Análisis del manejo del linfoma de Hodgkin clásico durante 10 años en el Hospital Clínico Red Salud UC-Christus con énfasis en el uso del PET CT / Decade of Hodgkin lymphoma: PET CT vs biopsy in single Academic Chilean Center

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) es una causa prevalente de morbilidad por Cáncer Hematológico en el mundo y también en nuestro entorno. OBJETIVOS: Mostrar la experiencia de diez años tratando el LH en un centro docente chileno. Adicionalmente, exponer el rendimiento de diagnóstico del PET CT y la Biopsia de Médula Ósea. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio de Cohorte retrospectivo para recopilar datos y resultados de los pacientes tratados en nuestro centro. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 82 pacientes (edad promedio 35 años. Razón entre hombres y mujeres de 1,9:1). La sobrevida libre de progresión de 88,6% y 66,4% para estadios localizados y avanzados respectivamente. El PET como estrategia de etapificación tuvo mejor sensibilidad al comparar con la Biopsia de Médula. CONCLUSIONES: El resultado clínico de los pacientes tratados en este centro docente chileno fueron comparables a la literatura internacional. Adicionalmente, el PET CT evidenció ser una herramienta superior en el diagnóstico y etapificación superior a la biopsia en nuestros pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) is a prevalent hematological cancer in the world and Chile. OBJECTIVES: Show the experience of 10 years treating HL in a Chilean academic center. Additionally, it exposes the diagnostic performance of PET CT and Bone Marrow Biopsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to collect data and outcomes of patients treated in our center. RESULTS: 82 patients were analyzed (Average age, 35 years old; the ratio between men and women was 1.9:1). Progression-free survival was 88.6% and 66.4% for localized and advanced stages, respectively. PET as a staging strategy had better sensitivity than Marrow Biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical results of the patients treated in this Chilean teaching center were comparable to the international literature. Additionally, PET CT proved to be a superior tool in diagnosis and staging compared to biopsy in our patients.

Clinical Analysis of Pulmonary Lymphoma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical, imaging, and pathological features of pulmonary lymphoma.@*METHODS@#Patients with pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by lung biopsy in Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University from November 2013 to December 2020 were collected and divided into secondary pulmonary lymphoma (SPL) group and primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL) group according to the primary site of lymphoma. The clinical characteristics, stages, imaging features, diagnostic methods and pathological types of the two groups were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 22 patients were included, 10 cases were PPL and 12 cases were SPL. The main symptoms of the two groups were cough, dyspnea and chest pain. The proportion of stage III/IV patients and international prognostic index (IPI) in SPL group were significantly higher than those in PPL group (P<0.05). Chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) mainly showed masses, nodules and consolidation in both groups. The proportions of single mass and air bronchial sign in PPL group were significantly higher than those in SPL group, while the proportions of multiple nodules, mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion were significantly lower (P<0.05). The max standardized uptake value (SUVmax), peak standardized uptake value (SUVpeak), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in PPL group were lower than those in SPL group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In PPL group, 8 cases were diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) and 2 cases by percutaneous lung puncture. In SPL group, 4 cases were diagnosed by TBLB, 7 cases by percutaneous lung puncture, and 1 case by surgery. 95.5% patients were diagnosed by non-surgical methods. The main pathological type of PPL was mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, while that of SPL was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The clinical symptoms of pulmonary lymphoma are nonspecific, but the chest HRCT has characteristic manifestations, which can also help to distinguish between SPL and PPL. 18F-FDG PET/CT is also a potential method to distinguish between SPL and PPL. TBLB and percutaneous lung puncture biopsy are reliable methods for the diagnosis of lung lymphoma. The main pathological type of PPL is MALT lymphoma, while that of SPL is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Evaluation of PET Mainstream Scattering Correction Methods / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#Current mainstream PET scattering correction methods are introduced and evaluated horizontally, and finally, the existing problems and development direction of scattering correction are discussed.@*METHODS@#Based on NeuWise Pro PET/CT products of Neusoft Medical System Co. Ltd. , the simulation experiment is carried out to evaluate the influence of radionuclide distribution out of FOV (field of view) on the scattering estimation accuracy of each method.@*RESULTS@#The scattering events produced by radionuclide out of FOV have an obvious impact on the spatial distribution of scattering, which should be considered in the model. The scattering estimation accuracy of Monte Carlo method is higher than single scatter simulation (SSS).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Clinically, if the activity of the adjacent parts out of the FOV is high, such as brain, liver, kidney and bladder, it is likely to lead to the deviation of scattering estimation. Considering the Monte Carlo scattering estimation of the distribution of radionuclide out of FOV, it's helpful to improve the accuracy of scattering distribution estimation.

Causes of False-Positive Results in 68Ga-Labeled Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor PET/CT Imaging / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the causes of false-positive results in the 68Ga-labeled fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (68Ga-FAPI-04) PET/CT imaging. Methods The imaging data of 547 patients undergoing 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT examination in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from September 2020 to May 2021 were retrospectively collected.Two experienced nuclear medicine diagnostic physicians analyzed the clinical data,relevant imaging examinations,laboratory examinations,pathological results and follow-up results of the patients with false-positive results. Results The 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging of 547 patients showed false-positive results in 99 (18.1%) patients,including 56 males and 43 females.The postoperative pathological examination confirmed false-positive results in 13 patients,including 1 patient of thyroiditis,2 patients of pulmonary tuberculosis,1 patient of bone tuberculosis,2 patients of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor,1 patient of pulmonary sarcoidosis,1 patient of pulmonary benign fibroma,1 patient of organic pneumonia,2 patients of renal angiomyolipoma,1 patient of mass pancreatitis,and 1 patient of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma.The medical history,relevant imaging examination,and long-term follow-up confirmed false-positive results in 86 patients.Specifically,the false-positive uptake in the neck,chest,abdomen,bone joint,and skin occurred in 8 (9.3%),13 (15.1%),5 (5.8%),57 (66.3%),and 3 (3.5%) patients,respectively.Inflammation-related uptake appeared in 83 (83.8%) patients with false-positive imaging results,of which arthritis (23 patients) and osteophyte (29 patients) were the most common.Sixteen (16.2%) patients showed the false-positive uptake related to fibroblasts. Conclusion 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging will show non-malignant tumor false-positive results,which are mainly associated with inflammation and fibroblasts.

18F-FDG PET/CT Metabolic Parameters and Circulating Tumour DNA Mutation Abundance in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Correlation and Survival Analysis / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the correlation between 18Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) metabolic parameters and peripheral blood circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and the prognostic value of these two types of parameters in predicting progression-free survival (PFS).@*METHODS@#Clinical, PET/CT and ctDNA data of DLBCL patients who underwent peripheral blood ctDNA testing and corresponding PET/CT scans during the same period were retrospectively analyzed. At the time of ctDNA sampling and PET scan, patients were divided into baseline and relapsed/refractory (R/R) groups according to different disease conditions. CtDNA mutation abundance was expressed as variant allele frequency (VAF), including maximum VAF (maxVAF) and mean VAF (meanVAF). Total metabolic tumour volume (TMTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were obtained by the 41% maximum normalized uptake value method, and the distance between the two farthest lesions (Dmax) was used to assess the correlation between PET parameters and ctDNA mutation abundance using Spearman correlation analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to obtain the optical cut-off values of those parameters in predicting PFS in the baseline and R/R groups, respectively. Survival curves were outlined using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test was performed to compare survival differences.@*RESULTS@#A total of 67 DLBCL patients ［28 males and 39 females, median age 56.0(46.0, 67.0) years］ were included and divided into baseline group (29 cases) and R/R group (38 cases). Among these PET parameters, baseline TMTV, TLG, and Dmax were significantly correlated with baseline ctDNA mutation abundance, except for maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) (maxVAF vs TMTV: r=0.711; maxVAF vs TLG: r=0.709; maxVAF vs Dmax: r=0.672; meanVAF vs TMTV: r=0.682; meanVAF vs TLG: r=0.677; meanVAF vs Dmax: r=0.646). While in all patients, these correlations became weaker significantly. Among R/R patients, only TMTV had a weak correlation with meanVAF (r=0.376). ROC analysis showed that, the specificity of TMTV, TLG and Dmax in predicting PFS was better than mutation abundance, while the sensitivity of ctDNA mutation abundance was better. Except R/R patients, TMTV, TLG, Dmax, and VAF were significantly different at normal/elevated lactate dehydrogenase in baseline group and all patients (all P<0.05). Survival curves indicated that high TMTV (>109.5 cm3), high TLG (>2 141.3), high Dmax (>33.1 cm) and high VAF (maxVAF>7.74%, meanVAF>4.39%) were risk factors for poor PFS in baseline patients, while only high VAF in R/R patients (both maxVAF and meanVAF >0.61%) was a risk factor for PFS.@*CONCLUSION@#PET-derived parameters correlate well with ctDNA mutation abundance, especially in baseline patients. VAF of ctDNA predicts PFS more sensitively than PET metabolic parameters, while PET metabolic tumour burden with better specificity. TMTV, TLG and VAF all have good prognostic value for PFS. PET/CT combined with ctDNA has potential for further studies in prognostic assessment and personalized treatment.

Construction of A Nomogram Prediction Model for PD-L1 Expression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Based on 18F-FDG PET/CT Metabolic Parameters / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#In recent years, immunotherapy represented by programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunosuppressants has greatly changed the status of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. PD-L1 has become an important biomarker for screening NSCLC immunotherapy beneficiaries, but how to easily and accurately detect whether PD-L1 is expressed in NSCLC patients is a difficult problem for clinicians. The aim of this study was to construct a Nomogram prediction model of PD-L1 expression in NSCLC patients based on 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/conputed tomography (PET/CT) metabolic parameters and to evaluate its predictive value.@*METHODS@#Retrospective collection of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters, clinicopathological information and PD-L1 test results of 155 NSCLC patients from Inner Mongolia People's Hospital between September 2016 and July 2021. The patients were divided into the training group (n=117) and the internal validation group (n=38), and another 51 cases of NSCLC patients in our hospital between August 2021 and July 2022 were collected as the external validation group according to the same criteria. Then all of them were categorized according to the results of PD-L1 assay into PD-L1+ group and PD-L1- group. The metabolic parameters and clinicopathological information of patients in the training group were analyzed by univariate and binary Logistic regression, and a Nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the screened independent influencing factors. The effect of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA) in both the training group and the internal and external validation groups.@*RESULTS@#Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that metabolic tumor volume (MTV), gender and tumor diameter were independent influences on PD-L1 expression. Then a Nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the above independent influences. The ROC curve for the model in the training group shows an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.769 (95%CI: 0.683-0.856) with an optimal cutoff value of 0.538. The AUC was 0.775 (95%CI: 0.614-0.936) in the internal validation group and 0.752 (95%CI: 0.612-0.893) in the external validation group. The calibration curves were tested by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and showed that the training group (χ2=0.040, P=0.979), the internal validation group (χ2=2.605, P=0.271), and the external validation group (χ2=0.396, P=0.820) were well calibrated. The DCA curves show that the model provides clinical benefit to patients over a wide range of thresholds (training group: 0.00-0.72, internal validation group: 0.00-0.87, external validation group: 0.00-0.66).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The Nomogram prediction model constructed on the basis of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters has greater application value in predicting PD-L1 expression in NSCLC patients.

Research progress of FAPI PET/CT in the diagnosis of malignant liver tumors / 中华肝脏病杂志

Malignant liver tumors have a high incidence and mortality rate. Therefore, it is of great significance to promptly learn about tumor advancement status through relevant examinations for patients' follow-up, diagnosis, and therapy as well as the improvement of the five-year survival rate. The primary lesions and intrahepatic metastases of malignant liver tumors have been better demonstrated in the clinical study with the use of various isotope-labeled fibroblast activating protein inhibitors because of their low uptake in liver tissues and high tumor/background ratio, which provides a new method for early diagnosis, precise staging, and radionuclide therapy. In light of this context, a review of the research progress of fibroblast-activating protein inhibitors for the diagnosis of liver malignant tumors is presented.

Diagnostic Efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Detecting Bone Marrow Infiltration in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is often associated with bone marrow infiltration, and 2-deoxy-2-(18F) fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( 18F-FDG PET/CT) has potential diagnostic significance for bone marrow infiltration in DLBCL.@*METHODS@#A total of 102 patients diagnosed with DLBCL between September 2019 and August 2022 were included. Bone marrow biopsy and 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations were performed at the time of initial diagnosis. Kappa tests were used to evaluate the agreement of 18F-FDG PET/CT with the gold standard, and the imaging features of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration on PET/CT were described.@*RESULTS@#The total detection rate of bone marrow infiltration was not significantly different between PET/CT and primary bone marrow biopsy ( P = 0.302) or between the two bone marrow biopsies ( P = 0.826). The sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index of PET/CT for the diagnosis of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration were 0.923 (95% CI, 0.759-0.979), 0.934 (95% CI, 0.855-0.972), and 0.857, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#18F-FDG PET/CT has a comparable efficiency in the diagnosis of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration. PET/CT-guided bone marrow biopsy can reduce the misdiagnosis of DLBCL bone marrow infiltration.

A case of duodenal ulcer as prominent manifestation of IgG4-related disease / 北京大学学报(医学版)

A case of IgG4-related disease presented with a duodenal ulcer to improve the understan-ding of IgG4-related diseases was reported. A 70-year-old male presented with cutaneous pruritus and abdominal pain for four years and blackened stools for two months. Four years ago, the patient went to hospital for cutaneous pruritus and abdominal pain. Serum IgG4 was 3.09 g/L (reference value 0-1.35 g/L), alanine aminotransferase 554 U/L (reference value 9-40 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase 288 U/L (reference value 5-40 U/L), total bilirubin 54.16 μmol/L (reference value 2-21 μmol/L), and direct bilirubin 29.64 μmol/L (reference value 1.7-8.1 μmol/L) were all elevated. The abdominal CT scan and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography indicated pancreatic swelling, common bile duct stenosis, and secondary obstructive dilation of the biliary system. The patient was diagnosed with IgG4-related disease and treated with prednisone at 40 mg daily. As jaundice and abdominal pain improved, prednisone was gradually reduced to medication discontinuation. Two months ago, the patient developed melena, whose blood routine test showed severe anemia, and gastrointestinal bleeding was diagnosed. The patient came to the emergency department of Beijing Hospital with no improvement after treatment in other hospitals. Gastroscopy revealed a 1.5 cm firm duodenal bulb ulcer. After treatment with omeprazole, the fecal occult blood was still positive. The PET-CT examination was performed, and it revealed no abnormality in the metabolic activity of the duodenal wall, and no neoplastic lesions were found. IgG4-related disease was considered, and the patient was admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of Beijing Hospital for further diagnosis and treatment. The patient had a right submandibular gland mass resection history and diabetes mellitus. After the patient was admitted to the hospital, the blood test was reevaluated. The serum IgG4 was elevated at 5.44 g/L (reference value 0.03-2.01 g/L). Enhanced CT of the abdomen showed that the pancreas was mild swelling and was abnormally strengthened, with intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct dilation and soft tissue around the superior mesenteric vessels. We pathologically reevaluated and stained biopsy specimens of duodenal bulbs for IgG and IgG4. Immunohistochemical staining revealed remarkable infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into duodenal tissue, the number of IgG4-positive cells was 20-30 cells per high-powered field, and the ratio of IgG4/IgG-positive plasma cells was more than 40%. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone at 40 mg daily dosage and cyclophosphamide, and then the duodenal ulcer was healed. IgG4 related disease is an immune-medicated rare disease characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. It is a systemic disease that affects nearly every anatomic site of the body, usually involving multiple organs and diverse clinical manifestations. The digestive system manifestations of IgG4-related disease are mostly acute pancreatitis and cholangitis and rarely manifest as gastrointestinal ulcers. This case confirms that IgG4-related disease can present as a duodenal ulcer and is one of the rare causes of duodenal ulcers.

Perianal Paget 's disease complicated with lung adenocarcinoma and anal canal carcinoma: A case report and literature review / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) is a rare malignant cutaneous tumor. This paper reported a case of PPD complicated by lung adenocarcinoma and anal canal cancer. The patient, a 76-year-old female, had been experiencing recurrent lower abdominal pain and perianal pruritus for the past 5 years. Upon physical examination, a cauliflower-like neoplasm in size of 5 cm×6 cm was observed on the right perianal skin, with local skin ulceration and a small amount of fluid discharge. The left perianal skin was also involved. In thoracoknee position, a hard mass was palpable in the rectal submucosa at 5-6 points 2 cm from the anal verge. Chest CT revealed multiple lesions in both lungs, indication of metastatic tumors. Further evaluation with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) indicated multiple hypermetabolic nodules in the lungs, hypermetabolic lymph nodes throughout the body, early FDG uptake in a small patch of skin on the left hip, and increased FDG uptake in the anorectal region. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma. This resulted in the patient being diagnosed with PPD, lung adenocarcinoma, anal canal cancer, and systemic multiple lymph node metastasis. The combination of PPD with gastrointestinal tumors and other metachronous malignant tumors is highly prevalent. Colonoscopy, FDG-PET/CT, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry play crucial roles in early identification of local lymph node and distant involvement, facilitating the evaluation of potential malignant tumors and differential diagnosis. Treating methods for PPD are currently diverse, including postoperative combined or single chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and photodynamic therapy. As trerapeutical options continue to develop, the extent and efficacy of surgery need to be reassessed.

Clinical and molecular biological characterization of patients with accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical and molecular biological characteristics of patients with accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (aCLL) . Methods: From January 2020 to October 2022, the data of 13 patients diagnosed with aCLL at The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed to explore the clinical and molecular biological characteristics of aCLL. Results: The median age of the patients was 54 (35-72) years. Prior to aCLL, five patients received no treatment for CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), while the other patients received treatment, predominantly with BTK inhibitors. The patients were diagnosed with aCLL through pathological confirmation upon disease progression. Six patients exhibited bulky disease (lesions with a maximum diameter ≥5 cm). Positron emission tomography (PET) -computed tomography (CT) images revealed metabolic heterogeneity, both between and within lesions, and the median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the lesion with the most elevated metabolic activity was 6.96 (2.51-11.90). Patients with unmutated IGHV CLL accounted for 76.9% (10/13), and the most frequent genetic and molecular aberrations included +12 [3/7 (42.9% ) ], ATM mutation [6/12 (50% ) ], and NOTCH1 mutation [6/12 (50% ) ]. Twelve patients received subsequent treatment. The overall response rate was 91.7%, and the complete response rate was 58.3%. Five patients experienced disease progression, among which two patients developed Richter transformation. Patients with aCLL with KRAS mutation had worse progression-free survival (7.0 month vs 26.3 months, P=0.015) . Conclusion: Patients with aCLL exhibited a clinically aggressive course, often accompanied by unfavorable prognostic factors, including unmutated IGHV, +12, ATM mutation, and NOTCH1 mutation. Patients with CLL/SLL with clinical suspicion of disease progression, especially those with bulky disease and PET-CT SUVmax ≥5, should undergo biopsy at the site of highest metabolic uptake to establish a definitive pathological diagnosis.

Clinical study of mature B-cell lymphoma in 11 children with chromosome 11 long-arm abnormalities / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical, pathological, diagnostic, treatment, and prognostic features of children with mature B-cell lymphoma (MBCL) . Methods: This retrospective study included pediatric patients with MBCL with chromosome 11 long-arm abnormalities who were diagnosed and treated at our hospital from December 2018 to February 2023. Results: Among the 11 pediatric patients with MBCL, nine were male and two were female, with a median age of 9 (2-13) years and a median disease course of 1.8 (0.5-24) months. The clinical manifestations were cervical lymph node enlargement in four patients, nasal congestion and snoring in four patients, abdominal pain in two patients, and difficulty breathing in one patient. There were seven cases of Burkitt's lymphoma, two of follicular lymphoma, and two of advanced B-cell lymphoma according to the pathological morphology examination. No patients had central nervous system or bone marrow involvement, and no extensive metastasis was observed on B-ultrasound or positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT). One patient had a huge tumor lesion. The Revised International Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Staging System classified four patients as stage Ⅱ, five as stage Ⅲ, and two as stage Ⅳ. 11q probe detection showed five cases of 11q gain, three of 11q loss, and three of both gain and loss. FISH showed positive MYC expression in three patients, including eight with advanced B-cell lymphoma with 11q abnormalities and three with Burkitt's lymphoma with 11q abnormalities. According to the 2019 edition of the National Health Commission's diagnostic and treatment guidelines for invasive MBCL in children, one patient was classified as Group A, two as Group B, and eight as Group C. Early evaluation of the efficacy showed complete remission. After mid-term evaluation, the intensity of chemotherapy was reduced in Group B and Group C. Among two cases of chemotherapy, the remaining nine cases had a median follow-up of 32 (6-45) months, and none had event-related survival. Conclusion: The incidence of MBCL with 11q abnormalities in children is low, clinical symptoms are mild, and progression is slow. The absence of MYC, BCL2, BCL6 rearrangements, C-MYC negative and 11q abnormalities on FISH is an important diagnostic indicator, and reducing the intensity of chemotherapy can improve prognosis.

Adjunctive role of dual time point imaging in evaluating bone lesions with increased 18F-PSMA-1007 uptake

Background@#Non-specific focal uptake in the skeleton is a diagnostic pitfall on 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, but adjunctive measures to aid interpretation of these lesions are currently lacking. We present two cases where dual time point imaging provided additional information. @*Case Presentation@#The first patient had a PI-RADS 3 lesion on MRI. No PSMA-avid abnormality was seen on PET, save for focal uptake in the right pubis with no anatomic correlate. Additional imaging showed a decrease in lesion SUV, and this was interpreted as benign. Another patient, diagnosed with prostate cancer, had multiple PSMA-avid pelvic foci. Two suspiciously malignant bone lesions had increasing SUV trend after dual time point imaging despite only faint sclerosis on CT. In contrast, one faint PSMA-avid lesion with no anatomic abnormality was read as benign after a decrease in SUV. A decrease in lesion SUV may point to a benign etiology, while an increase would heighten suspicion for malignancy. One possible molecular explanation is that a true PSMA-overexpressing lesion would bind to the tracer for a longer period than a false positive.@*Conclusion@#Dual time point imaging provides additional information that may be useful in the interpretation of non-specificskeletal lesions with increased 18F-PSMA-1007 uptake.

Research hotspots of prostate cancer at the international conferences on urology in 2022 / 浙江大学学报·医学版

The American Urological Association (AUA), European Association of Urology (EUA) and International Urological Society (SIU) annual meetings were held in 2022. Studies on prostate cancer reported in the meetings mainly focus on the advances of diagnostic biomarkers (such as α-2, 3-1inked sialylation of terminal N-glycan on free PSA density, SelectMDx) and imaging techniques [such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, prostate specific membrane antigen(PSMA)-PET/CT], the new method for prostate biopsy, the new treatments of prostate cancer including [177Lu] Ludotadipep and DROP-IN PSMA probe, and the prognosis assessment of prostate cancer (such as AR-V7). This article provides an overview on the research hotspots of three international academic meetings.

Application of PET-LINAC in Biology-guided Radiotherapy / 中国医疗器械杂志

Biology-guided radiotherapy (BgRT) is a novel technique of external beam radiotherapy, combining positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) with a linear accelerator (LINAC). The key innovation is to utilize PET signals from tracers in tumor tissues for real-time tracking and guiding beamlets. Compared with a traditional LINAC system, a BgRT system is more complex in hardware design, software algorithm, system integration and clinical workflow. RefleXion Medical has developed the world's first BgRT system. Nevertheless, its actively advertised function, PET-guided radiotherapy, is still in the research and development phase. In this review study, we presented a number of issues related to BgRT, including its technical advantages and potential challenges.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Bone Marrow Infiltration of Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in bone marrow infiltration (BMI) of newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), compared with the results of bone marrow biopsy (BMB) and investigate whether the BMI diagnosed by 18F-FDG PET/CT and other factors have independent prognostic values.@*METHODS@#Ninety-four newly diagnosed DLBCL patients who underwent PET/CT in Clinical Medical College of Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were included. BMB was performed within 2 weeks before or after PET/CT, and standardized treatment was performed after PET/CT. The manifestations of bone marrow (BM) FDG uptake were recorded. The diagnostic criteria of BMI were BMB positive or focal BM FDG uptake confirmed by imaging follow-up. The relationship between clinical features and BM FDG uptake and the values of PET/CT and BMB in the diagnosis of BMI was analyzed. The progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank test was used to compare PFS rate, and Cox regression model was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting PFS.@*RESULTS@#Among 94 DLBCL patients, 34 patients showed focal BM uptake (fPET), 7 patients showed super BM uptake (sBMU), 11 patients showed diffuse homogenous uptake higher than liver (dPET), and the other 42 patients had normal BM uptake (nPET) (lower than liver). BMB positive was found in all sBMU patients, in 20.6%(7/34) of fPET patients, and in 27.3% (3/11) of dPET patients. All nPET patients had negative BMB results. dPET patients were associated with lower hemoglobin level and leukocyte count compared with nPET group (P < 0.001, P =0.026). Compared with fPET patients, sBMU patients were more likely to have B symptoms and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). A total of 44 patients were diagnosed BMI, including 17 cases with BMB+. The sensitivity and specificity of BMB in the diagnosis of BMI was 38.6% (17/44) and 100% (50/50), respectively. Using fPET and sBMU as criteria of PET BMI, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT was 93.2% (41/44) and 100% (50/50), respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that there was no significant difference in 2-year PFS rate between nPET and dPET patients (P >0.05), while sBMU patients had lower 2-year PFS rate compared with fPET patients (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that higher Ann Arbor stage (HR=9.010, P =0.04) and sBMU (HR=3.964, P =0.002) were independent risk factors affecting PFS.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Increased BM FDG uptake of DLBCL can be manifested as dPET, fPET and sBMU. fPET and sBMU can replace BMB to diagnose BMI. Although dPET cannot completely exclude the possibility of BMI, it does not affect the prognosis, so it can be diagnosed as PET BMI negative. sBMU is an independent prognostic risk factor.

Use of PET/CT as a diagnostic tool in various clinical scenarios related to systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic disease mediated by immune complexes of unknown aetiology that generates excessive production of autoantibodies against components of the cell nucleus, generating multisystemic involvement affecting organs or systems such as the central nervous, cardiovascular, haematolymphoid, musculoskeletal, kidney, serous, skin and subcutaneous tissue cells, among others. 2-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) is a glucose analogue that has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool to establish the initial systemic involvement of this disease and response to the various treatments used.

El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad sistémica mediada por inmunocomplejos de etiología desconocida, la cual genera una producción excesiva de autoanticuerpos contra componentes del núcleo celular. Esto último conlleva un compromiso multisistémico que afecta a órganos o sistemas como el nervioso central, el cardiovascular, el hematolinfoide, el musculoesquelético, el rinón, las serosas, la piel y el tejido celular subcutáneo, entre otros. La 2-fluoro-2-desoxiglucosa (FDG) es un análogo de la glucosa que ha mostrado ser una herramienta diagnostica útil para establecer el compromiso sistémico inicial de esta enfermedad y la respuesta a los diversos tratamientos.

The impact of multimodality integrated positron emission tomography-computed tomography on improving the staging and management of head and neck malignancy: a cross- sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Clinical assessment of head and neck cancers is highly challenging owing to the complexity of regional anatomy and wide range of lesions. The diagnostic evaluation includes detailed physical examination, biopsy and imaging modalities for disease extent and staging. Appropriate imaging is done to enable determination of precise tumor extent and involvement of lymph nodes, and detection of distant metastases and second primary tumors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial staging discrepancy between conventional contrasted computed tomography (CT) and 18F-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) and its impact on management plans for head and neck malignancies. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective cross-sectional study in two tertiary-level hospitals. METHODS: This study included 30 patients with primary head and neck malignant tumors who underwent contrasted computed tomography and whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT assessments. The staging and treatment plans were compared with the incremental information obtained after 18F-FDG PET/CT. RESULTS: 18F-FDG PET/CT was found to raise the stage in 33.3% of the cases and the treatment intent was altered in 43.3% of them, while there was no management change in the remaining 56.7%. 18F-FDG PET/CT had higher sensitivity (96% versus 89.2%) and accuracy (93% versus 86.7%) than conventional contrast-enhanced computed tomography. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that 18F-FDG PET/CT had higher sensitivity and accuracy for detecting head and neck malignancy, in comparison with conventional contrast-enhanced computed tomography. 18F-FDG PET/CT improved the initial staging and substantially impacted the management strategy for head and neck malignancies.

Condroma pulmonar y paraganglioma carotídeo como manifestaciones de la tríada de Carney: reporte de un caso / Pulmonary chondroma and carotid paraganglioma as expressions of Carney's triad: report of a case

Resumen Objetivos: Presentar caso clínico y revisión de la literatura sobre asociación de tumores poco frecuentes compatibles con diagnóstico de tríada de Carney. Paciente y Métodos: Revisión de ficha clínica de paciente de sexo femenino de 39 años de edad con antecedentes de asma, quien acude a servicio de urgencias por síntomas respiratorios. En estudio con imágenes se evidencia masa pulmonar en lóbulo superior derecho probablemente hamartoma y masa en la bifurcación carotídea izquierda compatible con posible paraganglioma. Se completó el estudio con endoscopia digestiva alta sin evidencia de tumor gástrico y PET-CT (tomografía de emisión de positrones-tomografía computarizada) que descartó otras lesiones. Resultados: La paciente fue sometida a resección quirúrgica de ambos tumores (pulmonar y carotídeo). En estudio histopatológico diferido, se plantean los diagnósticos de paraganglioma carotideo y hamartoma pulmonar, el cual, luego de una segunda revisión histopatológica, es corregido a condroma pulmonar. Discusión: La tríada de Carney se compone por la asociación de al menos 2 de 3 tumores: tumor estromal gastrointestinal (GIST), paraganglioma extra-adrenal y condroma pulmonar. Su expresión es variable, coexistiendo en forma completa en solo el 22% de los casos. Conclusión: Los pacientes con sospecha de tríada de Carney deben recibir evaluación multidisciplinaria, estudio completo en búsqueda de tumores asociados y seguimiento a largo plazo por posibles recurrencias o metástasis.

Objective: To present a clinical case and review of the literature on the infrequent association of pulmonary and extra thoracic tumors compatible with Carney's triad. Patient and Methods: Review of clinical records of a 39 years-old female patient with history of asthma who presented in the emergency department with respiratory symptoms. An imaging study showed a pulmonary mass in the right upper lobe with the aspect of hamartoma and a mass in the left carotid artery bifurcation compatible with a possible paraganglioma. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed no evidence of gastric tumor and a PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography) excluded other lesions. Results: Patient underwent surgical resection of both tumors (pulmonary and carotid). Diagnosis of carotid paraganglioma and pulmonary hamartoma were stated by histopathology. However, lung tumor after a second pathological analysis was confirmed to be a pulmonary chondroma. Discussion: Carney's triad is defined by the association of at least 2 of 3 tumors: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST), extraadrenal paraganglioma and pulmonary chondroma. Its expression is variable, coexisting completely in only 22% of cases. Conclusion: Patients with suspected Carney's triad should receive a multidisciplinary assessment, a complete study searching associated tumors and long-term follow-up for recurrences or metastases.