para el logro de un excelente resultado, en beneficio de la sobrevida y la calidad de vida, la misma estará deter-minada primordialmente por la infección, y el pronostico del niño quemado. La incidencia de complicaciones infecciosas es directamente proporcional al porcentaje de la quemadura, relacionada con la profundidad de la misma. El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar conocimientos actualizados a través de una búsqueda bibliográfica disponible y de nuestra experiencia en la atención de los niños quemados, nos refe-riremos a la flora encontrada mas frecuentemente en nuestra unidad y los cuidados efectuados para prevenir y/o dismi-nuir la contaminación o infección en los niños atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de pacientes quemados.

The infection is a cause very important as factor of complica-tions and a determining factor in considera-tions of high risk, especially in young children. Nursing plays an essential role and, which spares no effort for the achievement of an excel-lent result, for the benefit in survival and quality of life, it will be determined primarily by the infection, and the prognosis of the burned child. The incidence of infectious complications is directly proportional to the percentage of the burn, the depth of it-related. The objective of this work is to provide updated through a literature search available knowledge and experience in the care of burned children, we refer to the flora found more frequently in our unit and care incurred to prevent or reduce pollution or infection in children treated at the unit of pediatric intensive care of burned patients.

Prospective analysis of nosocomial infections in a Burn Care Unit, Turkey.

Background & objectives: Prevention of infection in burned patients poses a great challenge as infection is the most common cause of mortality after burn injury. An analysis of burned patients, admitted and treated between January 2004 and December 2005 in a nine-bed burn unit in Turkey, was performed prospectively to identify the common pathogens and incidence of nosocomial infection in these patients. Methods: Of the 182 burn cases admitted to Burn Care Unit during the study period, 169 met the inclusion criteria. Information related to nosocomial infection (NI) was collected. Samples were collected for culture and microorganisms isolated were tested for antimicrobial sensitivity. Results: Of the 169 burn patients, 127 acquired 166 nosocomial infection (NI) (15.7% pneumonia, 56.0% burn wound infection, 8.4% urinary tract infection and 19.9% blood stream infection) with an overall NI rate of 18.2 per 1000 patient-days. The mean age (38 ± 21 yr), the mean length of hospitalization (45.06 ± 11.67 days) and the total burned surface area (TBSA) (34.58 ± 18.46%) of the patients with NI were higher than those of the patients with non NI (23 ± 17 yr), (16.38 ± 11.14 days) and (12.44± 8.69%) (P=0.03, P=0.001, P=0.01) respectively. By multiple logistic regression analysis, TBSA co-morbidities, broad spectrum antibiotic usage and invasive devices usage were significantly related to acquisition of NI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (57%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21%) and Staphylococcus aureus (14%) were the most common resistant organisms isolated. Interpretation & conclusion: Our findings emphasize the need for careful disinfection and more strict infection control procedures in areas that serve immunosupressed individuals, such as burn patients.

Animal related injuries to the troops in field

To determine the mechanism and pattern of animal related injuries in the troops deployed in field. A hospital based observational study. Main Dressing Station Kotli Azad Kashmir from Jan 2004 to Jan 2006 An observational hospital based study was carried out on all the patients who reported to the Main Dressing Station [MDS] between Jan 2004 to Jan 2006. The data was collected by using hospital information system. A performa was developed after review of literature which included necessary information related to patient's age, sex, type of injury and species of animal involved. The information collected was analyzed in detail. Laskin and Donhouel classification was used to classify wounds. A total of 48 patients were reviewed. These were all males and the mean age was 25 years. Thirty three [69%] patients had soft tissue injuries, 7 [15%] had fractures, 5 [10%] had head injury and 3 [6%] had abdominal injury. Mule kick injuries occurred in 37[77%] patients, dog bite in 7[15%] cases and donkey bite in 4[8%] cases. Troops deployed in the field are exposed to the hazard of animal related injuries which can be fatal at times. The complex nature of these injuries entails early and appropriate management in order to achieve satisfactory outcome and prevent complications. Prevention strategies include proper animal handling techniques based upon animal behavior and the appropriate use of well designed confinement facilities

Análisis de costos de infecciones intrahospitalarias en servicios de hospitalización tipo IV / Cost analysis of nosocomial infections in hospital type IV

La presente investigación analiza el costo de infecciones hospitalarias en los servicios de cirugía, medicina crítica y obstetricia del hospital central San Cristóbal durante el 2006. Es un estudio descriptivo de campo, transversal y retrospectivo, con una población corfomada por 10783 historias clìnicas de pacientes hospitalizados en los servicios seleccionados para el estudio, la muestra quedó representanda por 50 historias clínicas, donde se confirmó la presencia de infección hospitalaria; no identificándose casos en el servicio de medicina crítica. Utilizando técnicas de estadísticas descriptivas, prueba de CHi2 y el programa del sistema de información de gestión hospitalaria. Los microorganismos más frecuente fue la escherichia coli, staphicocus y pseudomonas; el área de infección más frecuente fueron las heridas operatorias. El costo por alta en cirugía fue 23 veces mayor que en los no infectados y 8 veces mayor en obstetricia. El costo del servicio fue de 34, 5 por ciento del total de gastos en cirugía y de 0,7 por ciento para obstetricia. El promedio de estadia y el intervalo de sustitución presentaron valores superiores a la norma establecida por el Ministerio de Salud.

Bacterial infections in burn patients at a burn hospital in Iran.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The major challenge for a burn team is nosocomial infection in burn patients, which is known to cause over 50% of burn deaths. Most studies on infection in burn patients focus on burn wound infection, whereas other nosocomial infections in these patients are not well described. We undertook this study to determine three types of nosocomial infections viz., burn wound infection, urinary tract infection, and blood stream infection in burn patients in a burn hospital in Iran. METHODS: During the one year period (May 2003 to April 2004), 182 patients were included in this study. Blood, urine and wound biopsy samples were taken 7 and 14 days after admission to Taleghani Burn hospital. Isolation and identification of microorganisms was done using the standard procedure. Disk diffusion test were performed for all the isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility. RESULTS: Of the 182 patients, 140 (76.9%) acquired at least one type of infection of the 140, 116 patients (82.8%) were culture positive on day 7 while 24 (17.2%) on 14 days after admission. Primary wound infection was most common (72.5%), followed by blood stream (18.6%) and urinary tract infections (8.9 %). The microorganisms causing infections were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.2%), and Acinetobacter baumanni (10.4%). Among these isolates P. aeruginosa was found to be 100 per cent resistant to amikacin, gentamicin , carbenicillin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin and ceftazidime; 58 per cent of S. aureus and 60 per cent of coagulase negative Staphylococcus were methicillin resistant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: High prevalence of nosocomial infections and the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria, and methicillin resistant S. aureus in patients at Taleghani Burn Hospital suggest continuous surveillance of burn infections and develop strategies for antimicrobial resistance control and treatment of infectious complications.

Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy in the management of wound infection following renal transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: Wound infection in the setting of immunosuppressed state such as renal transplantation (RT) causes significant morbidity from sepsis, prolongs hospital stay and is expensive. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy is a new technique of management of wound based on the principle of application of controlled negative pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of VAC therapy in the management of wound infection following RT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study of a cohort of 180 consecutive RTs performed over a period of 4 years, where the data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained computerised database and case-notes. RESULTS: 9 of 180 (5%) patients developed wound infection following RT which led to cavitations and dehiscence with copious discharge, and refused to heal with conventional treatment. All 9 cases were treated with VAC therapy. The VAC system was removed after a median of 9 (range 3-30) days when discharge from the wound ceased. Four patients were discharged home with portable VAC device and managed on an outpatient basis, where the system was removed after a median 5.5 (range 3-7) days. The median hospital stay after initiation of VAC therapy was significantly shorter (5, range 2-12 days) than on conventional treatment prior to VAC therapy (11, range, 5-20 days) (p=0.003). Complete healing was achieved in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The use of VAC therapy is an effective and safe adjunct to conventional and established treatment modalities for the management of wound infection and dehiscence following RT. Key words: Renal transplantation, wound infection, vacuum-assisted closure therapy.

Lesiones vasculares: aspectos epidemiológicos y tratamiento Hospital "Luis Razetti" Barinas estado Barinas / Vascular injuries: epidemiological aspects and treatment Hospital Dr. Luis Razetti, Barinas-estado Barinas

Evaluar los aspectos epidemiológicos y el manejo de las lesiones vasculares periféricas, abdominales y cervicales. Estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico, de los pacientes con diagnóstico de lesiones vasculares intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre enero del 2001 a diciembre del 2005, en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital General Dr. "luis Razetti", Barinas, Estado Barinas. Un total de 71 pacientes fueron intervenidos de emergencia con diagnóstico de lesión vascular, siendo las más frecuentes las periféricas 57,74 por ciento (41 casos). La edad promedio fue 27,7 años predominio del sexo masculino. El mecanismo de lesión más frecuente fue por arma de fuego (43 casos). La presentación clínica usual fue hemorragia en el 40,8 por ciento de los casos y la complicación más frecuente fue edema con 23,94 por ciento, el porcentaje de amputación fue del 3,12 por ciento. El tratamiento quirúrgico más efectuado fue la reparación (injerto safeno o anastomosis primaria) en 23,94 por ciento y 16,9 por ciento, respectivamente. La mortalidad global fue del 25,5 por ciento; 83,3 por ciento de esta fue por causa de shock hipovolémico. Los traumatismos vasculares constituyen una emergencia quirúrgica, causa frecuente de mortalidad, que afecta predominantemente a pacientes en edad productiva. Es un problema complejo y desafiante que es atendido la mayoría de las veces por el cirujano general. Los centros hospitalarios deben contar con la infraestructura mínima para resolver estas lesiones, y de esta manera disminuir la morbi-mortalidad.

A Case of Chromobacterium Infection after Car Accident in Korea

Chromobacterium violaceum is a gram negative straight rod, 0.8-1.2 by 2.5 to 6.0 m, which is motile by one polar flagella and one to four lateral flagella. The organism inhabits soil and water and is often found in semitropical and tropical climates. Infections in humans are rare. We report a case of infection caused by strains of C. violaceum. A 38-year-old male patient was admitted to KyungHee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea on July 28th, 2003, after a car accident. The patient had multiple trauma and lacerations. He had an open wound in the left tibial area from which C. violaceum was isolated. The strain was resistant to ampicillin, tobramycin, ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftriaxone and cefepime, but was susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and piperacillin/tazobactam. The patient was treated successfully by debridement, cephapirin sodium and astromicine sulfate.

Animal bites: the current management guidelines.

Rabies is a major public health problem in India. It is mainly transmitted by stray dogs, which form an overwhelming population in the country. Dogs are responsible for upto 95% of animal bites requiring antirabies treatment. In view of the exceptionally high fatality rate of human rabies, the prevention of infection after exposure is of utmost importance. With the availability of safe and effective tissue culture vaccines prevention of this dreaded disease is virtually assured by immediate and appropriate post exposure treatment. This is a three pronged approach including proper wound management, judicious use of antirabies serum and modern tissue culture vaccines. In India, Neural Tissue Vaccine is still used for post exposure treatment in public sector, though effective, this vaccine has serious side effects. The production and use of tissue culture vaccine should be encouraged with the aim to phase out neural tissue vaccine. WHO recommends use of intradermal route of inoculation of Tissue Culture Vaccine which makes the treatment very economical. However, this route as yet, is not approved by Drug Controller, Government of India (DCGI). There are no uniform guidelines for management of animal bite cases in India. In this article an attempt is made to discuss various aspects of animal bite management.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency is a rare syndrome with autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. An eleven-month-old boy, whose parents were first degree relatives, was referred to clinic with recurrent episodes of pneumonia, otitis and extensive necrotic wounds of perianal area since neonatal period. His umbilical cord had separated 30 days after birth. Laboratory findings included marked leukocytosis, chemotaxis abnormality, and very low levels of CD 11 (0.5%) and CD 18 (2%). Leukocyte Adhesion Defect (LAD) is rare genetic defect of a group of leukocyte membrane glycoproteins. LAD affects nearly one out of every million individuals and is characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections of skin and mucous membranes, diminished pus formation, delayed umbilical cord separation, granulocytosis, poor wound healing and progressive periodontitis. This is the first report of a case of LAD in Isfahan of Iran.

Uso de antibióticoterapia posoperatoria en pacientes con apendicitis aguda en fase flegmonosa / Postoperative antibiotic use in patients with acute appendicitis flegmonous phase

Con la finalidad de determinar si existen beneficios al utilizar antibióticoterapia posoperatoria en pacientes con apendicitis aguda en fase flegmonosa, se realizó un estudio prospectivo y aleatorio evaluando 63 pacientes con dicho diagnóstico. Los pacientes se incluyeron aleatoriamente en 2 grupos y en todos los casos se administró una dosis preoperatoria de antibióticos (amikacina más metronidazol). En el grupo 1, de 32 pacientes, se administró antibióticoterapia posoperatoria. Se excluyeron los pacientes con diagnóstico intraoperatorio distinto a apendicitis aguda flegmonosa, así como aquellos que presentaron enfermedades debilitantes del sistema inmunológico. Se evaluó la evolución posoperatoria y sus complicaciones con seguimiento de 1 mes. Servicio de Cirugía IV. Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Predominó el sexo masculino con un 65,4 por ciento de los casos, y el grupo etario entre los 10 y 30 años correspondió al 79,3 por ciento de los pacientes. Se presentaron complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con la herida operatoria en dos casos, un paciente para cada grupo, lo que equivale al 3,1 por ciento, con una mortalidad de 0 por ciento. El uso de antibióticoterapia posoperatoria en pacientes con apendicitis aguda en fase flegmonosa no disminuyó el índice de complicaciones infecciosas, por lo tanto recomendamos que la antibióticoterapia en estos pacientes se limite al preoperatorio.

Fungal infection of burn wounds in patients with open and occlusive treatment methods

Fungal infection of burn wounds was investigated in a prospective study of 130 patients managed either with open or occlusive treatment methods. In all, 30 fungal isolates were recovered from 26 patients all of whom had bacterial infection also, except for one patient. The predominant fungi recovered were Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp. Fungal infection was more common in patients treated with open dressing [25.5%] than occlusive dressing [16.0%]. Fungal culture from tissue specimens gave a better isolation rate of fungi than from cotton swab specimens

Management of a single typhoid perforation: a comparative study of simple closure and wedge resection

Typhoid enteric perforation is a common surgical problem in our country and various methods of its treatment are unsatisfactory. 1. To compare the results of simple closure and wedge resection. 2. To evaluate and compare the post-operative complication. DESIGN: Prospective study SETTING: Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. PERIOD: June 1994 to March 1996. PATIENTS: 49 Laparotomy proven patients of single typhoid perforation. METHODS: Sequentially one patient was treated by simple closure and other by wedge resection. Repair failure, intestinal fistula, burst abdomen, superficial wound infection and intra-peritoneal abscess formation were compared following these two procedures. Complications after simple closure were wound infection 33%, leakage from repair 21%, wound dehiscence 37% and residual abscess 25% as compared to wedge resection where these complications were 8%, 4%, 4% and 8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Wedge resection is superior to simple closure and is recommended as the procedure of choice in solitary typhoid perforation