Serum uric acid and disorders of glucose metabolism: the role of glycosuria

Hyperuricemia has been associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. We studied the association between hyperuricemia and glycemic status in a nonrandomized sample of primary care patients. This was a cross-sectional study of adults ≥20 years old who were members of a community-based health care program. Hyperuricemia was defined as a value >7.0 mg/dL for men and >6.0 mg/dL for women. The sample comprised 720 participants including controls (n=257) and patients who were hypertensive and euglycemic (n=118), prediabetic (n=222), or diabetic (n=123). The mean age was 42.4±12.5 years, 45% were male, and 30% were white. The prevalence of hyperuricemia increased from controls (3.9%) to euglycemic hypertension (7.6%) and prediabetic state (14.0%), with values in prediabetic patients being statistically different from controls. Overall, diabetic patients had an 11.4% prevalence of hyperuricemia, which was also statistically different from controls. Of note, diabetic subjects with glycosuria, who represented 24% of the diabetic participants, had a null prevalence of hyperuricemia, and statistically higher values for fractional excretion of uric acid, Na excretion index, and prevalence of microalbuminuria than those without glycosuria. Participants who were prediabetic or diabetic but without glycosuria had a similarly elevated prevalence of hyperuricemia. In contrast, diabetic patients with glycosuria had a null prevalence of hyperuricemia and excreted more uric acid and Na than diabetic subjects without glycosuria. The findings can be explained by enhanced proximal tubule reabsorption early in the course of dysglycemia that decreases with the ensuing glycosuria at the late stage of the disorder.

Trastornos metabólicos asociados con la evolución hacia la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en una población en riesgo / Metabolic disorders associated with the evolution to type 2 diabetes mellitus in a risk group

INTRODUCCIÓN: el estado clínico y metabólico de la población en riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es muy heterogéneo. OBJETIVO: identificar los factores que influyen en la progresión hacia la diabetes en los subgrupos de pacientes con distintos tipos y gravedad de los trastornos metabólicos. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 209 sujetos en alto riesgo de progresión hacia la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (antecedentes de trastornos de la tolerancia a la glucosa sin hiperglucemia en ayunas) para examinar los trastornos metabólicos que se asocian con la progresión hacia la diabetes. Se estudió la tolerancia a la glucosa, la secreción de insulina y la sensibilidad a la insulina al inicio del estudio y 2 años después. RESULTADOS: se encontró que el riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus dependía significativamente del grado de deterioro de la tolerancia a la glucosa presente en el estudio inicial (tolerancia a la glucosa normal, 10 por ciento; tolerancia a la glucosa alterada, 14,6 por ciento; tolerancia a la glucosa alterada + glucemia en ayunas alterada, 56,7 por ciento). En el grupo con tolerancia a la glucosa normal el factor predictivo fundamental de evolución hacia la diabetes mellitus era la deficiencia de la respuesta insulinosecretora inicial (OR: 8,13; IC de 95 por ciento; 1,83 a 36,0). En los sujetos con tolerancia a la glucosa alterada con glucemia en ayunas alterada y sin esta, el factor determinante era la glucemia en ayunas (OR: 5,41; IC de 95 por ciento; 2,15 a 13,6). La resistencia a la insulina no fue un factor predictivo significativo en ninguno de los subgrupos estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: los trastornos de la glucemia posprandial en las etapas iniciales de la evolución de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 son inconstantes o reversibles, y no son suficientes para basar su diagnóstico precoz y las actividades preventivas o terapéuticas. La aparición de glucemia en ayunas alterada marca el inicio de una etapa de progresión acelerada hacia la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por lo que en este grupo es necesario intensificar las medidas para revertir o enlentecer el deterioro metabólico. En el grupo con alto riesgo de diabetes y tolerancia a la glucosa normal, el único factor metabólico identificado como marcador pronóstico de la progresión hacia la diabetes es la baja respuesta insulínica. Se recomienda incorporar la evaluación de la capacidad funcional de la célula beta para la detección precoz de personas en riesgo de padecer diabetes(AU)

INTRODUCTION: The clinical and metabolic state of persons in risk of suffer type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is very heterogeneous. Objetive: to identify the factors influencing in progression to diabetes in subgroups of patients with different types and the severity of metabolic disorders. A prospective study was conducted in 209 subjects in high risk of progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (backgrounds of disorders related to glucose tolerance without fasting hyperglycemia) to examine the metabolic disorders associating with progression to diabetes. Glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were studied at onset and two years later. RESULTS: we found that the risk to develop diabetes mellitus was in a significant dependence of the deterioration degree of glucose tolerance present in the initial study (normal glucose tolerance, 10 percent; altered glucose tolerance, 14,6 percent; altered glucose tolerance + altered fasting glycemia, 56,7 percent). In the group with a normal glucose tolerance the fundamental predictive factor of evolution to diabetes mellitus was the failure of initial insulin secretory response (OR: 8,13; 95 percent CI; 1,83 to 36,0). In the subjects with altered glucose tolerance with fasting altered glycemia and without it, determinant factor was the fasting glycemia (OR: 5,41; 95 percent CI; 2,15 to 13,6). The insulin resistance was not a significant predictive factor in any study subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: postprandial glycemia disorders in early stages of evolution to type 2 diabetes mellitus are changeable or reversible and insufficient to base its early diagnosis and the preventive or therapeutical activities. Appearance of an altered fasting glycemia is the onset of an accelerated progression stage to type 2 diabetes mellitus, thus, in this group it is necessary to intensify the measures to revert or slow the metabolic deterioration. In group with a high risk of diabetes and a normal glucose tolerance the only metabolic factor identified as a prognostic marker of progression to diabetes is the poor insulin-response. It is recommended to add the assessment of the functional ability of Beta-cell for the early detection of persons in risk of diabetes(AU)