A radiation free alternative to CBCT volumetric rendering for soft tissue evaluation / Um método alternativo à TCFC sem radiação ionizante para a avaliação de tecidos moles da face

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether a "radiation free" method using 3D facial scan can replace Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) volumetric rendering of soft tissue of the patient to assess maxillofacial surgery outcomes and compare the reference points and angular measurements of patient facial soft tissue. Material and Methods: Facial soft tissue scan of the patient's face, before and after orthognathic surgery and a CBCT of the skull for volumetric rendering of soft tissues were carried out. The 3D acquisitions were processed using Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace® software (Planmeca USA, Inc.; Roselle, Illinois, USA). The participant were positioned in a natural position during the skull scannering. Three sagittal angular measurements were performed (Tr-NA, Tr-N-Pg, Ss-N-Pg) and two verticals (Go-N-Me, Tr-Or-Pg) on facial soft tissue scan and on the patient's 3D soft tissue CBCT volumetric rendering. Results: A certain correspondence has been demonstrated between the measurements obtained on the Proface and those on the CBCT. Conclusion: A radiation free method was to be considered an important diagnostic tool that works in conditions of not subjecting the patient to harmful ionizing radiation and it was therefore particularly suitable for growing subjects. The soft tissue analysis based on the realistic facial scan has shown sufficient reliability and reproducibility even if further studies are needed to confirm the research result.(AU)

Objetivo:Avaliar se um método "livre de radiação" usando escaneamento facial 3D pode substituir a renderização volumétrica da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) dos tecidos moles do paciente para analisar os resultados da cirurgia maxilofacial e comparar os pontos de referência e medições angulares afim de avaliar a correspondência entre as duas metodologias. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado o escaneamento dos tecidos moles faciais do paciente, antes e depois da cirurgia ortognática e uma tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico do crânio para renderização volumétrica dos tecidos moles. As aquisições 3D foram processadas usando o software Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace® (Planmeca USA, Inc.; Roselle, Illinois, USA). O participante foi posicionado em posição natural durante o escaneamento do crânio. Três medições angulares sagitais foram realizadas (Tr-NA, Tr-N-Pg, Ss-N-Pg) e duas verticais (Go-N-Me, Tr-Or-Pg) nas imagens de scaneamento e nas imagens do tecido mole facial da reconstrução tridimensional da TCFC. Resultados: Uma certa correspondência foi demonstrada entre as medidas obtidas no Proface® e aquelas na TCFC. Conclusão: Um método livre de radiação deve ser considerado uma importante ferramenta de diagnóstico que funciona em condições de não submeter o paciente a radiação ionizante nociva e, portanto, é particularmente adequado para indivíduos em crescimento. A análise de tecidos moles com base na varredura facial realista mostrou confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade, porém mais estudos são necessários para confirmar o resultado da pesquisa. (AU)

Mutagenicity in oral cells of individuals exposed to radiofrequency generated by different smartphones

Aim: This study aimed to investigate whether non-ionizing radiation emitted by smartphones is likely to cause genotoxic effects on oral epithelial cells. Methods: Thirty adults were distributed into two groups according to the mobile phone brand used, namely Samsung (Samsung, Seoul, South Korea) and Apple (Apple, California, USA). The material was collected with gentle swabbing of the right and left buccal mucosa using a cervical brush, then the micronucleus test was performed. Results: The Mann-Whitney test with a 5% significance level did not reveal statistically significant differences in micronuclei frequency between the exposed and non-exposed sides (p=0.251). The different brands do not seem to cause risks of inducing genetic damage because there were no statistically significant differences between them (p=0.47). Conclusion: Therefore, our results suggest no correlations of micronuclei frequency in the exposed buccal cells of mobile phone users at the exposure standard levels observed

Efeito do uso dos aparelhos de telefone celular sobre a expressão de citocinas em saliva produzida pelas glândulas salivares parótidas

Há controvérsia sobre os efeitos e impactos da radiação não ionizante emitida por telefones celulares sobre os mecanismos fisiológicos. Resultados conflitantes já foram relatados sobre a associação entre o uso de telefone celular e desenvolvimento de tumores em parótida. A inflamação crônica está associada com um risco aumentado de câncer, tal como pode ser visto na colite ulcerativa. Para avaliar o possível efeito do uso do telefone celular na glândula salivar parótida, o perfil de expressão de citocinas foi determinado na saliva produzida pelas glândulas parótidas em voluntários saudáveis e, correlacionada com o perfil de uso do telefone celular. Foram avaliados 83 indivíduos saudáveis, a partir de saliva produzida por essas glândulas...

Metodología par el diagnóstico de áreas urbana con alta exposición a radiacioones electromagnéticas emitidas por estaciones base de telefonía móvil / Methods forthe ddiagnosis of urban areas with high exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phone base stations

La proliferación incontrolada de estaciones base de telefonía móvil (EBTM) en centros urbanos y, especialmente, en zonas con establecimientos considerados como vulnerables a las radiaciones no ionizantes (RNI) con relación al tipo de personas que albergan, ha generado preocupación por los posibles efectos nocivos para la salud que se pueden presentar en la población, a causa de la exposición a las radiaciones electromagnéticas emitidas por este tipo de equipos. Para abordar esta situación desde un enfoque técnico-ambiental, se diseñó e implementó una metodología para diagnosticar áreas con alta exposición a RNI emitidas por EBTM, en la que se tienen en cuenta factores amenazantes y vulnerables de este potencial escenario de riesgo. Esta metodología se estructura mediante la elaboración de un inventario de EBTM, una zonificación de las áreas con alta exposición a RNI emitidas por estas fuentes radioeléctricas y la implementación de una matriz multicriterios. Con la interacción de estos tres elementos, se genera un mapa de riesgo por exposición a RNI emitidas por EBTM, que facilita a nivel territorial la localización y visualización de áreas con alta exposición, teniendo en cuenta las zonas con mayor grado de vulnerabilidad. Finalmente, con base en estos resultados se obtiene un diagnóstico del escenario de riesgo por el posicionamiento de EBTM, pudiéndose identificar las zonas críticas o de alto riesgo, las cuales son consideradas como áreas sensibles donde se deben realizar de forma prioritaria las mediciones de las RNI de inmisión y emisión y, determinar el cumpliendo de los límites establecidos. La validación de esta metodología se efectuó en el municipio de Cartago (Valle del Cauca), donde se diagnosticaron las áreas con alta exposición a las RNI emitidas por las EBTM y se determinaron las zonas de alto riesgo.

The uncontrolled proliferation of mobile phone base stations (MPBS) in urban centers and especially in areas with facilities considered vulnerable to non-ionizing radiation (NIR) in relation to the type of people they are home to has generated concerns about the potential adverse health effects that may occur in the population, because of the exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted by this type of equipment. To address this situation from a technical and environmental approach, a methodology to diagnose areas exposed to NIR issued by MPBS was designed and implemented, which takes into account threatening and vulnerable factors of this potential risk scenario. This methodology is structured through the development of an MPBS inventory, a zoning of the areas exposed to high NIR emitted by these radio-electric sources, and the implementation of a multicriteria matrix. With the interaction of these three elements, a risk map is generated by exposure to NIR emitted by MPBS, which facilitates the location and visualization of areas with high exposure at the territorial level, thus considering the areas of greatest vulnerability. Finally, based on these results a diagnosis of the risk scenario is obtained by the MPBS positioning, being possible to identify critical or high risk areas, which are considered as sensitive areas where NIR emission and immision measurements must be done as a priority and determine the accomplishment of defined limits. The validation of this methodology was made in the municipality of Cartago (Valle del Cauca), where areas highly exposed to NIR emitted by EBTM were diagnosed and high-risk areas were identified.

Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure on Stress-Related Behaviors and Stress Hormones in Male Wistar Rats

Studies have demonstrated that electromagnetic waves, as the one of the most important physical factors, may alter cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, depending on the frequency and energy. Moreover, non-ionizing radiation of low energy waves e.g. very low frequency waves could alter this phenomenon via alterations in neurotransmitters and neurohormones. In this study, short, medium, and long-term exposure to the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) (1 and 5 Hz radiation) on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats (250 g) were studied. In addition, changes in plasma concentrations for two main stress hormones, noradrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were evaluated. ELF-EMF exposure did not alter body weight, and food and water intake. Plasma glucose level was increased and decreased in the groups which exposed to the 5 and 1Hz wave, respectively. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both using frequencies, whereas noradrenaline concentration showed overall reduction. At last, numbers of rearing, sniffing, locomotor activity was increased in group receiving 5 Hz wave over the time. In conclusions, these data showed that the effects of 1 and 5 Hz on the hormonal, metabolic and stress-like behaviors may be different. Moreover, the influence of waves on stress system is depending on time of exposure.

Investigation of non-ionizing radiation hazards from physiotherapy equipment in 16 medical institutions / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the non-ionizing radiation hazards from physiotherapy equipment in medical institutions and to explore feasible control measures for occupational diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On-site measurement and assessment of ultra-high-frequency radiation, high-frequency electromagnetic field, microwave radiation, and laser radiation were carried out in 16 medical institutions using the methods in the Measurement of Physical Agents in Workplace (GBZ/T189-2007).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the investigated medical institutions failed to take effective protective measures against non-ionizing radiation. Of the 17 ultra-short wave therapy apparatus, 70.6%, 47.1%, and 17.64% had a safe intensity of ultra-high-frequency radiation on the head, chest, and abdomen, respectively. Of the 4 external high-frequency thermotherapy apparatus, 100%, 75%, and 75%had a safe intensity of high-frequency electromagnetic field on the head, chest, and abdomen, respectively. In addition, the intensities of microwave radiation and laser radiation produced by the 18 microwave therapy apparatus and 12 laser therapeutic apparatus met national health standards.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There are non-ionizing radiation hazards from physiotherapy equipment in medical institutions, and effective prevention and control measures are necessary.</p>

Exposição à radiação não-ionizante emitida por equipamentos terapêuticos de micro-ondas e morbidade referida em fisioterapeutas / Exposure to non-ionizing radiation emitted by microwave therapeutic equipment and morbidity in physiotherapists

Introdução: O fisioterapeuta utiliza-se de vários equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos que emitem radiação eletromagnética para fins terapêuticos. Entre esses, o equipamento de diatermia por micro-ondas de alta frequência, sendo essa de 2,45 GHz. Nesse procedimento terapêutico, é possível ter perdas variáveis da energia irradiada por reflexão e por dispersão, desde o aplicador até a área a ser tratada. Assim, o profissional que opera o equipamento de diatermia por micro-ondas, é exposto a essa radiação diariamente durante anos. Adicionalmente a esse cenário ocupacional, observa-se que o fisioterapeuta, de modo geral, tem raras atitudes de proteção ocupacional durante essas aplicações, tornando o ambiente de trabalho, bem como a si mesmo, passivos de situações de riscos não controlados e, consequentemente, efeitos adversos podem ocorrer. Com a finalidade de contribuir na elucidação de indicadores que despertem o interesse das autoridades relacionadas com a vigilância e legislação em saúde no que se refere à segurança de profissionais envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com a terapia de diatermia por micro-ondas, realizou-se este estudo. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a prevalência de morbidades referidas por fisioterapeutas e a exposição destes profissionais à radiação emitida por equipamentos terapêuticos de diatermia por micro-ondas. Metodologia: Realizou-se estudo de corte transversal com 193 fisioterapeutas de quatro Municípios da Região Oeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Aplicou-se, via eletrônica, questionário estruturado especialmente para a coleta de dados sobre a exposição ocupacional à radiação de diatermia por micro-ondas, potenciais fatores de confusão e morbidades, acrescido do questionário de Avaliação Multidimensional de Fadiga (MAF) e do Questionário de Avaliação da Incapacidade por Enxaqueca (MIDAS). A análise estatística incluiu regressão logística e Teste t de Student. Resultados: Observou-se associações significantes entre a exposição...

Introduction: Various electroelectronic equipments that emit electromagnetic radiation for therapeutic purposes are employed by physiotherapists. Among these is the equipment for diathermy with microwave high frequency (2.45 GHz). During this procedure of treatment different levels of losses by reflection and scattering of the radiated energy from the applicator to the area to be treated are possible. Thus, the equipment operator is exposed to this radiation daily for years. In addition to this occupational setting, physiotherapists seldom do maintain occupational protection attitudes for these applications, doing the work environment, as themselves, passive in risk and not controlled situations. Therefore, adverse effects may occur. In order to contribute to elucidate indicators and arouse the authorities care over surveillance and health legislation regarding professional's security, directly or indirectly involved with the therapy by microwave diathermy, this study was conducted. Objective: To analyze the association between prevalence of morbidities referred by physiotherapists and their occupational exposure to radiation emitted by therapeutic microwave diathermy equipment. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study conducted in 193 physiotherapists from four cities of the west of Paraná State, Brazil. A specified structured web questionnaire was applied for collecting data about microwave diathermy exposition, potential confounders and morbidities, plus the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) and the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS). Statistical analysis included logistic regression and Student's t-Test. Results: It was observed significant associations between exposure of physiotherapists to microwave and the use of visual correction lens (p = 0.02; OR: 3.56; 95% CI: 1.15 - 10.96), fatigue (p = 0.04; OR: 4.93; 95% CI: 1.04 - 23.25) and neoplasms (p = 0.008; OR: 32.05; 95% CI: 2.46 - 416.96)...

Exposição ocupacional de fisioterapeutas aos campos elétrico e magnético e a eficácia das gaiolas de Faraday / Occupational exposure of physical therapists to electric and magnetic fields and the efficacy of Faraday cages

OBJETIVO: Medir a exposição de fisioterapeutas aos campos elétrico e magnético produzidos por 17 equipamentos de diatermia de ondas curtas (DOC) de clínicas de fisioterapia da cidade de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil. Comparar os valores medidos com os níveis de exposição recomendados pelo ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Observar a eficácia das gaiolas de Faraday como medida de proteção à exposição dos fisioterapeutas aos campos elétrico e magnético oscilantes. MÉTODOS: As medidas dos campos elétrico e magnético foram realizadas durante sessões reais de tratamento fisioterápico, em quatro pontos: nas proximidades da pelve e da cabeça do operador, dos cabos elétricos dos aparelhos e dos eletrodos de aplicação. O equipamento de medição utilizado foi o EMR-200 da Wandell & Goltermann. RESULTADOS: Os valores obtidos nas proximidades dos eletrodos e cabos estavam de 10 a 30 vezes acima dos níveis de referência ocupacionais recomendados pela ICNIRP. Nas salas de tratamento com DOC com gaiola de Faraday, os campos encontrados foram ainda mais altos que os das salas sem esse revestimento, principalmente o campo magnético, com valores superiores a 100 vezes o limite de exposição da ICNIRP. CONCLUSÕES: As intensidades dos campos elétrico e magnético obtidas neste trabalho estão, de modo geral, acima dos níveis de exposição recomendados pelas normas da ICNIRP. Além disso observou-se que a gaiola de Faraday não fornece proteção aos fisioterapeutas mas aumenta os níveis de exposição aos quais estão submetidos estes profissionais.

OBJECTIVE: Measure physical therapists' exposure to the electric and magnetic fields produced by 17 shortwave diathermy devices in physical therapy clinics in the city of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State, Brazil. Compare the observed values with the exposure levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Observe the efficacy of Faraday cages as a means of protecting physical therapists from exposure to oscillating electric and magnetic fields. METHODS: Electric and magnetic field measurements were taken at four points during actual physical therapy sessions: in proximity to the operator's pelvis and head, the devices' electrical cables, and the electrodes. The measuring equipment was a Wandel & Goltermann EMR-200. RESULTS: The values obtained in proximity to the electrodes and cables were 10 to 30 times higher than ICNIRP's recommended occupational reference levels. In the shortwave diathermy treatment rooms with Faraday cages, the fields were even higher than in treatment rooms not so equipped-principally the magnetic field, where the values were more than 100 times higher than the ICNIRP exposure limit. CONCLUSIONS: The electric and magnetic field intensities obtained in this study are generally above the exposure levels recommend in ICNIRP standards. It was also observed that the Faraday cage offers physical therapists no protection, and instead, increases their level of exposure.

Integridade de DNA e morfologia espermática de ratos submetidos a campos eletromagnéticos de baixa frequência durante diferentes períodos do desenvolvimento / DNA integrity and sperm morphology of Wistar rats exposed to low frequency electromagnetic fields during different periods of development

A exposição da sociedade a Campos Eletromagnéticos (CEM) vem aumentando vertiginosamente em virtude da ampla expansão tecnológica observada nos últimos anos. Tanto a geração, como a distribuição e a utilização de energia elétrica podem gerar Campos Eletromagnéticos de baixa freqüência (50 e 60 Hz). Pesquisas vêm demonstrando que a exposição a estes CEM podem proporcionar alterações fisiológicas significativas, apesar disto, ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos a extensão destes efeitos, nem os mecanismos de ação que envolve a interação dos CEM com os organismos biológicos. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo verificar os efeitos dos CEM (60 Hz e 1 mT) sobre a integridade de DNA e morfologia espermática de ratos sexualmente maduros, que foram expostos ao CEM durante diferentes períodos do seu desenvolvimento. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho não encontraram indícios de alterações no DNA dos espermatozóides, porém, foram observadas alterações significativas na morfologia dos espermatozoides após a exposição ao CEM. Estas alterações na morfologia espermática podem reduzir o potencial reprodutivo. Portanto, devemos considerar o CEM como um potencial risco a saúde pública, recomendando- se a realização de mais pesquisas buscando estabelecer níveis seguros de exposição aos CEM.

The society's exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been growing considerable due to the great technological expansion observed in the last few years. Generation as well as distribution and use of electric energy can generate low frequency electromagnetic fields (50 and 60 Hz). Issues have been demonstrating that EMF exposure could provoke significantly physiological changes, however, the extension of EMF effects weren't totally clarified. The major objective of this issue was to evaluate the EMF (60 Hz and 1 mT) effects on DNA integrity and sperm morphology in Wistar rats with mature sexuality that were exposed during different stages of testicular development. According to our results, EMF did not change DNA integrity, but we could observe morphological changes in sperm after exposure to EMF. These changes in sperm morphology may reduce the reproductive potential. Therefore, we should consider the EMF as a potential risk to public health, recommending the implementation of further research seeking to establish safe levels of exposure to EMF.

Effect of low-energy shock waves in microfracture holes in the repair of articular cartilage defects in a rabbit model / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Microfracture is a type of bone marrow stimulation in arthroscopic cartilage repair. However, the overall concentration of the mesenchymal stem cells is quite low and declines with age, and in the end the lesion is filled by fibrocartilage. The aim of this research was to investigate a novel method of enhancing microfracture by determining whether low-energy shock waves in microfracture holes would facilitate cartilage repair in a rabbit model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Full-thickness cartilage defects were created at the medial femoral condyle of 36 mature New Zealand white rabbits without penetrating subchondral bone. The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. In experimental group A, low-energy shock-wave therapy was performed in microfracture holes (diameter, 1 mm) at an energy flux density (EFD) of 0.095 mJ/mm² and 200 impulses by DolorClast Master (Electro Medical Systems SA, Switzerland) microprobe (diameter, 0.8 mm). In experimental group B, microfracture was performed alone. The untreated rabbits served as a control group. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the operations, repair tissues at the defects were analyzed stereologically, histologically, and immunohistochemically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The defects were filled gradually with repair tissues in experimental groups A and B, and no repair tissues had formed in the control group at 12 weeks. Repair tissues in experimental group A contained more chondrocytes, proteoglycans, and collagen type II than those in experimental group B. In experimental group B, fibrous tissues had formed at the defects at 8 and 12 weeks. Histological analysis of experimental group A showed a better Wakitani score (P < 0.05) than in experimental group B at 8 and 12 weeks after the operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In the repair of full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits, low-energy shock waves in microfracture holes facilitated the production of hyaline-like cartilage repair tissues more than microfracture alone. This model demonstrates a new method of improving microfracture and applying shock waves in vivo. However, longer-term outcomes require further study.</p>

Efectos de la radiación electromagnética no ionizante sobre lasalud y el caso específico de los efectos en la salud humana de la telefonía celular / Health effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, and the specific case of the effects of mobile telephony

Los efectos en salud de la radiación electromagnética ionizante son bien conocidos; sin embargo hay menos reconocimiento de los efectos en salud causados por exposición a radiación electromagnética no ionizante. La primera parte del presente trabajo se refiere a los efectos en salud de las radiaciones electromagnéticas no ionizantes, independiente de su origen, puesto que no hay diferencias apreciables entre los efectos producidos por los diversos tipos de radiación electromagnética no ionizante y por lo tanto, son también válidas para aquellas emitidas por la telefonía celular. Se describe una asociación estadísticamente significativa de varias enfermedades a radiación electromagnética de frecuencia baja (ELF) proveniente de tendidos o transformadores de alta tensión, radiación electromagnética ELF del tendido eléctrico domiciliario y de artefactos electrodomésticos, exposición ocupacional a radiación electromagnética principalmente ELF, y radiación electromagnética de radiofrecuencia (RF) proveniente de antenas de transmisión de televisión. A continuación se analizan los efectos ya demostrados de la telefonía celular (los teléfonos y sus antenas repetidoras). Luego se analizan los grados de certeza de un estudio del Estado de California (USA) para relacionar las diversas enfermedades causadas por radiación electromagnética no ionizante. Este estudio confirmó la alta o mediana probabilidad de una relación causa-efecto de la radiación electromagnética con las siguientes enfermedades: leucemia en adultos y niños, cáncer cerebral en adultos y niños, cáncer de mama femenino y masculino, abortos espontáneos, suicidio, enfermedad de Alzheimer, esclerosis lateral amiotrófica y enfermedades cardiovasculares incluyendo infarto del miocardio. Se describen cuales son estas enfermedades de acuerdo al origen de estas radiaciones y se analizan cuales pueden ser los mecanismos biológicos que determinan la génesis de éstas...

The health effects of ionizing electromagnetic radiation are well known; neverthless there exist less recognition on the health effects of exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation. The first part of the present report refers to health effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, independently of its origin, since there are not important differences among effects caused by the different kind of non-ionizing radiations, therefore, they are valid for those emmited by the mobile telephony. A statistically significant association is described among various diseases and extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation (ELF) from high tension electric conductors or transformers, intradomiciliary electric lines or electrodomestic appliances, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields, mainly ELF, and radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation from television transmission. Already demonstrated effects of mobile telephony (cellular telephones and their antenas). The degrees of certainty from a study of the State of California (USA) is analyzed to relate various diseases caused by non-ionizing radiation. This study confirmed high or moderate probability of a cause-effect relationship for adult and child leukemia, brain cancer in adults and children, female and male breast cancer, spontaneous abortions, suicide, Alzheimer disease, amiotrophic lateral sclerosis and cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction. Various diseases are related to the different origin of the radiation, and the biological mechanisms involved in disease generation are analyzed. Research performed in the USSR and afterwards in Russia on health effects of mobile telephony are summarized, these investigations originated the regulation in this country and afterwards in West Europe, and influenced the decisions of WHO on its carcinogenicity...

Riesgo para la salud por radiaciones no ionizantes de las redes de telecomunicaciones en el Perú / Health risk to non-ionizing radiation by the telecommunications networks in Perú

Se revisa los diferentes estudios sobre los posibles efectos de las redes de telecomunicaciones sobre la salud, en dichos estudios refieren que los posibles efectos en la salud se deben al efecto térmico de las radiaciones no ionizantes que producen incrementos de temperatura corporal mayores a 1 ºC. Por otro lado, se revisó los estudios de evaluación de la exposición a las radiaciones no ionizantes de las redes de telecomunicaciones realizadas en el Perú entre el 2000 al 2006 que incluyen la medición de más de 500 lugares. Los niveles promedio más altos de exposición en el Perú son producidos por los servicios de radio FM y están en el orden de 29% de los límites recomendados, mientas los producidos por de las estaciones bases de telefonía móvil son de 1,5% a nivel poblacional. Los niveles más altos de exposición se dan por los teléfonos móviles aunque siguen estando dentro de los límites permisivos. La evaluación de riesgo de las radiaciones no ionizantes de las redes de telecomunicaciones en el Perú demuestra que el riesgo para la salud de las estaciones fijas es no significativo, pero en el caso de las estaciones portátiles (celulares) el riesgo es mayor y su importancia dependerá de los resultados de las investigaciones internacionales que están en curso.

We review the various studies on the potential impact of telecommunications networks on health, these studies relate to the possible health effects due to thermal effect of non-ionizing radiation produced greater increases in body temperature at 1 ºC. Furthermore, the studies were reviewed for assessment of exposure to non-ionizing radiation of telecommunications networks in Peru from 2000 to 2006 that include the measurement of more than 500 locations. The highest average levels of exposure in Peru are produced by the FM radio and are in the order of 29% of the recommended limits, while those produced by the mobile base stations are at 1.5% population. The highest levels of exposure are given by mobile phones but still within the permissible limits. The risk assessment of non-ionizing radiation of telecommunications networks in Peru shows that the health risk of the fixed stations is not significant, but in the case of stations (cell) the risk is higher and its importance depend on the results of international investigations that are ongoing.

Riesgo para la salud por radiaciones no ionizantes de las redes de energía eléctrica en el Perú / Health risk to non-ionizing radiation by the electricity networks in Perú

Se revisa las publicaciones internacionales y nacionales más importantes, especialmente aquellas que han sido conducidas en el marco del Proyecto Internacional Campos Electromagnéticos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para conocer los efectos biológicos y en la salud de los campos de energía eléctrica. Por otro lado, la exposición a nivel poblacional, residencial y ocupacional se revisó a través de las principales evaluaciones peruanas de los servicios y sistemas de energía eléctrica llevadas a cabo en el ámbito nacional desde el 2002 al 2008 a través de muestras representativas que incluyen la medición de más de 1400 puntos. La evaluación de la exposición muestra que los niveles promedio más altos de exposición en el Perú son producidos por las líneas de alta tensión de 220 kV; sin embargo, para la mayoría de los casos (98%) se encuentran por debajo de los límites recomendados. La evaluación de riesgo de las radiaciones no ionizantes de las redes de energía eléctrica en el Perú demuestra que el riesgo para la salud de las redes de energía eléctrica es no significativo.

We review most important national and international publication, specially those which has been conducted within the framework of the International Electromagnetic Field Project of the World Health Organization, for known the biological and health effects of the electric energy fields. The level of population, residential and occupational exposure were revised in principal Peruvian evaluation of electricity services and system realized since 2002 to 2008 with representative samples which included more than 1400 locations measurement. Exposure evaluation showed that the highest exposure levels in Peru came from 220 kV high voltage power lines. However, in most cases (98%) are below the recommended limits. The risk assessment of non-ionizing radiation from electric power network in Peru shows that the health risk is not significant.

Effect of nonionizing radiation onthe cerebellum of neonatal mice morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural study

Although the use of mobile telephones is common, increasing and beneficial, it is still considered as an environmental pollutant nowaday. This is because these devices require to be held close to the head and the exposure effects on the brain remain controversial. Being so, we designed this study. The present study was done in an attempt to investigate the morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes produced in the cerebellum of neonatal mice as a result of exposure to the nonionizing radiation of the mobile phone. Eleven neonatal mice were used in this study. Five of them were exposed [as experimental group] to mobile phone microwaves [900- 1800 MHz, SAR: 0.92 w/kg] during their late prenatal and early postnatal life [1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days]. While the other six served as control animals. Comparable parts of cerebella were removed from all animals and processed for the examination by the light and the transmission electron microscopes. The whole body exposure of the neonatal mice to this type of nonionizing radiation resulted in several morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural changes. These changes included a statistically significant decrease in the mean cell distribution, DNA content and total protein content of Purkinje cells and other cerebellar elements of exposed animals. On the other hand an increase in the Purkinje cell volume was recorded. In addition, the ultrastructural observations were corrugated plasma and nuclear membranes, ruptured mitochondria, destruction of Golgi apparatus, dilatation and disintegration of RER, scarcity of ribosomes and Nissl bodies in Purkinje cells. Damage in the cell membranes, chromatin clumping and increase in electron density of the cells of granular layer also observed. In the molecular layer; degeneration of axons and dendrites, increased electron density and damage of neurons occurred. The whole-body exposure of neonatal mice to the nonionizing radiation produced many pathological lesions in their cerebella at the cellular and subcellular levels

Knowledge about ionising and non-ionising radiation among medical students

The majority of patients remain concerned about radiation exposure and the health risk associated to it. A doctor is a person who can answer all pertinent questions regarding radiation and can satisfy their patients. Medical students, who are future doctors, can acquire this capability during their clinical rotation in the radiology department. The study is to assess knowledge, hazards, misconceptions and misunderstanding among medical students regarding equipments using ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. A questionnaire was self administered to medical students of a private medical college of Karachi. One hundred and twelve students who had completed their clinical rotation in the radiology department from fourth and final year MBBS class were included in the study. The obtained data was analyzed using statistical software. Nearly 40% of the students accepted that objects in the X-ray room emit radiation after an X-ray procedure and nearly the same percentage agreed that protective measures should be taken while performing an ultrasound and that dangerous radiation is emitted from good quality microwave equipment. Slightly more than one-third students viewed that gamma rays are more hazardous than X-rays while the same percentage agreed that intravenous contrast material used in angiogram is radioactive. Sixty-seven percent students agreed that nuclear material used in medicine is potentially explosive while 18% of students were in the opinion that MRI emits ionizing radiation. Twenty-eight percent of the students believe that a radiologist have a shorter life span as compared to other medical specialist. The majority of medical students in both years have limited knowledge about various aspects of radiation sources, the risk involved and its protection. Better teaching methods and programmes are required for medical students in the subject of radiology

Campos elétricos produzidos por equipamentos de diatermia de microondas / Electric fields produced by microwave diathermy equipments

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os níveis de radiação eletromagnética produzidos por equipamentos de diatermia por microondas, presentes no ambiente de trabalho do fisioterapeuta, e verificar se esses valores são compatíveis com os recomendados pelos organismos nacionais e internacionais. Foram medidos os campos elétricos (E) produzidos por três equipamentos de diatermia por microondas na cidade de Presidente Prudente SP. Foi usado um equipamento marca Wandel & Goltermann, modelo EMR – 200, sonda isotrópica Tipo 8 (de 100 kHz a 3 GHz), para medidas de campo elétrico. Próximo dos aplicadores, de dois dos equipamentos avaliados, os valores medidos estão acima do valor limite (137 V/m) recomendado. Para aplicações no ombro, foram medidos valores de até 650 V/m próximo aos olhos do paciente. Os resultados indicam que existe risco de exposição à doses altas de radiação eletromagnética para os pacientes e para os fisioterapeutas que operam equipamentos de diatermia.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of non-ionizing radiation, produced by microwave diathermy equipments, in the physiotherapists workplaces and check if these values are compatible with the ones adopted by national and international organizations. The electric fields (E) were evaluated around three microwave diathermy equipments in Presidente Prudente SP. To measure the electric fields it was used a Wandel & Goltermann equipment (EMR – 200) with an isotropic probe type 8 (of 100 kHz to 3 GHz). The results show that the electric field is higher than the recommended limit value (137 V/m) near the applicators, to two equipments. During application of microwave on a patient’s shoulder, values were measured up to 650 V/m near the patient’s eyes. The results indicate that there is risk of overexposure to electromagnetic radiation for patients and physiotherapists who work with diathermy equipments.

In site electric field measurementos in hospital operating rooms / Medição de campos elétricos in situ em centros cirúrgicos

A interferência eletromagnética pode causar problemas no funcionamento de equipamentos eletromédicos. Dentre as fontes radiantes de interferência encontradas na literatura, os telefones celulares e as unidades eletrocirúrgicas vêm recebendo atenção especial. Rotineiramente, essas fontes operam simultaneamente em pequenos espaços físicos, como as salas cirúrgicas. Este estudo apresenta uma sondagem da intensidade de campo elétrico ambiente em salas cirúrgicas durante a intervenção médica. As medições aconteceram em centros cirúrgicos de três hospitais com o emprego de um medidor isotrópicos de campo elétrico com sensor calibrado. Sete diferentes tipos de cirurgia foram monitorados. Para evitar a obtenção de intensidades de campo discrepantes nas medições, os experimentos aconteceram nas salas cirúrgicas disponíveis que apresentaram disposição similaar de objetos e móveis cirúrgicos e equipamentos eletromédicos. O medidor de campo adquiriu as medidas em quatro pontos ao redor da mesa cirúrgica. A comunicação remota entre o medidor dentro da sala cirúrgica e um computador portátil fora da sala foi estabelecida por meio de um cabo de fibra ótica. Quinze minutos em cado ponto totalizaram 1 hora de observação por cirurgia. O medidor registrou valores de campo elétrico mais elevados que o nível basal quando do acionamento da unidade eletrocirúrgica. O valor médio de campo elétrico variou entre 1,1 mais ou menos 0,3 V/m e 3,0 mais ou menos 1,2 V/m. Contudo, intensidades mais elevadas de campo elétrico foram observadas, como 9,1 V/m, para distâncias maiores que 2,0 m. Os campos elétricos registrados resultam da integração de todos os campos existentes no espectro de freqüências que o medidor é capaz de monitorar. Por esse motivo, o medidor não consegue determinar os campos elétricos na freqüência de operação de um equipamento eletrodoméstico específico, diferentemente de um analisador de espectro. Porém, ele apresentou o impacto causado pela ativação da unidade eletro...

Las radiaciones no ionizantes y su efecto sobre la salud humana / Non-ionizing radiations and their effect on human health

Los bombardeos por radiaciones electromagnéticas son continuos, incesantes e imperceptibles; unos de forma natural y otros producidos por el hombre. La afectación que estos tienen sobre la salud humana constituye un aspecto controvertido en el campo de la ciencia debido a que las radiaciones electromagnéticas en función de su frecuencia se clasifican en las que pueden tener o no efectos biológicos, efectos o no sobre el hombre. Algunos efectos biológicos pueden ser inocuos, como la radiación solar; otros, por el contrario, pueden desencadenar enfermedades como el cáncer, la esterilidad y otras menos conocidas. En el presente trabajo se hace un examen de la bibliografía publicada con el objetivo de situarlo en cierta perspectiva en relación con la salud

Normas y estándares aplicables a los campos electromagnéticos de radiofrecuencias en América Latina: guía para los límites de exposición y los protocolos de medición / Norms and standards for radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in Latin America: guidelines for exposure limits and measurement protocols

Las nuevas tecnologías que utilizan campos electromagnéticos (CEM) ofrecen a la humanidad inmensos beneficios. Además de emplearse en la transmisión de energía eléctrica, las telecomunicaciones y en equipos industriales, médicos y electrodomésticos, los CEM tienen otras muchas y muy diversas aplicaciones. Algunos estudios demuestran que la exposición a los CEM podría producir efectos adversos a la salud, como cáncer y cambios en el comportamiento de las personas. Aunque hasta el presente no se ha demostrado que la exposición a CEM de baja intensidad provoque estos efectos, se trabaja por lograr un consenso científico al respecto y por establecer normas de seguridad adecuadas. La responsabilidad de desarrollar y promover los estándares de seguridad ha recaído fundamentalmente en organizaciones y agencias especializadas reconocidas internacionalmente; sin embargo, las autoridades sanitarias nacionales deben participar activamente en ese proceso. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud ha decidido promover investigaciones científicas y epidemiológicas con vistas a proponer guías y estándares armonizados. Algunos países de América Latina, como Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Perú y Venezuela ya cuentan con leyes específicas, aunque generalmente parciales o incompletas, basadas en las recomendaciones internacionales. En este artículo se describen las normas establecidas en América Latina y se analizan los diferentes enfoques de cada una de ellas.

New technologies that use electromagnetic fields (EMF) have proved greatly beneficial to humankind. EMF are used in a variety of ways in the transmission of electrical energy and in telecommunications, industry, and medicine. However, some studies have shown that EMF could be detrimental to one's health, having found an association between exposure to EMF on the one hand, and the incidence of some types of cancer as well as behavioral changes on the other. Although so far there is no concrete proof that exposure to low-intensity EMF is hazardous, researchers continue to study the issue in an attempt to reach a consensus opinion and to establish safety standards. While developing and establishing such norms and standards have traditionally been the responsibility of international specialized agencies, national health authorities should take an active part in this process. Currently the Pan American Health Organization is promoting scientific research, often in the form of epidemiologic studies, in order to propose uniform norms and standards. Some Latin American countries, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela, have already enacted incomplete or partial legislation based on recommended international standards. This article describes the norms established in Latin America and the particular approach taken by each country.

Evaluación electroencefalográfica en personas expuestas a las radiaciones electromagnéticas (radiaciones no ionizantes) / Electroencephalographic evaluation of persons exposed to electromagnetic radiations (non-ionizing radiations)

Las radiaciones electromagnéticas según diferentes autores pueden modificar la actividad bioeléctrica cerebral y producir cambios en el electroencefalograma mediante diferentes mecanismos biológicos que involucran a los iones calcio, la producción de melatonina y otras funciones neurorreguladoras. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el electroencefalograma en un grupo de personas expuestas a las radiaciones electromagnéticas y compararlo con un grupo no expuesto. Se encontró que en los expuestos las alteraciones electroencefalográficas más frecuentes fueron las que manifestaron un sufrimiento cortical cerebral (alteraciones lentas), un aumento de energía absoluta y total de las bandas electroencefalográficas theta y delta, mientras que las alteraciones del electroencefalograma encontradas en los controles no difieren por su número y características morfológicas de las encontradas en la población en general