Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline enhance survival, reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress in a rat model of strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction

OBJECTIVES: Intestinal obstruction has a high mortality rate when therapeutic treatment is delayed. Resuscitation in intestinal obstruction requires a large volume of fluid, and fluid combinations have been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of hypertonic saline solution (HS) with pentoxifylline (PTX) on apoptosis, oxidative stress and survival rate. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal obstruction and ischemia through a closed loop ligation of the terminal ileum and its vessels. After 24 hours, the necrotic bowel segment was resected, and the animals were randomized into four groups according to the following resuscitation strategies: Ringer's lactate solution (RL) (RL-32 ml/kg); RL+PTX (25 mg/kg); HS+PTX (HS, 7.5%, 4 ml/kg), and no resuscitation (IO-intestinal obstruction and ischemia). Euthanasia was performed 3 hours after resuscitation to obtain kidney and intestine samples. A malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was performed to evaluate oxidative stress, and histochemical analyses (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling [TUNEL], Bcl-2 and Bax) were conducted to evaluate kidney apoptosis. Survival was analyzed with another series of animals that were observed for 15 days. RESULTS: PTX in combination with RL or HS reduced the MDA levels (nmol/mg of protein), as follows: kidney IO=0.42; RL=0.49; RL+PTX=0.31; HS+PTX=0.34 (p<0.05); intestine: IO=0.42; RL=0.48; RL+PTX=0.29; HS+PTX=0.26 (p<0.05). The number of labeled cells for TUNEL and Bax was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The survival rate on the 15th day was higher in the HS+PTX group (77%) than in the RL+PTX group (11%). CONCLUSION: PTX in combination with HS enhanced survival and attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, when combined with RL, PTX did not reduce apoptosis or mortality.

Perconditioning associated to hypertonic saline solution on liver function improvement after ischemia/reperfusion injury

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of hypertonic saline solution associated to remote ischemic perconditioning in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Methods: 25 male rats (Wistar) were distributed into five groups: Sham group (S); Ischemia/Reperfusion group (I/R) with 30 minutes of liver ischemia; Remote ischemic perconditioning group (Per) with three cycles of 10 minutes of I/R performed during liver ischemia; Hypertonic saline solution group (HSS) treated with hypertonic saline solution (4ml/kg); Remote ischemic perconditioning + Hypertonic saline solution group (Per+HSS) with both treatments. Results: Per+HSS group showed a lower degree of liver dysfunction in relation to I/R group, whereas the technique of remote ischemic perconditioning isolated or associated with saline solution significantly improved liver function and reduced histological damage. Conclusion: Remote ischemic perconditioning associated or not to saline solution promoted reduction of acute liver injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion.

Effects of hypertonic saline solution associated to remote ischemic perconditioning in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of hypertonic saline solution associated to remote ischemic perconditioning in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Methods: Twenty five male rats (Wistar) underwent right nephrectomy and were distributed into five groups: Sham group (S); Ischemia/Reperfusion group (I/R) with 30 minutes of renal ischemia; Remote ischemic perconditioning group (Per) with three cycles of 10 minutes of I/R performed during kidney ischemia; Hypertonic saline solution group (HSS) treated with hypertonic saline solution (4ml/kg); remote ischemic perconditioning + Hypertonic saline solution group (Per+HSS) with both treatments. After reperfusion, blood samples were collected for BUN and creatinine serum levels analyzes. TBARS were evaluated in plasma and renal tissue to assess oxidative stress. Kidney histopathological examination were performed. Results: Per+HSS group showed a lower degree of renal dysfunction in relation to I/R group, whereas the technique of remote ischemic perconditioning isolated or associated with saline solution significantly reduced oxidative stress and histological damage. Conclusion: Remote ischemic perconditioning associated or not to saline solution promoted reduction of acute renal injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion.

Sodium chloride stress induced morphological changes in some halotolerant fungi

Materials and Methods: Nine fungal isolates namely Emericill anidulans, Mucor racemosus , Alternaria pluriseptata Penicillium canescens, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria chlamydospora, Aspergillus parasiticus and Ulocladium atrum were isolated from AL - SHEGA area at AL- QASSIM region

Results: The influence of different sodium chloride concentrations on the growth rate, morphological and ultrastructure were studied. Considerable differences in their growth rate and morphology were detected on medium containing different concentrations of sodium chloride [NaCl]. Low growth rates were obseved on high NaCl concentrations. At 15% NaCl, low growth of Emericill anidulans, Penicillium canescens, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Aspergillus parasiticus and Mucor racemosus was detected , whereas all fungal isolates were failed to grow at 20% NaCl. Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM] revealed that all fungal asexual reproduction organs were metamorphosed at higher NaCl concentration, fungal heads and sporangia were speculated or elongated. Sporangiophores and conidiophores were shortened and dwarfed ,little number of conidia or spores were detected

Effect of hypertonic saline treatment on the inflammatory response after hydrochloric acid-induced lung injury in pigs

OBJECTIVES: Hypertonic saline has been proposed to modulate the inflammatory cascade in certain experimental conditions, including pulmonary inflammation caused by inhaled gastric contents. The present study aimed to assess the potential anti-inflammatory effects of administering a single intravenous dose of 7.5% hypertonic saline in an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid. METHODS: Thirty-two pigs were anesthetized and randomly allocated into the following four groups: Sham, which received anesthesia and were observed; HS, which received intravenous 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4 ml/kg); acute lung injury, which were subjected to acute lung injury with intratracheal hydrochloric acid; and acute lung injury + hypertonic saline, which were subjected to acute lung injury with hydrochloric acid and treated with hypertonic saline. Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were recorded over four hours. Subsequently, bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected at the end of the observation period to measure cytokine levels using an oxidative burst analysis, and lung tissue was collected for a histological analysis. RESULTS: Hydrochloric acid instillation caused marked changes in respiratory mechanics as well as blood gas and lung parenchyma parameters. Despite the absence of a significant difference between the acute lung injury and acute lung injury + hypertonic saline groups, the acute lung injury animals presented higher neutrophil and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage analysis. The histopathological analysis revealed pulmonary edema, congestion and alveolar collapse in both groups; however, the differences between groups were not significant. Despite the lower cytokine and neutrophil levels observed in the acute lung injury + hypertonic saline group, significant differences were not observed among the treated and non-treated groups. ...

Pentoxifylline associated to hypertonic saline solution attenuates inflammatory process and apoptosis after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate intestinal inflammatory and apoptotic processes after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, modulated by pentoxifylline and hypertonic saline. METHODS: It was allocated into four groups (n=6), 24 male Wistar rats (200 to 250g) and submitted to intestinal ischemia for 40 min and reperfusion for 80 min: IR (did not receive any treatment); HS group (Hypertonic Saline, 4ml/kg-IV); PTX group (Pentoxifylline, 30mg/kg-IV); HS+PTX group (Hypertonic Saline and Pentoxifylline). All animals were heparinized (100U/kg). At the end of reperfusion, ileal fragments were removed and stained on hematoxylin-eosin and histochemical studies for COX-2, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS: The values of sO2 were higher on treated groups at 40 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0081) and 80 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0072). Serum lactate values were lower on treated groups after 40 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0003) and 80 minutes of reperfusion (p=0.0098). Morphologic tissue injuries showed higher grades on IR group versus other groups: HS (p=0.0006), PTX (p=0.0433) and HS+PTX (p=0.0040). The histochemical study showed lesser expression of COX-2 (p=0.0015) and Bcl-2 (p=0.0012) on HS+PTX group. A lower expression of cleaved caspase-3 was demonstrated in PTX (p=0.0090; PTXvsIR). CONCLUSION: The combined use of pentoxifylline and hypertonic saline offers best results on inflammatory and apoptotic inhibitory aspects after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. .

O impacto das soluções hipertônica e salina fisiológica na reperfusão do trato gastrintestinal pós-isquemia em ratos / The impact of hypertonic and normal saline in gut reperfusion after ischemia in rats

Objetivo: Investigar o papel de duas diferentes soluções salinas nos mecanismos de lesão após isquemia intestinal: estresse oxidativo e respostas inflamatórias. Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a oclusão transitória da artéria mesentérica superior e estudados durante as 6 horas seguintes à reperfusão. Após randomização, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Falso; Solução Hipertônica, os quais receberam infusão de solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% (4mL/kg de peso corpóreo); Solução Fisiológica, os quais receberam infusão de solução salina a 0,9% (33mL/kg); e Sem Tratamento. A infusão foi realizada imediatamente antes da reperfusão. Foram realizadas dosagens sequenciais de interleucina 6 e interleucina 10 no plasma. Foram coletadas amostras de tecidos (pulmão, fígado e intestino) para medir malondialdeído, mieloperoxidase e interleucina. Resultados: Em comparação ao Grupo Sem Tratamento, os animais que receberam volume (Grupos Solução Hipertônica e Solução Fisiológica) mostraram níveis tissulares mais baixos de malondialdeído, mieloperoxidase, interleucina 6 e interleucina 10. As concentrações plasmáticas de interleucina 6 e interleucina 10 foram mais altas nos animais tratados com solução hipertônica do que nos tratados com solução fisiológica e nos sem tratamento. Conclusão: Neste modelo de isquemia intestinal transitória, a manutenção adequada de volume intravascular diminuiu o estresse oxidativo e a síntese de marcadores de inflamação. Tanto a solução hipertônica quanto a fisiológica atenuaram os efeitos deletérios observados após isquemia intestinal. .

Objective: We investigated the effect of two different saline solutions on the mechanisms of injury after intestinal ischemia: oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Methods: Wistar rats underwent transient superior mesenteric artery occlusion and were studied for 6 hours after reperfusion. After randomization, the animals were divided into four groups: Sham; Hypertonic Saline, in which they received infusion of 4mL/kg body weight of 7.5% hypertonic saline; Saline, in which they received infusion of 33mL/kg body weight of 0.9% saline; and Non Treatment. The infusion was performed immediately prior to the reperfusion. The plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 were measured. Tissue samples (lung, liver, and intestine) were collected for malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and interleukin measurements. Results: The animals that received infusions (Hypertonic Saline and Saline) showed lower levels of tissue malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, interleukin 6, and interleukin 10 compared with the Non Treatment group. The plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 and interleukin 10 were higher in the animals treated with 7.5% hypertonic saline compared with Saline and Non Treatment groups. Conclusion: In this model of transient intestinal ischemia, the adequate maintenance of intravascular volume decreased oxidative stress and the synthesis of inflammatory markers. Both 7.5% Hypertonic Saline and Saline attenuated the deleterious effects observed after intestinal ischemia. .

Analysis of the effect of renal excretory system cooling during thermal radiofrequency ablation in an animal model

Objective: Analysis of renal excretory system integrity and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation with and without irrigation with saline at 2 o C (SF2). Materials and Methods: The median third of sixteen kidneys were submitted to radiofrequency (exposition of 1 cm) controlled by intra-surgical ultrasound, with eight minutes cycles and median temperature of 90 o C in eight female pigs. One excretory renal system was cooled with SF2, at a 30ml/min rate, and the other kidney was not. After 14 days of post-operatory, the biggest diameters of the lesions and the radiological aspects of the excretory system were compared by bilateral ascending pyelogram and the animals were sacrificed in order to perform histological analysis. Results: There were no significant differences between the diameters of the kidney lesions whether or not exposed to cooling of the excretory system. Median diameter of the cooled kidneys and not cooled kidneys were respectively (in mm): anteroposterior: 11.46 vs. 12.5 (p = 0.23); longitudinal: 17.94 vs. 18.84 (p = 0.62); depth: 11.38 vs. 12.25 (p = 0.47). There was no lesion of the excretory system or signs of leakage of contrast media or hydronephrosis at ascending pyelogram. Conclusion: Cooling of excretory system during radiofrequency ablation does not significantly alter generated coagulation necrosis or affect the integrity of the excretory system in the studied model. .

Effects of 4% Hypertonic Saline Solution Mouthwash on Oral Health of Elders in Long Term Care Facilities

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash and tooth brushing education on the oral health of elders living in long term care facilities. METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, the participants were assigned to a 2% experimental group (n=20), a 4% experimental group (n=20), and a control group (n=20). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple response analysis with the SAS program. RESULTS: Regular tooth brushing and use of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash by elders provided better oral health by decreasing xerostomia, oral tongue plaque, halitosis, and the number of oral bacteria. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that regular tooth brushing with continuous 4% hypertonic saline solution mouth washing education promotes oral health for elders in long term care facilities, thus the dental care described in this study is recommended for elders in long term facilities.

Hypertonic saline solution reduces the inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats

OBJECTIVE: Volume replacement in septic patients improves hemodynamic stability. This effect can reduce the inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution versus 0.9% normal saline solution for volume replacement during an inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. METHODS: We measured cytokines (serum and gut), nitrite, and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) as indicators of oxidative stress in the gut. Rats were divided into four groups: control group (C) that did not receive lipopolysaccharide; lipopolysaccharide injection without treatment (LPS); lipopolysaccharide injection with saline treatment (LPS +S); and lipopolysaccharide injection with hypertonic saline treatment (LPS +H). Serum and intestine were collected. Measurements were taken at 1.5, 8, and 24 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. RESULTS: Of the four groups, the LPS +H group had the highest survival rate. Hypertonic saline solution treatment led to lower levels of IL-6, IL-10, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances compared to 0.9% normal saline. In addition, hypertonic saline treatment resulted in a lower mortality compared to 0.9% normal saline treatment in endotoxemic rats. Volume replacement reduced levels of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and gut. CONCLUSION: Hypertonic saline treatment reduced mortality and lowered levels of inflammatory mediators in endotoxemic rats. Hypertonic saline also has the advantage of requiring less volume replacement.

Hypertonic saline and reduced peroxynitrite formation in experimental pancreatitis

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hypertonic saline exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating hepatic oxidative stress in pancreatitis. INTRODUCTION: The incidence of hepatic injury is related to severe pancreatitis, and hypertonic saline reduces pancreatic injury and mortality in pancreatitis. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (not subjected to treatment), untreated pancreatitis (NT, pancreatitis induced by a retrograde transduodenal infusion of 2.5 percent sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct with no further treatment administered), pancreatitis with normal saline (NS, pancreatitis induced as described above and followed by resuscitation with 0.9 percent NaCl), and pancreatitis with hypertonic saline (HS, pancreatitis induced as described above and followed by resuscitation with 7.5 percent NaCl). At 4, 12, and 24 h after pancreatitis induction, liver levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), heat-shock protein 70, nitrotyrosine (formation of peroxynitrite), nitrite/nitrate production, lipid peroxidation, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release were determined. RESULTS: Twelve hours after pancreatitis induction, animals in the HS group presented significantly lower iNOS expression (P<0.01 vs. NS), nitrite/nitrate levels (P<0.01 vs. NS), lipid peroxidation (P<0.05 vs. NT), and ALT release (P<0.01 vs. NS). Twenty-four hours after pancreatitis induction, nitrotyrosine expression was significantly lower in the HS group than in the NS group (P<0.05). DISCUSSION: The protective effect of hypertonic saline was related to the establishment of a superoxide-NO balance that was unfavorable to nitrotyrosine formation. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline decreases hepatic oxidative stress and thereby minimizes liver damage in pancreatitis.

Comparación de la eficacia y seguridad de dos combinaciones nebulizadas; sulfato de magnesio mas salbutamol versus salbutamol mas solucion salina normal, en el tratamiento del sindrome bronquial obstructivo en pediatría / Comparison of efficacy and safety of two nebulised combinations: magnesium sulfate more salbutamol versus salbutamol more normal saline solution in the treatment of obstructive bronchial syndrome In a pediatric populación

Los síndromes bronquiales obstructivos constituyen una patología muy frecuente y recurrente en la población pediátrica. El tratamiento convencional, incluye el uso de beta dos agonistas nebulizados de corta acción y esteroides sistémicos. Sin embargo existe una proporción de pacientes que no responden a ésta terapia por lo que son justificadas la utilización de otras medidas como ser la combinación nebulizada de sulfato de magnesio más salbutamol el cuál será el objetivo a investigar desde el punto de vista de eficacia y seguridad en comparación a la combinación nebulizada de salbutamol más solución salina normal, con el propósito de sugerir - sí resultase útil - una nueva alternativa de tratamient o. Se estudiaron 100 pacientes, 44 recibieron la combinación de magnesio con salbutamol y el resto salbutamol con solución salina; el 93% del grupo inicial presentó resolución total de su cuadro en las primeras 12 horas en comparación al 63% del grupo con la segunda combinación (p=0.003). Ambas combinaciones fueron seguras...(AU)

Hemodynamic effects of volume replacement with saline solution and hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch in dogs / Efeitos hemodinâmicos da reposição volêmica com solução salina e hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico em cães

PURPOSE: To investigate hemodynamic response to volume replacement with saline solution and hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch in hypovolemic dogs. METHODS: Forty dogs under general anesthesia and hemodynamic monitoring, following measurements at baseline, were bled 20 ml.Kg-1 and parameters were measured again after 10 minutes. The animals were randomly divided in two groups and volume replacement was performed with saline solution twice the volume removed or 4 ml.Kg-1 of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch. Hemodynamic data were again measured after 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. RESULTS: With both solutions values returned to satisfactory hemodynamic levels. With saline solution, there was a greater amplitude in variations that tended to decrease progressively. With hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch, the parameters studied returned more rapidly to levels similar to those at baseline and varied less. CONCLUSION: Both solutions proved to be efficient at replacing volume in the short period studied, although hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch produced more stable results.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar em cães hipovolêmicos as respostas hemodinâmicas da reposição volêmica com solução salina e hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico. MÉTODOS: Quarenta cães sob anestesia geral e monitorização hemodinâmica, após medidas em repouso foram sangrados 20 ml.Kg-1 e tiveram os parâmetros novamente medidos após 10 minutos. Os animais foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos nos quais foi realizada reposição volêmica com solução fisiológica duas vezes o volume retirado ou 4 ml.Kg-1 de hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico e os dados hemodinâmicos medidos novamente após 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos. RESULTADOS: A reposição volêmica com as duas soluções fez os valores retornarem a níveis hemodinâmicos satisfatórios, a amplitude das variações com solução fisiológica foi maior, mas tendeu a diminuir progressivamente, com o hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico os parâmetros estudados retornaram a semelhantes ao repouso mais rapidamente e variaram menos. CONCLUSÃO: Ambas soluções se mostraram eficientes na reposição volêmica, o hidroxi-etil amido hipertônico proporcionou resultados mais estáveis.

Protein kinase C micron plays an essential role in hypertonicity-induced heat shock protein 70 expression

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which evidences important functions as a molecular chaperone and anti-apoptotic molecule, is substantially induced in cells exposed to a variety of stresses, including hypertonic stress, heavy metals, heat shock, and oxidative stress, and prevents cellular damage under these conditions. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of HSP70 in response to hypertonicity has been characterized to a far lesser extent. In this study, we have investigated the cellular signaling pathway of HSP70 induction under hypertonic conditions. Initially, we applied a variety of kinase inhibitors to NIH3T3 cells that had been exposed to hypertonicity. The induction of HSP70 was suppressed specifically by treatment with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (Go6976 and GF109203X). As hypertonicity dramatically increased the phosphorylation of PKC micron, we then evaluated the role of PKC micron in hypertonicity-induced HSP70 expression and cell viability. The depletion of PKC micron with siRNA or the inhibition of PKC micron activity with inhibitors resulted in a reduction in HSP70 induction and cell viability. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), a transcription factor for hypertonicity-induced HSP70 expression, was translocated rapidly into the nucleus and was modified gradually in the nucleus under hypertonic conditions. When we administered treatment with PKC inhibitors, the mobility shift of TonEBP was affected in the nucleus. However, PKC micron evidenced no subcellular co-localization with TonEBP during hypertonic exposure. From our results, we have concluded that PKC micron performs a critical function in hypertonicity-induced HSP70 induction, and finally cellular protection, via the indirect regulation of TonEBP modification.

Species distribution and physiological characterization of Acinetobacter genospecies from healthy human skin of tribal population in India.

BACKGROUND: Various reports on distribution of Acinetobacter spp. from healthy human skin restricted to urban population. However, no such data is available from healthy human skin of tribal population not exposed to modern antibiotics during their life time. PURPOSE: Isolation, biotyping, distribution and physiological characterisation of Acinetobacter spp. from healthy human skin of tribal population. METHODS: Tribal population of Toranmal area of Satpuda Ranges, Maharashtra, India were sampled for ten body sites. Tentative Acinetobacter isolates were confirmed to the genus level by chromosomal DNA transformation assay and to species level using Bouvet and Grimont system. Novel physiological characteristics like pH, temperature and salt tolerance were studied. All strains were screened for production of various enzymes. RESULTS: One hundred and eighteen strains were isolated, which belonged to nine Acinetobacter genospecies. A. haemolyticus was most abundant followed by A. calcoaceticus and A. genospecies 1-3. Higher percentage of Acinetobacter was recovered from skin of nose, Pawara tribe and female volunteers. They showed wide variation in temperature, salt and pH tolerance. Most of the strains could produce enzymes viz, lipase, esterase, urease and amylase. CONCLUSIONS: Acinetobacter spp. belonging to nine genospecies were obtained in the present study. Physiological characteristics including high salt, temperature and acidic pH tolerance were helpful to differentiate between the commensal and pathogenic species of Acinetobacter genus.

Indução anestésica após o tratamento do choque hemorrágico: estudo experimental comparando a cetamina e o etomidato / Anesthetic induction after treated hemorrhagic shock: experimental study comparing ketamine and etomidate

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O sangramento que leva ao choque hemorrágico geralmente necessita tratamento cirúrgico sob anestesia geral. Por sua vez, os anestésicos podem comprometer ainda mais as condições hemodinâmicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de comparar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da cetamina e do etomidato durante a indução anestésica em cães submetidos a um modelo experimental de choque hemorrágico e reanimação. MÉTODO: Trinta e dois cães mestiços foram submetidos ao choque hemorrágico pressão-controlado, reanimação e indução anestésica. Após atingir a pressão alvo de 40 mmHg eles foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com a solução usada na reanimação: NaCl a 0.9 por cento (32 ml.kg-1) e NaCl a 7,5 por cento (4 mL.kg-1). Após a infusão de volume, esses grupos foram divididos novamente de acordo com o anestésico utilizado: GI) NaCl a 0.9 por cento e cetamina; GII) NaCl a 7.5 por cento e cetamina; GIII) NaCl a 0.9 por cento e etomidato; e GIV) NaCl a 7.5 por cento e etomidato. Medições hemodinâmicas foram obtidas em cinco momentos: (M0) inicial; (M1) após o desenvolvimento do choque hemorrágico; (M2) após a administração de fluidos; (M3) 5 minutos após a indução anestésica; (M4) 15 minutos após a indução anestésica. Foi feita a análise estatística usando o teste t de Student e two-way ANOVA. Foram considerados significativos valores de p menores do que 0,05. RESULTADOS: Após a instalação do choque, ambas as soluções restabeleceram os padrões hemodinâmicos aos valores iniciais. Independente do anestésico ou da solução utilizados, após a indução anestésica a pressão arterial média permaneceu inalterada em todos os grupos. A pressão venosa central, freqüência cardíaca, pressão capilar pulmonar e o índice de resistência pulmonar vascular aumentaram significativamente após a administração de cetamina. O índice cardíaco, o índice de resistência vascular sistêmica e o transporte de oxigênio permaneceram estáveis em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O etomidato ou a cetamina foram capazes de manter a estabilidade hemodinâmica nos cães que sofreram choque hemorrágico intenso e que foram tratados com NaCl a 0,9 por cento ou NaCl a 7,5 por cento.

The role of tonicity responsive enhancer sites in the transcriptional regulation of human hsp70-2 in response to hypertonic stress

The inducible 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70) in mice are encoded by two almost identical genes, hsp70.1 and hsp70.3. Studies have found that only hsp70.1 is induced by hypertonic stress while both hsp70.1 and hsp70.3 genes are expressed in response to heat shock stress. It is unclear if the human counterparts, hsp70-2 and hsp70-1, are differentially regulated by heat shock and osmotic stress. This study found that only hsp70-2 was induced by hypertonic stress in human embryonic kidney epithelial cells and fibroblasts, while heat shock stress induced both hsp70-1 and hsp70-2. The human hsp70-2 promoter region contains three TonE (tonicity-responsive enhancer) sites, which were reported to play an important role in the response to hypertonicity. When the reporter plasmids containing different parts of the 5' flanking region of hsp70-2 were transfected into human embryonic kidney epithelial cells or fibroblasts, one TonE site at -135 was found to play a key role in the response to hypertonicity. The inactivation of the TonE site using site-directed mutagenesis led to the complete loss of induction by hypertonicity, which demonstrates the essential role of the TonE site. This suggests that the TonE site and the TonEBP (TonE binding protein) are the major regulators for the cellular response against high osmolarity in human kidney tissue.

Hypertonic glucose solution 10 percent - 25 percent on the mesenterium and peritoneum of the rat: macroscopic and microscopic study

OBJETIVO: Investigar as alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas do mesentério e do peritônio parietal quando se administra a solução aquosa de glicose hipertônica a 10% e a 25% na cavidade peritoneal de rato.MÉTODOS: 90 ratos fêmeas (n=90), adultos, "Wistar", jovens, com peso variando de 180 a 250 gramas foram divididos em 3 sub-grupos (A, B e C) contendo cada um 30 animais com procedimentos idênticos, diferindo apenas no período de observação. Os números de 1 a 30 constituem o grupo A ou grupo-controle (NaCl 0,9%), os números de 31 a 60 constituem o grupo B ou grupo-glicose a 10% e os números de 61 a 90 constituem o grupo C ou grupo- glicose a 25%. Realizando-se posteriormente laparotomia com incisão mediana longitudinal de pele a 2 cm abaixo do processo Xiphoideus sterni, estendendo-se por 3 cm caudalmente na linha média ventral. A escolha do procedimento a ser realizado para introdução na cavidade peritoneal de 2 ml de uma solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% (controle), de glicose hipertônica a 10% e de glicose hipertônica a 25%. Em períodos correspondentes às 6h, 24h e 48h de pós-operatório, os animais de cada grupo foram reoperados, sendo realizada avaliação macroscópica e microscópica além dos registros das alterações histológicas do mesentério e peritônio parietal.RESULTADOS: Na microscopia do mesentério observou-se que 30 animais (33,4%) apresentaram linfonodos hiperplásicos; 6 animais (6,6%) com fibrose reacional; 10 animais (11,1%) com intensa congestão vascular; 16 animais (17,8%) com inflamação crônica inespecífica; 28 casos (31,1%) sem alteração. A microscopia do peritônio revelou 6 casos com fibrose reacional (3,3%) 174 casos (96,7%) sem alteração histológica. CONCLUSÃO: As soluções de glicose a 10% e a 25% não causam necrose tecidual quando introduzidas na cavidade peritoneal. O processo reacional inflamatório é de igual intensidade tecidual comparando-se ao uso da solução de NaCl a 0,9%.

Viabilidade celular da mucosa do intestino delgado de ratos, após correçäo de choque hipovolêmico com soluçäo de NaCl 7,5 por cento / Celular viability of rat small bowel mucosa, after hypovolemic shock correction with NaCl 7,5 percent solution

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito da correçäo volêmica com diferentes tipos de soluçäo, na mucosa do intestino delgado de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 120 ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus), machos, adultos, com peso individual entre 310 e 410g, oriundos do Instituto Evandro Chagas de Belém do Pará, submetidos a período de adaptaçäo por 15 dias, recebendo água e raçäo ad libitum, durante todo o experimento. Os animais foram distribuídos em: Grupo Padräo (P), Grupo Choque (C), Grupo Soluçäo Fisiológica (SF) e Grupo Soluçäo Hipertônica (SH), com 30 animais cada. Estes foram divididos em subgrupos com 10 animais cada, de acordo com o dia de pós-operatório (DPO) previsto para a eutanásia dos animais, (1º, 3º ou 7º DPO), sendo após esta, colhido material para realizaçäo de teste de absorvância pelo MTT em todos os animais. RESULTADOS: O grupo SF apresentou menores índices de viabilidade celular comparado aos grupos SH e C (p<0.05). CONCLUSÄO: A correçäo volêmica com soluçäo de cloreto de sódio a 7.5 por cento levou a manutençäo de maior quantidade de células viáveis, no intestino delgado em ratos no 7º dia do experimento.

efficacy of current scolicidal agents in surgically removed hydatid cysts

Context: The spillage of hydatid material, during surgery for hydatid cysts, may lead to secondary cyst formation due to the implantation of the protoscolices, A number of chemical scolicidal agents are injected into the hydatid cyst prior to its surgical removal as a prophylactic measures against the cyst material implantation, To measure the efficacy of four commonly used chemical scolicidal agents in rendering the contents of the hydatid cyst unviable, Design: Descriptive case-series with in-vitro measurement of viability of protoscolices in surgically removed, scolicidal injected hydatid cysts. Participants and setting: Thirty-four fresh fertile hydatid cysts from liver, lung and kidney were obtained following surgical removal in Al-Zahrawy teaching hospital between September 1995 and September 1996.The parasitological work was conducted in the Parasitology Laboratory, College of Medicine University of Mosul. Main outcome measures: The 34 cysts were categorized into four groups according to the scolicidal agent injected in the cysts before their surgical removal. The scolicidal used are 1% hibitane, 10% formalin, 30% hypertonic saline and 50% hydrogen peroxide. All 34 specimens were examined at 1 hour, as well as 12, 24, 48, 60, and 72 hours to count the cysts with viable protoscolices 1% hibitane and 10% formalin succeeded in reducing the number of viable protoscolices to about one third within one hour, 30% hypertonic saline and 50% hydrogen peroxide were less efficacious of the four scolicidals, 1% hibitane and 10% formalin used as scolicidal agents showed a minimal survival rate of the protoscolices [SR 38%], while the use of 30% hypertonic saline and 50% hydrogen peroxide. showed a maximal protoscolices survival rate [SR 67%], Thus, the use of hibitane and formalin solutions have high scolicidal effect