Histomorphological, Histochemical and Ultrastructural Studies on the Healthy Liver of Yemen Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) in Southern Saudi Arabia / Estudios Histomorfológicos, Histoquímicos y Ultraestructurales en el Hígado Sano del Camaleón Velado de Yemen (Chamaeleo calyptratus) en el Sur de Arabia Saudita

SUMMARY: The livers of reptiles are being studied as a model for the link between the environment and hepatic tissue. There have been few investigations on the histology of reptile livers, and very few or no studies have examined the histology of liver of veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). This paper describes the histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of the liver of veiled chameleons in southern Saudi Arabia. Seven Chamaeleo calyptratus were captured in the summer season in Abha City, Aseer region, southern Saudi Arabia. Chamaeleon liver samples were processed for histomorphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure analyses. Morphologically liver of Chamaeleo calyptratus was observed as a large dark brown organ with lighter speckles, which represent melanin deposits. It located at the ventral part of abdominal cavity forward of the stomach. Its dimensions approximately were 3.7 x 2 cm. The liver was a bilobed organ divided into two lobes, right and left lobes. The right one was bigger than the others. The gallbladder was well developed and had an elongated shape, situated between the two lobes and contained the bile for the digestion. Microscopically, the liver was found to be covered by a thick layer of connective tissue, which formed the hepatic capsule. Hepatic parenchyma probably appeared in cross sections as hepatic glandular-like alveoli "acini" or follicular structures with various diameters, each acinus contains approximately four to six hepatocytes, surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries filled with abundant melanomacrophages, which are absent in birds and mammals. Melanomacrophages are common in the hepatic parenchyma's perisinusoidal areas, particularly near portal spaces. Hepatocytes are polyhedral or pyramidal with and mostly contained large, rounded nuclei mostly peripherally located, with prominent dark oval nucleoli. Some of nuclei are eccentric or central position. The cytoplasm appeared spongy or vacuolated and more eosinophilic when stained by hematoxylin-eosin and strongly reactive to PAS staining technique, indicating abundant glycogen content. The reticular fibers that surround hepatocytes, blood arteries, and sinusoids supported the hepatic parenchyma. The blood sinusoids are seen interspersed among hepatocytes of varying sizes. The sinusoidal lumen was bordered by flattened endothelial cells and includes elliptical nucleated erythrocytes and liver macrophages as phagocytes, which are also known as Kupffer cells. Branches of the portal vein, hepatic artery, small bile duct, and lymph vessels were detected in the hepatic portal area "tract" or triad which made up of connective. Hematopoietic tissue was observed in subcapsular region and portal triads. Ultrastructurally, the hepatocyte appeared polyhedric containing a single large rounded basal or eccentric vesicular nucleus with prominent nucleolus. Extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) often arranged in an array parallel to the nuclear membrane with many mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus were described. The cytoplasm contained glycogen granules, vesicles or vacuoles scattered throughout the cytoplasm especially at the apical region were reported. The bile canaliculi and the hepatic "Kupffer" cells were also discussed. This is the first study on the histological characterization of the healthy liver of Yemen veiled chameleon in southern Saudi Arabia. The findings reported here should be used as a reference to compare with the pathological abnormalities of the liver in this animal.

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Avaliação do comportamento das fibras colágenas periodontais durante a progressão da periodontite experimental em ratos / Evaluation of the behaviour of periodontal collagen fibers during the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats

Introdução: A periodontite é uma doença infecto-inflamatória, resultante da disbiose microbiana e da resposta do hospedeiro, que leva à destruição dos tecidos de suporte dentário, inclusive das fibras colágenas periodontais, podendo culminar na perda do elemento dental. Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento das fibras colágenas periodontais durante a progressão da periodontite experimental induzida em ratos. Material e método: Doze ratos Wistar foram distribuídos nos grupos: Controle (C), Periodontite Experimental 14-dias (PE-14d), Periodontite Experimental 21-dias (PE-21d) e Periodontite Experimental 42-dias (PE-42d). No dia 0, os animais do grupo C foram eutanasiados. Neste mesmo dia, os animais remanescentes foram submetidos à instalação de uma ligadura de algodão ao redor do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo para indução da periodontite experimental. Tais animais foram eutanasiados aos 14 (PE-14d), 21 (PE-21d) e 42 (PE-42d) dias após a instalação da ligadura. Executou-se o processamento histológico das hemimandíbulas e as secções foram submetidas à reação histoquímica pelo vermelho picro-sirius. A análise qualitativa descritiva foi realizada sob microscopia de luz polarizada, na região de furca dental, evidenciando as fibras do ligamento periodontal. Resultado: O grupo C exibiu feixes espessos e orientados de fibras colágenas maduras, condizentes com aspecto de normalidade. Os grupos com periodontite experimental exibiram desestruturação tecidual severa, com fibras colágenas imaturas e de menor espessura, sendo tais condições mais exacerbadas nos grupos PE-14d e PE-21d. Conclusão: As fases iniciais da periodontite apresentam caráter agudo e, portanto, resultam na rápida destruição dos tecidos periodontais de suporte, prejudicando potencialmente a fibrilogênese e a reestruturação do colágeno no ligamento periodontal.

Introduction: Periodontitis is an infectious-inflammatory disease resulting from microbial dysbiosis and host response that leads to the destruction of tooth support tissues, including periodontal collagen fibers, which may culminate in tooth loss. Objective: To evaluate the behavior of periodontal collagen fibers during the progression of induced experimental periodontitis in rats. Material and method: Twelve Wistar rats were distributed into groups: Control (C), 14-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-14d), 21-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-21d) and 42-days Experimental Periodontitis (PE-42d). At day 0, the animals of group C were euthanized. At the same day, the remaining animals were submitted to the installation of a cotton ligature around the lower left first molar for the induction of experimental periodontitis. The animals were euthanized at 14 (PE-14d), 21 (PE-21d) and 42 (PE-42d) days after the installation of ligature. Histological processing of the hemi-mandibles was performed and the sections underwent histochemical reaction using picro-sirius red. The descriptive qualitative analysis was performed under polarized light microscopy, in the dental furcation region, evidencing the fibers of the periodontal ligament. Result: Group C exhibited thick and oriented bundles of mature collagen fibers, consistent with a normal appearance. The groups with experimental periodontitis exhibited severe tissue disruption, with immature and thinner collagen fibers, with such conditions being more exacerbated in the PE-14d and PE-21d groups. Conclusion: The early stages of periodontitis present acute response, and therefore result in rapid destruction of periodontal support tissues and potentially impair fibrillogenesis and collagen restructuring in the periodontal ligament.

¿Los Quistes Periradiculares Dependen de la Infección Endodóntica? / ¿Radicular Cysts Depend on Endodontic Infection?

Los quistes periradiculares, tanto los de bolsillo como los verdaderos, son de origen inflamatorio; sin embargo, en la literatura ha existido una gran controversia asociada, en primer lugar, a la dependencia de la infección contenida dentro del sistema de conductos radiculares y, en segundo lugar, al tipo de tratamiento endodóntico llevado a cabo en este tipo de lesiones. Con el fin de dilucidar esta controversia se realizará una revisión a la literatura sobre quistes perira diculares donde se explicará cuál es la técnica más adecuada en el diagnóstico de quistes verdaderos y de bolsillo. Igualmente, se explicará la teoría de autosustentabilidad, así como el tratamiento endodóntico de grandes lesiones periradiculares asociadas a dichos quistes. Ahora bien, en la actualidad se ha demostrado que ambos quistes están asociados a infecciones contenidas en el sistema de conductos radiculares y son diferentes solamente en su morfología. Así mismo, se ha recomendado el tratamiento de conducto convencional en dientes con grandes lesiones asociadas a quistes.

Radicular cysts, either the pocket or the true cysts, are originated by an inflammation. However, in the literature, there has been great controversy surrounding, firstly, the dependence of the infection contained within the radicular conducts and, secondly, the kind of endodontic treatment performed in this sort of injury. In order to clarify this controversy, the literature concerning radicular cysts will be reviewed and it will be explained what technique is the most appropriate for diagnosing true cysts and pocket cysts. Likewise, the theory of self-sustaining, as well as the endodontic treatment for large radicular injuries associated to such cysts, will be further explained. Nonetheless, nowadays it has been demonstrated that both cysts are associated to infections contained within the system of radicular conducts and that they are only morphologically different. In addition, the root canal treatment has been recommended for teeth with great injuries associated to cysts.

Liver structural injury in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice: lipogenesis, fibrogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis / Lesión estructural del hígado en ratones con deficiencia de leptina (ob/ob): lipogénesis, fibrogénesis, inflamación y apoptosis

SUMMARY: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) might progress the steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), reaching a cirrhosis state and possibly hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver of three-month-old C57BL/6J mice (wild-type, WT group, n=10) and leptin- deficient obese mice (ob/ob group, n=10) were studied, focusing on the mechanisms associated with the activation of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and pro-fibrogenesis. The obese ob/ob animals' liver showed steatosis, increased lipogenesis gene expressions, inflammation, increased pro-inflammatory gene expressions, inflammatory infiltrate, and potential apoptosis linked to a high Caspase 3 expression. In ob/ob mice, liver sections were labeled in the fibrotic zones by anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and anti-Reelin, but not in the WT mice. Moreover, the alpha-SMA gene expression was higher in the ob/ob group's liver than the WT group. The pro-fibrogenic gene expressions were parallel to anti- alpha-SMA and anti-Reelin immunofluorescence, suggesting HSCs activation. In the ob/ob animals, there were increased gene expressions involved with lipogenesis (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, Cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector-c, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and Fatty acid synthase), pro-fibrogenesis (Transforming growth factor beta1, Smad proteins- 3, Yes-associated protein-1, Protein platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta), pro-inflammation (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Interleukin-6), and apoptosis (Caspase 3). In conclusion, the results in obese ob/ob animals provide a clue to the events in humans. In a translational view, controlling these targets can help mitigate the hepatic effects of human obesity and NAFLD progression to NASH.

RESUMEN: La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) puede progresar de la esteatosis a esteatohepatitis no alcohólica (ENA), alcanzando un estado de cirrosis y posiblemente carcinoma hepatocelular. Se estudió el hígado de ratones C57BL / 6J de tres meses de edad (tipo salvaje, grupo WT, n = 10) y ratones obesos con deficiencia de leptina (grupo ob/ob, n = 10), centrándose en los mecanismos asociados con la activación de las células estrelladas hepáticas (HSC) y profibrogénesis. El hígado de los animales obesos ob/ob mostró esteatosis, aumento de la expresión génica de la lipogénesis, inflamación, aumento de la expresión génica proinflamatoria, infiltrado inflamatorio y posible apoptosis ligada a una alta expresión de Caspasa 3. En ratones ob/ob, las sec- ciones de hígado se marcaron en las zonas fibróticas con anti-alfa- actina de músculo liso (alfa-SMA) y anti-Reelin, pero no en los ratones WT. Además, la expresión del gen alfa-SMA fue mayor en el hígado del grupo ob/ob que en el grupo WT. Las expresiones génicas profibrogénicas fueron paralelas a la inmunofluorescencia anti-alfa-SMA y anti-Reelin, lo que sugiere la activación de las HSC. En los animales ob/ob, hubo un aumento de las expresiones génicas involucradas con la lipogénesis (receptor activado por proliferador de peroxisoma gamma, efector c similar a DFFA inductor de muerte celular, proteína de unión al elemento regulador de esterol-1c y sintasa de ácidos grasos), pro-fibrogénesis (factor de crecimiento transformante beta 1, proteínas Smad-3, proteína-1 asociada a Yes, receptor beta del factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas de proteínas), proinflamación (factor de necrosis tumoral alfa e interleucina-6) y apoptosis (caspasa 3). ). En conclusión, los resultados en animales obesos ob/ob proporcionan una pista de los eventos en humanos. Desde un punto de vista traslacional, el control de estos objetivos puede ayudar a mitigar los efectos hepáticos de la obesidad humana y la progresión de HGNA a ENA.

Incidencia de fracturas dentales reportadas en la Ciudad de Chihuahua durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Incidence of dental fractures reported in Chihuahua city during COVID-19 pandemic

Se presentan los casos de fracturas verticales sintomáticos que ameritaron la extracción de las órganos dentales afectados en un periodo de cinco meses durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en la ciudad de Chihuahua, México. Material y métodos: Se recolectaron 26 muestras para el estudio, proporcionadas por los cirujanos dentistas integrantes del Grupo de Egresados de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua. Resultados: Los resultados muestran diferencias a lo reportado previamente respecto al tipo de diente involucrado, sexo de los pacientes, restauraciones coronales y tratamientos endodóncicos previos. Conclusiones: Se puede suponer que las modificaciones en el estilo de vida de la población, sumadas a la angustia permanente, pueden ser factores que contribuyen a las fracturas dentales (AU)

There are cases of symptomatic vertical fractures that warranted the extraction of affected teeth are presented, over a period of five months during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chihuahua City, Mexico. Material and methods: 26 samples were collected for the study, provided by the dentist who were members of the Graduate Group of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Autonomous University of Chihuahua. Results: The results show differences from what was previously reported regarding the type of tooth involved, sex of patients, coronal restorations and previous endodontic treatments. Conclusions: It can be assumed that changes in the lifestyle of the population, added to permanent distress, may be factors to preserve dental fractures (AU)

Evaluation of tensile strength after insertions andremovals of abutments on frictional Morse taper implants / Evaluación de la Resistencia a la Tracción Después de la Inserción y Extracción de Pilares en Implantes de Cono de Fricción Morse

This study aimed to evaluate possible changes in final retention after nine sequences of insertion and removal (SIR) of a frictional Morse taper implant/abutment system, evaluating the force required for dissociating this set between sequences, and verifying possible deformations in the implant heads. Ten implants, 13 mm long and 3.3 mm in diameter, were coupled to a universal mechanical testing machine. Ten anti-rotational abutments, 13 mm long and 3.5 mm in diameter, were connected to the implants parallel to the long axis, using an instrument called beat-connection, and subjected to tensile tests and SEM analysis. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test, and the significance level was set at 5 %. There was no statistically significant difference in final retention among the nine SIRs evaluated. The force needed to uncouple the abutment from the implant increased as SIRs were performed on all ten implants, and an increase of 29.03 % was observed in the ninth SIR compared to the first SIR. After SEM analysis, no significant deformations, fractures, or cracks were observed in the implant heads.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los posibles cambios en la retención final después de nueve secuencias de inserción y extracción (SIR) de un sistema de implante / pilar de cono de fricción Morse, evaluando la fuerza necesaria para disociar este conjunto entre secuencias y verificando posibles deformaciones en las cabezas de los implantes. Se acoplaron diez implantes, de 13 mm de largo y 3,3 mm de diámetro, a una máquina universal de ensayos mecánicos. Se conectaron a los implantes en paralelo al eje largo diez pilares antirrotacionales, de 13 mm de largo y 3,5 mm de diámetro, mediante un instrumento llamado beat-connection, y se sometieron a pruebas de tracción y análisis SEM. Los resultados se analizaron mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis con la prueba posterior de Dunn, y el nivel de significancia se estableció en 5 %. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la retención final entre los nueve SIR evaluados. La fuerza necesaria para desacoplar el pilar del implante aumentó a medida que se realizaban SIR en los diez implantes, y se observó un aumento del 29,03 % en el noveno SIR en comparación con el primer SIR. Después del análisis SEM, no se observaron deformaciones, fracturas o grietas significativas en las cabezas de los implantes.

Detección y cuantificación de células plasmáticas (plasmocitos) en granulomas periapicales inducidos experimentalmente en ratas / Detection and quantification of plasma cells in experimentally induced rat periapical granulomas

Objetivo: En los granulomas periapicales, los plasmocitos (PL) participan activamente mediante la liberación de inmunoglobulinas. El propósito de este ensayo fue identificar y contar el número de PL en diferentes períodos de tiempo en lesiones periapicales experimentales en ratas. Materiales y métodos: Mediante la exposición al medio oral de la pulpa de los primeros molares inferiores izquierdos, se indujeron granulomas periapicales en ratas a las que previamente se les suministró anestesia. La pulpa de los primeros molares inferiores derechos no fue expuesta, y estos dientes se utilizaron como control. Los animales fueron eutanasiados a los 10, 30 y 60 días de la exposición. Los maxilares inferiores fueron removidos, y los primeros molares, junto con los tejidos circundantes, se procesaron para su estudio histológico. Se obtuvieron secciones semiseriadas, posteriormente coloreadas con verde de metilo-pironina (VMP). Cada tres secciones, las tres siguientes fueron coloreadas con hematoxilina y eosina (H-E). Los controles también fueron coloreados con H-E. Resultados: Todos los especímenes experimentales coloreados con H-E revelaron la presencia de granulomas periapicales. Luego de la exposición pulpar, el número de PL que reaccionó positivamente al VMP se incrementó de manera progresiva desde el día 10 hasta los días 30 y 60. A pesar de que a los 60 días el número de PL fue ligeramente menor que a los 30 días, no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos dos períodos. Los especímenes del grupo control coloreados con H-E mostraron que los tejidos periapicales se encontraban dentro de los parámetros normales en todos los períodos de observación. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio revelaron que el número de plasmocitos VMP positivos se incrementa progresivamente en función del tiempo transcurrido pero se estabiliza al finalizar el experimento. También sugieren que el empleo de la coloración de VMP es un procedimiento adecuado para la identificación y la cuantificación de plasmocitos en los granulomas periapicales inducidos experimentalmente en ratas (AU)

Aim: Plasma cells (PL) release immunoglobulin in periapical lesions. The purpose of this assay was to identify and count the number of plasmocytes observed in periapical lesions in rats. Materials and methods: By exposing the pulp of the lower left first molars to the oral environment, periapical granulomas were induced in rats previously anesthetized. The pulp of right mandibular first molars was not exposed and these teeth were used as negative controls. The animals were euthanized at 10, 30 and 60 days after pup exposure. The mandibles were removed and specimens of the molar teeth along with the surrounding tissues were prepared for histology. Semi serial sections of the left first molar were stained with methyl green pyronine (MGP). Every three sections, the following three sections were stained with hematoxilyn and eosin (H-E). Negative control samples were stained with H-E. Results: All the H-E stained experimental samples revealed the presence of periapical granulomas. After pulp exposure, the number of PL increased from day 10 to 30 and 60. In the 60-day samples the number of PL was slightly less than that of the 30-day samples, with no statistically significant difference. The H-E stained control samples showed normal periapical tissues in all observation periods. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that the number of VMP positive PL, increased progressively with time but it was stabilized at the end of the experiment. In addition, the results suggest that the use of VMP stain is a suitable procedure for the identification and counting of PL in experimentally induced periapical granulomas in rats (AU)

A 46-Year Retrospective Study of Oral Vascular Anomalies in a Brazilian Population / Estudio Retrospectivo de 46 Años de Anomalías Vasculares Orales en una Población Brasileña

A retrospective study was performed to describe the demographic and clinicopathological characteristics of cases of vascular anomalies in a Brazilian population. The data of cases diagnosed as vascular anomalies over a period of 46 years, were retrieved from the archives of the Pathological Anatomy Service of the Department of Dentistry of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Information about sex, age, race, diagnosis, location, and clinical characteristics was extracted. A database was created for analysis in the SPSS system and description of the results. The sample consisted of 597 cases categorized as follows: pyogenic granuloma (n = 454), infantile hemangioma (n = 57), vascular malformation (n = 37), lymphangioma (n = 20), hemangiolymph angioma (n = 10), vascular thrombus (n = 7), hemangio endothelioma (n = 5), angiofibroma (n = 1), hemangioendothelio sarcoma (n = 1), and Kaposi sarcoma (n = 5). Overall, there was a predominance of females (64.2 %), white race (54.2 %), and patients in the 3rd and 4th decades of life. Most cases affected the gingiva/ ridge (44.75 %), had a red/reddish color (60.07 %), sessile implantation (52.4 %), soft consistency (52.7 %) and nodular appearance (53, 9 %), and were non-hemorrhagic (51.3 %) and asymptomatic (76.6 %). The demographic and clinicopathological findings obtained for most of the vascular lesions analyzed are similar to those reported in published studies involving other populations. Knowledge of the particularities of these disorders is important for appropriate diagnosis and treatment decision.

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo para describir las características demográficas y clínico-patológicas de casos de anomalías vasculares en una población brasileña. Los datos de los casos diagnosticados como anomalías vasculares durante un período de 46 años, fueron obtenidos de los archivos del Servicio de Anatomía Patológica del Departamento de Odontología de la Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Norte. Se analizó la información de sexo, edad, raza, diagnóstico, ubicación y características clínicas, y se creó una base de datos para análisis en el sistema SPSS y descripción de los resultados. La muestra consistió de 597 casos categorizados de la siguiente manera: granuloma piógeno (n = 454), hemangioma infantil (n = 57), malformación vascular (n = 37), linfangioma (n = 20), hemangiolinfangioma (n = 10), trombo vascular (n = 7), hemangioendotelioma (n = 5), angiofibroma (n = 1), hemangioendoteliosarcoma (n = 1) y sarcoma de Kaposi (n = 5). En general predominaron las mujeres de raza blanca (64,2 %), (54,2 %), y pacientes en la 3ª y 4ª década de la vida. La mayoría de los casos afectaban la encía / cresta (44,75 %), tenían un color rojo / rojizo (60,07 %), implantación sésil (52,4 %), consistencia blanda (52,7 %) y apariencia nodular (53,9 %), no hemorrágicos (51,3 %) y asintomáticos (76,6 %). Los hallazgos demográficos y clínico-patológicos de la mayoría de las lesiones vasculares analizadas son similares a los reportados en la literatura de otras poblaciones. El conocimiento de las particularidades de estos trastornos es importante para el diagnóstico y la decisión de tratamientos adecuados.

Microhardness and Diametral Compression Strength of Single Fill Composite / Microdureza y Resistencia a la Compresión Diametral de Resina Compuesta Mono Incremental

To evaluate Knoop microhardness and diametral compression strength at different polymerization times. A total of 80 cylindrical samples with Filtek resin™ One Bulk Fill were made to perform the in vitro study, using half of total samples (n=40) for each test and divided equally between groups (n=10). All samples were made according to ISO 4049 using 2 mm thickness Teflon matrix and a central orifice with 4 mm diameter. Four different times of light-curing in Standard mode suggested by the light-unit manufacturer were selected, therefore, group 1 samples (G1) were light-cured for 5 seconds; group 2 (G2) for 10 seconds; group 3 (G3) for 15 seconds, and group 4 (G4) for 20 seconds. A radiant display, which means a power in mW/cm2 by time in seconds was expressed in Joules (J). The samples were stored in a dark container with distilled water at a temperature of 37°C for 48 hours before testing. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with T-Test (LSD) of multiple comparisons of the mean values of Knoop hardness and diametral compression strength was performed, with significance index α=0.05. Regarding the Knoop microhardness test, G1 (35.73 ± 6.2) presented the lowest values, followed by G2, while G3 and G4 did not present statistical differences between them. For the diametral compression test, G1 (1387.76 ± 190.51) obtained the lowest value when compared to the other groups. G2, G3, and G4 did not present significant statistical differences. The different polymerization times influenced the Knoop microhardness and the diametral compression strength of Bulk Fill resin.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la microdureza Knoop y la resistencia a la compresión diametral en diferentes tiempos de polimerización. En el estudio realizado in vitro, se analizó un total de 80 muestras cilíndricas con la resina Filtek™ One Bulk Fill, utilizando la mitad (n=40) para cada prueba realizada y dividida en partes iguales entre los grupos (n=10). Todas las muestras se tomaron de acuerdo con ISO 4049 utilizando matrices de teflón de 2 mm de espesor y orificio central con 4 mm de diámetro. Se seleccionó cuatro veces el fotocurado de manera estándar, sugerido por el fabricante. Por lo tanto, las muestras del grupo 1 (G1) se fotopolimerizaron durante 5 segundos; grupo 2 (G2) durante 10 segundos; grupo 3 (G3) durante 15 segundos y grupo 4 (G4) durante 20 segundos. La exposición radiante, que indica la potencia en mW / cm2 a lo largo del tiempo en segundos, se expresó en julios (J). Las muestras se almacenaron en un recipiente oscuro con agua destilada en una estufa a una temperatura de 37°C durante 48 horas antes del ensayo. Se realizó para comparaciones múltiples de los valores medios, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de un criterio con la prueba T (LSD) tanto de la dureza de Knoop como de la compresión diametral con un índice de significación α=0.05. Con respecto a la prueba de microdureza de Knoop, G1 (35,73 ± 6,2) tuvo los valores más bajos, seguido de G2, mientras que G3 y G4 no mostraron diferencias estadísticas entre ellos. Para la prueba de compresión diametral, G1 (1387.76 ± 190.51) obtuvo el valor más bajo en comparación con los otros grupos. G2, G3 y G4 no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los diferentes tiempos de polimerización influyeron en la microdureza de Knoop y la resistencia a la compresión diametral de la resina compuesta mono incremental.

Micrografía analítica de semillas de Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var. Cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Fabaceae) y Chamico (Datura ferox L., Solanaceae), empleadas como drogas alucinógenas en Argentina / Analytical micrography of seeds of Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var. Cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Fabaceae) and Chamico (Datura ferox L., Solanaceae), employed as hallucinogenic drugs in Argentina

Resumen La micrografía analítica es una herramienta útil para la identificación de restos vegetales en muestras de material trozado o molido que no podrían ser identificadas de forma morfológica. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los caracteres mi- crográficos de las semillas de Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Leguminosae) y Chamico (Datura ferox L., Solanaceae), con el fin de proporcionar parámetros empleables para su identificación en un contexto forense y toxicológico. Los caracteres micrográficos relacionados con el tegumento exterior y las esclereidas fueron los más indicados para diferenciar entre ambas especies.

Abstract Analytical micrography is a useful tool for the identification of plant parts that can't be identified for its morphological characters. The aim of this work is to obtain micrographic characters of Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, Leguminosae) and Chamico (Datura ferox L., Solanaceae) seeds for its identification in a toxicological and forensic context. The most suitable micrographic features were the ones related with exterior testa and the stone cells.

Estudo da correlação das proteínas INGs com a P53 em lesões odontogênicas epiteliais benignas / Study of the correlation of INGs proteins with P53 in benign epithelial odontogenic lesions

As proteínas INGs (inhibitor of growth gene) desempenham papel de supressoras tumorais e podem agir por vias dependentes, ou independentes, da p53 na sinalização do ciclo celular e da apoptose. Este trabalho investigou, por meio de imuno-histoquímica, a correlação entre a expressão das proteínas INGs e a expressão da proteína p53 em ceratocistos odontogênicos (20), TOAs (20) e ameloblastomas sólidos (20). Os espécimes foram submetidos à marcação utilizando os anticorpos anti-Ing3, anti-Ing4, anti-Ing5 e anti-p53. Foi realizada análise quantitativa levando-se em consideração a localização citoplasmática e/ou nuclear para as proteínas INGs e a localização nuclear para a proteína p53. A análise da imunoexpressão das proteínas ING1 e ING2 foi realizada em um estudo prévio e os resultados foram considerados apenas para a análise de correlação com as proteínas estudadas neste estudo. Os dados foram analisados pelo Statistical Package for Social Sciences para Windows (SPSS versão 22.0; IBM, USA). Para a comparação da imunoexpressão entre os grupos de lesões foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal Wallis, e para a investigação das correlações foi utilizado o teste de Spearman. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p ≤ 0.05. O presente estudo evidenciou redução da expressão nuclear e citoplasmática das proteínas ING3, ING4 e ING5 em ceratocistos odontogênicos (COs) e ameloblastomas (AMBs). Além disso, em alguns casos, a perda da expressão nuclear das INGs esteve negativamente correlacionada à expressão da proteína p53. As análises de correlação entre as proteínas INGs indicam a existência de mecanismos compensatórios entre as proteínas INGs em folículos dentários (FDs) e tumores odontogênicos adenomatoides (TOAs), estes mecanismos parecem ser menos evidentes em COs e AMBs. Observou-se redução na expressão da proteína ING3 em AMBs (p=0,003); redução na expressão da proteína ING4, tanto em AMBs (p=0,02) quanto em COs (p=0,001); e uma redução da expressão nuclear da proteína ING5 nos COs (p=0,09) e nos AMBs (p=0,012). Foram evidenciadas correlações positivas entre a expressão nuclear da p53 com a expressão citoplasma/núcleo da proteína ING1 (r=0,603; p=0,05) em COs, e com a expressão citoplasma/ núcleo das proteínas ING3 (r=0,475; p=0,034) e ING4 (r=0,448; p=0,047) em AMBs. Por fim, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a redução na expressão nuclear das proteínas INGs pode ser um evento envolvido na etiopatogênese de lesões odontogênicas mais agressivas, e que a redução da expressão nuclear/citoplasmática das proteínas INGs não está relacionada ao aumento expressão da p53 em COs e AMBs, o que sugere que a expressão destas proteínas deve resultar em alterações funcionais de maneira independente da p53 em lesões odontogênicas (AU).

INGs (inhibitor of growth gene) proteins play a role of tumor suppressors and can act via p53-dependent or independent pathways in signaling cell cycle and apoptosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate correlation between expression of proteins of ING proteins and expression of protein p53 in dental follicles (DF), odontogenic keratocysts (OK), adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOT) and solid ameloblastomas (AMBs). The sample was intentional and non-probabilistic, consisting of 20 cases of solid AMBs, 20 cases of AOT, 20 cases of OKs and 10 samples of DFs. The specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical method, using antibodies anti-Ing3, anti-Ing4, anti-Ing5 and antip53. Quantitative analysis was performed taking into account cytoplasmic and / or nuclear location for ING proteins and nuclear location for the p53 protein. The analysis of ING1 and ING2 immunoexpressions was performed in a previous study and the results were considered only for the correlation analysis. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS version 22.0; IBM, USA). Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the immunoexpression between the groups of lesions, and Spearman test was used to investigate correlations. Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. This study showed a reduction in nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of ING3, ING4 and ING5 in odontogenic keratocysts (OKs) and ameloblastomas (AMBs). In addition, in some cases, loss of INGs nuclear expression was negatively correlated with p53 expression. Correlation analyzes may indicate existence of compensatory mechanisms between all the ING proteins in dental follicles (FDs) and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (TOAs). These mechanisms seem to be less evident in COs and AMBs. The results of this study showed a reduction in ING3 expression in AMBs (p = 0.003); a reduction in ING4 expression, in OKs (p = 0.02) and in AMBs (p = 0.001); and a reduction in ING5 nuclear expression, also in OK (p = 0.09) and in AMBs (p = 0.012). Positive correlations were found between p53 nuclear expression with ING1 cytoplasm / nucleus expression (r = 0.603; p = 0.05) in OKs, and with ING3 cytoplasm / nucleus expression (r = 0.475; p = 0.034) and also ING4 cytoplasm / nucleus expression (r = 0.448; p = 0.047) in AMBs. Finally, this study suggests that reduction in the expression of INGs proteins seems to be an event that occurred in etiopathogenesis of more aggressive odontogenic lesions. Futhermore, nuclear / cytoplasmic expression of INGs proteins is not related to increase in p53 expression in OKs and AMBs, which indicates that loss of expression of these proteins may results in functional changes independently of p53 (AU).

Consideraciones Metodológicas en el Estudio Histomorfométrico del Hueso Interradicular de los Primeros Molares Inferiores de Ratas Wistar / Methodological Considerations in the Histomorphometric Study of the Interradicular Bone of the First Lower Molars of Wistar Rats

El objetivo fue evaluar el volumen óseo BV/TV (%) del hueso interradicular en ratas Wistar: A) en relación a la edad; B) en relación a la zona de estudio en animales de la misma edad. Se utilizó Grupo A) 15 ratas Wistar hembras de 6 (I), 10 (II) y 14 (III) semanas, Grupo B) 9 ratas Wistar macho de 8 semanas. Tras la eutanasia, se extrajeron los maxilares inferiores y se procesaron histológicamente para obtener cortes mesio-distales del primer molar inferior coloreados con H.E. Sobre microfotografías digitales se evaluó el BV/TV (%). El análisis estadístico se realizó en A) mediante ANOVA y Bonferroni test y en B) se calculó el rango (R). Los resultados en A) el BV/TV (%) aumenta significativamente con la edad de los animales; en B) se encontró que el BV/TV (%) varía hasta un 20% si se considera el volumen total y este rango disminuye a 8.3% al estudiar su mitad coronal. En conclusión, el BV/TV (%) del hueso interradicular del primer molar inferior de ratas Wistar varía considerablemente con la edad de los animales y en animales de una misma edad -según se considere evaluar todo el hueso interradicular del espacio alveolar o la mitad superior del mismo-. Los resultados de este trabajo recomiendan emplear animales de la misma edad y realizar mediciones histomorfométricas empleando la mitad coronal de dicho hueso, especialmente en los diseños de periodontitis experimental (AU)

Resin-modified glass ionomer containing calcium glycerophosphate: physico-mechanical properties and enamel demineralization

Abstract Sources of calcium and phosphate have been added to dental restorative materials to improve their anticaries effect. Objective This study evaluated the effect of adding calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) to resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on the physico-mechanical properties, ion release, and enamel demineralization. Material and Methods: Specimens were fabricated for each experimental group: RMGIC without CaGP (Control), RMGIC with 1, 3 and 9% CaGP. To determine the release of fluoride (F), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), six specimens were immersed in demineralization and remineralization solutions for 15 days. In another experimental trial, the following physico-mechanical properties were evaluated at time intervals of 1 and 7 days after fabrication: compressive strength (n=12), diametral tensile strength (n=12), surface hardness of material (n=6) and the degree of conversion of monomers (n=8). To study enamel demineralization, specimens (n=12) were attached to enamel blocks and submitted to pH-cycling. Subsequently, surface and cross-sectional hardness and the concentration of F, Ca and P in enamel were determined. Results The addition of CaGP to RMGIC led to higher mean release of F, Ca and P when compared with control (p<0.001). Mechanical properties were within the range of those of the ionomer cements after addition of 1% and 3% CaGP. The degree of conversion did not differ between groups at the 1st and the 7th day (p>0.439). The addition of 3% and 9% CaGP reduced mineral loss and increased F, Ca and P in the enamel when compared with control (p<0.05). Conclusion The addition of 3% CaGP in RMGIC increased the release of F, P and Ca, reduced enamel demineralization, and maintained the physico-mechanical properties within the parameters for this material.

Evaluation of dermal collagen stained with picrosirius red and examined under polarized light microscopy

Abstract: The special picrosirius red staining highlights the natural birefringence of collagen fibers when exposed to polarized light. The results from birefringence allow to evaluate the organization of the collagen fibers in the tissues. The authors intend to elucidate all steps to obtain and capture images of histological sections stained with picrosirius red and evaluated under polarized light microscopy, as well as possible artefacts that may occur.

Manejo Quirúrgico de Múltiples Condilomas de la Mucosa Oral en Paciente Bajo Terapia Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad / Surgical Management of Multiple Condylomas in the Oral Mucosa in Patient Undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar un caso clínico donde se realizó el manejo quirúrgico de múltiples condilomas de la mucosa oral en un paciente infectado por Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) bajo Terapia Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad (TARGA). Hombre de 58 años en tratamiento por infección con VIH en TARGA hace 17 años, que acude al Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau con múltiples lesiones verruciformes ubicadas en margen y cara dorsal de lengua, cara interna de ambas mejillas y labio inferior. Se realizó escisión quirúrgica de las lesiones de labio, cara dorsal de lengua y cara interna de mejilla del lado derecho, obteniéndose el diagnóstico histopatológico de condiloma. Tras 2 meses de realizar la cirugía se obtuvo recurrencia. La recurrencia de las lesiones puede originarse por la recrudescencia del virus latente adyacente al lecho quirúrgico y, por ello, deben considerarse otras alternativas de tratamiento. Por el impacto en la función, estética, potencial de contagio y malignización, es necesario su tratamiento.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to report a clinical case in which surgical management of multiple condylomas in the oral mucosa was performed in a patient infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) who is under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). A 58-yearold man, under HAART for 17 years for HIV infection, was admitted at the Maxillofacial Surgery Service at the Hospital Barros Luco-Trudeau as he was experiencing multiple verrucous lesions located on the lateral margin and dorsum of the tongue, as well as on the inner face of both cheeks and the lower lip. A surgical excision of the lesions on the lip, dorsum of the tongue and inner face of the right cheek was performed, where the histopathological diagnosis of condyloma was obtained. There was a recurrence two months after surgery. Recurrence of the lesions may be due to the recrudescence of the latent virus adjacent to the surgical bed and, therefore, other treatment alternatives should be considered. Treatment is necessary due to the impact on the function, aesthetics, and the potential to become contagious and malignant.

Histomorphometric analysis of the skin of women during the reproductive period

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the histomorphometry of the skin of women during the reproductive period according to the Fitzpatrick classification. METHODS: Thirty women aged 30 to 45 years were included in this study. We studied the surgical sites of extracted nevi. The material was processed for routine histology and then stained with haematoxylin and eosin as well as Picrosirius red. Four-micrometre histological sections were analysed according the Fitzpatrick criteria (skin pigmentation). The skin thickness and collagen concentration were determined for the reticular dermal skin. The data were statistically analysed with ANOVA. RESULTS: Fitzpatrick skin types I and II were thicker than the other skin types. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that white skin may be less thick than dark skin.

Análise da expressão imunoistoquímica de regy e de proteínas envolvidas na regulação da apoptose em carcinomas epidermoides de língua oral / Analysis of the immunohistochemical expression of regy and of proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas

O câncer na cavidade oral é uma das lesões malignas mais frequentes na população mundial. Como o processo de desenvolvimento das neoplasias malignas remete a danos que promovem um desequilíbrio na regulação da divisão e morte celular, nos últimos anos, diversos estudos foram realizados com o intuito de verificar a influência desses danos no comportamento global das células e na evolução da doença. Nesse contexto, pesquisas recentes mostraram que alterações na expressão de REG podem desempenhar um importante papel na progressão tumoral de várias neoplasias malignas, por interferir na regulação da apoptose. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar a expressão imunoistoquímica dos marcadores REG, p53, MDM-2, Bcl-2 e Bax em carcinomas epidermoides de língua (CELs) oral, com a finalidade de promover uma análise comparativa da imunoexpressão destas proteínas com os parâmetros clínico-patológicos de agressividade da lesão, no intuito de identificar se o REG contribui para a progressão do tumor e se interfere na expressão das proteínas relacionadas a apoptose. Para tanto, foram coletadas informações clínicas de 58 pacientes acometidos por CELs. Em seguida, foi realizada análise histopatológica e imunoistoquímica dos marcadores supracitados, em amostras de material biológico parafinado da lesão. Os resultados mostraram que os tumores com metástase nodal e de alto grau histopatológico de malignidade apresentavam percentuais significativamente menores de REG (p<0,05). Em adição, a análise da expressão de p53, MDM-2 e Bax nos diferentes parâmetros clínico-patológicos avaliados nesse trabalho, não revelou diferenças significativas nos percentuais de imunopositividade desses marcadores. Com relação ao Bcl-2, foi visto que tumores de alto grau de malignidade e com óbitos relacionados a doença apresentavam percentual significativamente menor de positividade dessa proteína (p<0,05). Por fim, o teste de correlação de Spearman demonstrou existir fraca correlação positiva, estatisticamente significativa, entre os percentuais de REG e das proteínas MDM-2 e Bcl-2. Baseado nesses achados, pode-se concluir que a redução da expressão de REG parece contribuir para a progressão do CEL oral e pode influenciar na expressão das proteínas relacionadas a regulação da apoptose (AU).

Cancer of the oral cavity is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Since the development of malignant neoplasms is related to damage that causes an imbalance in the regulation of cell division and cell death, many studies have been conducted in recent years to verify the influence of this damage on overall cell behavior and on the progression of the disease. Within this context, recent studies suggest that changes in the expression of REG play an important role in the progression of different malignant tumors by interfering with the regulation of apoptosis. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of REG, p53, MDM-2, Bcl-2 and Bax in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), correlating the immunoexpression of these proteins with clinicalpathological parameters of tumor aggressiveness, in order to determine whether REG contributes to tumor progression and interferes with the expression of apoptosisrelated proteins. For this purpose, the clinical data of 58 patients with OTSCC were collected and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were submitted to histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry using the markers cited above. The results showed significantly higher expression of REG (p<0.05) in low-grade tumors and without lymph node metastases. In addition, comparison of the expression patterns of p53, MDM-2 and Bax according to the clinical-pathological parameters studied revealed no significant differences in the percentage of immunostaining for these markers. Regarding Bcl-2, a significantly lower percentage of immunostaining for this protein was observed in tumors with a high grade of malignancy and tumors associated with deaths related to the disease (p<0.05). Finally, Spearman's correlation test demonstrated a significant weak positive correlation between the percentages of REG and of MDM-2 and Bcl-2. These findings suggest that the reduced expression of REG contributes to the progression of OTSCC and may influence the expression of proteins related to the regulation of apoptosis (AU).

Microglia and neurons in the hippocampus of migratory sandpipers

The semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla and the spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia are long- and short-distance migrants, respectively. C. pusilla breeds in the sub-arctic and mid-arctic tundra of Canada and Alaska and winters on the north and east coasts of South America. A. macularia breeds in a broad distribution across most of North America from the treeline to the southern United States. It winters in the southern United States, and Central and South America. The autumn migration route of C. pusilla includes a non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean, whereas autumn route of A. macularia is largely over land. Because of this difference in their migratory paths and the visuo-spatial recognition tasks involved, we hypothesized that hippocampal volume and neuronal and glial numbers would differ between these two species. A. macularia did not differ from C. pusilla in the total number of hippocampal neurons, but the species had a larger hippocampal formation and more hippocampal microglia. It remains to be investigated whether these differences indicate interspecies differences or neural specializations associated with different strategies of orientation and navigation.

Metástasis pulmonar de tumor de células de la granulosa como recurrencia del tumor primario después de diez años del tratamiento quirúrgico / Pulmonary metastasis of granulosa cell tumor as recurrence of primary tumor after 10 years of surgical treatment

Los tumores de células de la granulosa son neoplasias de bajo grado, que corresponden al 2-5% de los tumores malignos del ovario y presentan una baja incidencia. Las manifestaciones clínicas dependerán del tamaño tumoral y de la exposición prolongada a estrógenos producidos por las células neoplásicas. Habitualmente, son tumores unilaterales, sólido-quísticos con focos de hemorragia, constituidos por células pálidas con su característico pliegue nuclear, en un trasfondo fibrotecomatoso, con cuerpos de Call Exner sólo en el 30-60% de los casos. El diagnóstico se realiza con los niveles séricos de estradiol y con exámenes imagenológicos como ecotomografía ginecológica, tomografía axial computarizada o resonancia nuclear magnética. El tratamiento quirúrgico es la elección. Las recurrencias pueden ocurrir años posteriores al diagnóstico inicial y en general son pélvicas. El factor pronóstico más determinante en la evolución de la enfermedad es el estadio clínico al momento del diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente postmenopáusica con metástasis pulmonar de tumor de células de la granulosa después de diez años del tratamiento quirúrgico.

The granulosa cell tumors are low grade neoplasias that correspond to 2-5% of all malignant tumors of the ovary with a low incidence in the population. The clinical presentation depends on the tumor size and the long term exposition to estrogens produced by neoplastic cells. They are usually unilateral tumors exhibiting a mixture of cystic and solid areas with bleeding, constituted by pale cells with their characteristic nuclear groove in a fibrotecomatous background, with Call Exner bodies only in 30-60% of cases. The diagnosis is done with serum levels of estradiol and gynecological imaging analysis such as echotomography, Computerized axial tomography and magnetic nuclear resonance. The surgical treatment is the choice. The recurrences could happen years after the first diagnosis and usually are in pelvic area. The most important prognostic factor in the disease progression is the clinical stage at diagnosis. It is presented a case report of a postmenopausal patient with lung metastasis of granulosa cell tumor after ten years of surgical treatment.

Morphometric analysis of feedforward pathways from the primary somatosensory area (S1) of rats

We used biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) to anterogradely label individual axons projecting from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to four different cortical areas in rats. A major goal was to determine whether axon terminals in these target areas shared morphometric similarities based on the shape of individual terminal arbors and the density of two bouton types: en passant (Bp) and terminaux (Bt). Evidence from tridimensional reconstructions of isolated axon terminal fragments (n=111) did support a degree of morphological heterogeneity establishing two broad groups of axon terminals. Morphological parameters associated with the complexity of terminal arbors and the proportion of beaded Bp vs stalked Bt were found to differ significantly in these two groups following a discriminant function statistical analysis across axon fragments. Interestingly, both groups occurred in all four target areas, possibly consistent with a commonality of presynaptic processing of tactile information. These findings lay the ground for additional work aiming to investigate synaptic function at the single bouton level and see how this might be associated with emerging properties in postsynaptic targets.