Factores de riesgo de lesión de las arterias coronarias en niños con enfermedad de Kawasaki / Risk factors for coronary artery lesions in children with Kawasaki disease

Introducción. La enfermedad de Kawasaki (EK) es una vasculitis sistémica inespecífica que suele presentarse en los niños; la lesión de las arterias coronarias (LAC) es la complicación más grave.Objetivos. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar los factores de riesgo de LAC en niños con EK.Materiales y métodos. Se incluyó a niños con EK según los criterios diagnósticos, hospitalizados entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2017. Se realizaron análisis univariado y multivariado de regresión logística para investigar las relaciones entre LAC y género, edad, diagnóstico clínico, velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG), recuento de trombocitos, concentración de hemoglobina, concentración de proteína C-reactiva, recuento de leucocitos, momento de inicio de la administración de inmunoglobulina intravenosa (IgIV) y duración de la fiebre.Resultados. Se dividió a los 982 niños con EK en un grupo con LAC (n = 104) y otro sin LAC (n = 878), según una ecocardiografía Doppler color. La tasa de incidencia de LAC fue del 10,6 % (104/982). En el análisis univariado, se observó una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos en cuanto al género, la VSG, el recuento de trombocitos, el momento de inicio de la administración de IgIV y la duración de la fiebre (p < 0,05). Según el análisis multivariado de regresión logística, el sexo masculino, una VSG elevada y la administración tardía de IgIV fueron factores de riesgo independientes de EK complicada con LAC.Conclusiones. El sexo masculino, una VSG elevada y la administración tardía de IgIV fueron factores de riesgo independientes de EK complicada con LAC.

Introduction. Kawasaki disease (KD) is a non-specific systemic vasculitic disease that frequently occurs among children, and coronary artery lesion (CAL) is the most serious complication.Objectives. We aimed to study the risk factors for CAL in children with KD.Materials and methods. KD children in accordance with diagnostic criteria, who were hospitalized from January 2014 to December 2017, were selected as subjects. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between CAL and gender, age, clinical diagnosis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelet count, hemoglobin level, C reactive protein level, white blood cell count, initiation time of IVIG administration and duration of fever.Results. The enrolled 982 KD children were divided into a CAL group (n = 104) and an NCAL group (n = 878) according to cardiac color Doppler ultrasonography. The incidence rate of CAL was 10.6 % (104/982). Univariate analysis showed that the two groups had significantly different gender, ESR, platelet count, initiation time of IVIG administration and duration of fever (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender, elevated ESR and delayed use of IVIG were independent risk factors for KD complicated with CAL.Conclusions:Male gender, increased ESR and delayed use of IVIG were independent risk factors for KD complicated with CA

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: an under-recognized cause of acute coronary syndromes

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection [SCAD] is a rare condition that is often underdiagnosed given limitations of conventional cineangiography

In addition to the diagnostic challenge, the condition poses a major therapeutic dilemma given paucity of literature to guide management. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman, who presented with acute coronary syndrome

Coronary angiography at the time of the index hospitalization revealed type 2 SCAD. She was managed conservatively. Repeat coronary angiography three months later showed complete resolution of the previously noted dissection. Because of the high association between SCAD and fibromuscular dysplasia [FMD], a cross-sectional imaging was performed in this case, which ruled out underlying FMD. The patient has been followed longitudinally since her index event and has had no reported recurrences

Grado de estenosis y vulnerabilidad de las lesiones coronarias / Degree of stenosis and vulnerability of coronary artery lesions

La angiografía coronaria ha sido y continúa siendo el pilar sobre el cual se deciden las intervenciones terapéuticas en la enfermedad coronaria constituyendo el grado de estenosis de las placas ateromatosas uno de los principales marcadores de isquemia miocárdica y por lo tanto del pronóstico de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, es un hecho repetidamente documentado que los fenómenos coronarios agudos se producen con mayor frecuencia en placas con estenosis angiográficamente no significativas; por lo tanto, la vulnerabilidad de las placas no parece tener relación con su grado de estenosis y en consecuencia tampoco con la producción de isquemia miocárdica. Esta conclusión no concuerda con los hallazgos histopatológicos ni con los grados de severidad de las estenosis que comprometen el flujo coronario. El objetivo de la presente comunicación es tratar de aclarar esta controversia analizando la información entregada por la histopatología de las lesiones agudas culpables de los infartos. Precisar si las lesiones coronarias crónicas que producen isquemia (probables causantes de futuros infartos) se correlacionan con el grado de estenosis anatómica; proponer el posible mecanismo que vincula el grado de estenosis a la vulnerabilidad de las placas y esbozar una explicación para conciliar los hallazgos angiográficos con los his-topatológicos y funcionales.

Coronary angiography has long been and is still the basic method for deciding coronary interventions, and the severity of stenosis remains the main prognostic marker of the disease. However, plaque vulnerability does not appear to be associated with a greater degree of angiographic stenosis, which is not consistent with histopathological findings or with physiological assessment of ischemia-producing lesions. The purpose of this article is to briefly review this controversy while suggesting that plaques vulnerability correlate with the degree of anatomical and functional stenosis, and to describe the potential mechanism that could determine this vulnerability as well as to give likely explanations that reconcile angiographic findings with histopathological and functional observations.

Coronary artery plaque burden and calcium scores in healthy men adhering to long-term wine drinking or alcohol abstinence

Observational studies suggest there are clinical benefits to moderate red wine (RW) consumption. However, the effects on coronary vasculature and overall lifestyle are unclear. We investigated whether a lifestyle of regular long-term RW consumption is associated with changes in coronary plaque burden, calcium score, carotid intima/media thickness, endothelial function, and metabolic variables, compared with alcohol abstinence. Healthy volunteers were evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) as well as carotid and brachial artery ultrasound. Nutritional status, psychological status, and metabolic variables were assessed. The study included 101 drinkers [aged 58.9±7.3 years (means±SD)], from wine brotherhoods, and 104 abstainers, from Anglican, Evangelical and Catholic churches both in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. No significant differences in demographics were noted. Lesion prevalence per patient assessed by coronary CTA and classified as absent (0), 1-25, 26-49, and ≥50% stenosis was similar between groups. When analyzed by individual arteries, i.e., left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary, prevalence was also not different. On the other hand, calcium scores were higher among drinkers than abstainers (144.4±362.2 vs 122.0±370.3; P<0.01). However, drinkers reported less history of diabetes and exercised more. RW drinkers consumed 2127.9±387.7 kcal/day while abstainers consumed 1836.0±305.0 (P<0.0001). HDL cholesterol was significantly higher among drinkers compared to abstainers (46.9±10.9 vs 39.5±9.0 mg/dL; P<0.001), while fasting plasma glucose was lower (97.6±18.2 vs 118.4±29.6 mg/dL; P<0.02). Liver enzymes were normal in both groups. In conclusion, long-term wine drinkers displayed a similar plaque burden but greater calcium score than abstainers, despite a more atherogenic diet, and the mechanisms for the increased calcium scores in the former remain speculative.

Description and follow-up of patients with coronary perforations during percutaneous coronary interventions at AFIC-NIHD

This study was conducted to determine the frequency and describe the lesion characteristics, clinical factors, device responsible and outcomes for coronary perforations at Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology - National Institute of Heart Diseases [AFIC -NIHD] on all patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions [PCI] from 2007 to May 2012. A total of 13,366 PCI procedures were performed during this period; coronary perforation occurred in 16 cases [0.001%]. All patients had elective PCI. Fifty percent [n = 8] patients had type C lesions. Grade III perforations were seen in 10 patients. Seven perforations were caused by angiography wires. None of the perforations was related to atherectomy devices. Six patients needed pericardiocentesis. There were 3 in-hospital deaths. One patient needed CABG. At followup, all patients who had been discharged were alive. The frequency of coronary perforations was very low. Old age and type C lesions were identified as a risk factor for coronary perforations. Grade III [or greater] perforation was a predictor of mortality. Patients who are discharged to home generally had better outcomes.

Influência do escore de cálcio na gravidade de lesões coronárias moderadas avaliadas pelo ultrassom intracoronário / Influence of calcium score on the severity of moderate coronary lesions evaluated by intravascular ultrasound

INTRODUÇÃO: A área luminal mínima (ALM), obtida pelo ultrassom intracoronário (USIC), é preditora de eventos em pacientes com lesões de moderada gravidade, identificadas à angiografia coronária. Por outro lado, a presença de cálcio é preditora de estabilidade das lesões. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar qual a influência da quantidade total de cálcio coronário, obtido pela tomografia computadorizada cardíaca (TCC), na gravidade de lesões moderadas, avaliadas por meio de USIC. MÉTODOS: Realizamos USIC de 27 lesões moderadas, em uma série consecutiva de 22 pacientes com indicação para o procedimento, e que tinham TCC prévia. Foram obtidas medidas da ALM, carga de placa e porcentual de área de estenose. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes eram, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino (85%), com idade de 60 ± 9 anos e 41% eram diabéticos. Observamos correlação significativa entre ALM e escore de cálcio total (r = 0,67; P = 0,002), mas não houve correlação entre escore de cálcio total e carga de placa (r = 0,02; P = 0,93) ou porcentual de área de estenose (r = 0,3; P = 0,32). Os preditores independentes da ALM na análise multivariada foram idade (P = 0,02), índice de massa corporal (P = 0,01), diabetes (P = 0,02), dislipidemia (P = 0,02), proteína C-reativa ultrassensível (P = 0,02), glicemia (P = 0,02), HDL-colesterol (P = 0,02), triglicerídeos (P = 0,02), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 50% (P = 0,02) e escore de cálcio total (P = 0,03). CONCLUSÕES: O escore de cálcio total apresenta correlação positiva com a ALM em artérias coronárias, sugerindo que maior quantidade de cálcio na árvore coronária implica lesões ateroscleróticas moderadas com maiores áreas luminais ao USIC.

BACKGROUND: The minimal luminal area (MLA) measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with angiographically moderate lesions. On the other hand, the presence of calcium is a predictor of lesion stability. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of the total amount of coronary calcium, obtained by multislice CT scanner (MDCT), on the severity of moderate lesions as assessed by IVUS. METHODS: IVUS was performed in 27 moderate lesions in a consecutive series of 22 patients with indication for the procedure who had a previous MDCT. Measurements of the minimal luminal area (MLA), plaque burden and percentage area stenosis were obtained. RESULTS: Most patients were male (85%), with mean age of 60 ± 9 years and 41% were diabetic. A significant correlation was observed between the MLA and total calcium score (r = 0.67; P = 0.002), but there was no correlation between the total calcium score and plaque burden (r = 0.02; P = 0.93) or percentage area stenosis (r = 0.3; P = 0.32). Independent predictors of MLA in the multivariate analysis were age (P = 0.02), body mass index (P = 0.01), diabetes (P = 0.02), dyslipidemia (P = 0.02), high-sensitive Creactive protein (P = 0.02), glucose (P = 0.02), HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.02), triglycerides (P = 0.02), left ventricular ejection fraction < 50% (P = 0.02) and total calcium score (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The total calcium score correlates positively with MLA in coronary arteries, suggesting that a large calcium burden in the coronary tree is related to angiographically moderate lesions with larger luminal areas at IVUS.

Tratamento de perfuração coronária tipo IV durante intervenção coronária percutânea / Treatment for type 4 coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention

Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 61 anos de idade, hospitalizado por angina instável. Cineangiocoronariografia demonstrou lesão obstrutiva grave no terço médio da artéria descendente anterior. Intervenção coronária percutânea foi realizada com implante de stent. Logo depois da pós-dilatação com cateter-balão, observou-se ruptura coronária, com extravasamento de contraste para o ventrículo esquerdo (perfuração coronária tipo IV). Após reversão parcial da heparina com protamina e insuflação prolongada do cateter-balão com baixa pressão, a ruptura coronária foi controlada, com bom resultado angiográfico final. Ecocardiografia realizada em seguida evidenciou derrame pericárdico mínimo. A evolução clínica foi satisfatória após o procedimento.

We report the case of a 61-year-od male, hospitalized for unstable angina. Coronary angiography showed a severe lesion in the middle third of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed with stent implantation. Coronary rupture was observed with contrast spilling to the left ventricle (type IV coronary perforation) immediately after balloon post-dilatation. After partial heparin reversal with protamine and prolonged balloon inflation at low pressure, coronary rupture was controlled, with a good final angiographic result. Subsequent echocardiography showed minimal pericardial effusion. Post-procedure clinical follow-up was satisfactory.

Cardiac Tamponade Complicated by Acupuncture: Hemopericardium due to Shredded Coronary Artery Injury

We report a case of 62-year-old man with cardiac tamponade due to coronary artery injury after acupuncture into the substernum. After resuscitation of cardiac arrest, we performed emergent pericardiocentesis. Nevertheless, the cardiac arrest recurred, and the emergent operation on cardiopulmonary bypass was performed. We identified hemopericardium due to shredded acute marginal branch of right coronary artery, and it was ligated leading to termination of bleeding. The patient was discharged without any other complications.

Lesões ostiais em artérias coronárias principais tratadas com técnica de Szabo / Ostial lesions in main coronary arteries treated with the Szabo technique

Introdução: A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) em lesões ostiais é um dos maiores desafios para a cardiologiaintervencionista contemporânea. A despeito dos avanços tecnológicos,as lesões ostiais ainda apresentam maiores taxas de eventos adversos imediatos e tardios quando comparadas às lesões não-ostiais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ICP em lesões ostiais, utilizando a técnica de Szabo. Métodos: Série de 10 pacientes, incluídos entre outubro e novembro de2011, tratados por meio de ICP utilizando a técnica de Szabo em lesões ostiais em ramos coronários principais. Não foram abordadas lesões aorto-ostiais. Resultados: Dos 10 pacientestratados, 7 eram do sexo masculino, com idade variando entre 42 anos e 75 anos, e 60% apresentavam síndrome coronária aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Artéria circunflexa foi tratada em 6 pacientes e cateter 7 F foi utilizadoem 8 pacientes. Em 3 pacientes não se observou progressão do stent em decorrência de torção das cordas-guia, que foi resolvida com o recuo parcial da corda-guia direcionada para a lesão-alvo e novo posicionamento. Houve sucesso do procedimento em 90% dos casos. Não ocorreram óbitos, (re)infartos ou revascularizações de urgência hospitalares. Conclusões: Neste estudo, a técnica de Szabo permitiu tratar lesões ostiais em ramos principais das artérias coronáriascom sucesso, posicionando o stent de maneira adequada na maioria dos casos.

Perfuração da artéria coronária durante angioplastia com cavity spilling para o ventrículo direito / Coronary artery perforation with cavity spilling in the right ventricle during angioplasty

A perfuração da artéria coronária é complicação rara, porém muito temida nas intervenções percutâneas cardíacas. O advento das novas técnicas de angioplastia, como as ateroablativas, o aumento dos procedimentos em artérias antes consideradas desfavoráveis para intervenção e o aumento do arsenal antiplaquetário favorecem o aumento dessa complicação. Sua pronta identificação e o tratamento imediato trazem melhoras na sobrevida do paciente. Relata-se o caso de paciente com infarto agudo do miocárdio anterior com oclusão de grande ramo septal anômalo que apresentou perfuração da coronária durante angioplastia, com um tipo de perfuração denominada cavity spilling, com formação de shunt esquerdo-direito, tratado com sucesso.

Pseudo-aneurisma post-traumático de tronco de arteria coronaria izquierda / Post-traumatic false (pseudo) aneurysm of the left main coronary artery

El pseudo-aneurisma de arteria coronaria es extremadamente raro. Su historia natural es poco conocida y su tratamiento discutido. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con pseudo-aneurisma de tronco de la coronaria izquierda e infarto antero-apical del ventrículo izquierdo cinco años después de un paro cardíaco secundario a un traumatismo no penetrante de tórax. Se consideró entonces que la lesión no era pasible de corrección percutánea o quirúrgica por lo que se optó por tratamiento médico conservador. Una angiografía coronaria por tomografía computarizada multicorte realizada 10 años después del evento inicial mostró ausencia de progresión de la lesión.

Coronary pseudo-aneurysm is an extremely rare entity. Its natural history is scarcely known and its treatment is controversial. We report a case of pseudo-aneurysm of the left main coronary artery associated with an antero-apical infarct of the left ventricle diagnosed five years after a cardiac arrest following a non-penetrating thoracic trauma. The patient was treated conservatively because percutaneous or surgical correction were not considered suitable for this lesion. A multidetector computed tomography coronary angiogram performed 10 years after the initial event showed no evidence of progression.

Traumatic left anterior descending coronary artery-right ventricle fistula: a case report

Traumatic coronary artery-cameral fistulas [TCAF] are rare and may present secondary to penetrating injuries [80%] or iatrogenic traumas. Early operative intervention remains the recommended treatment modality for accidental traumatic coronary artery fistulas. We report the case of a 17-year-old man who presented with left anterior descending coronary artery-right ventricle fistula following penetrating cardiac trauma, which was successfully repaired surgically

Manejo integral de las dislipidemias en niños y adolescentes: [revisión] / Integral management of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents: [review]

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial y nacional. La enfermedad arterial coronaria y periférica se encuentra íntimamente ligada a los niveles elevados de lípidos en sangre. La aterosclerosis es una enfermedad que puede iniciarse en los primeros años de vida y manifestarse con severidad en la etapa adulta, si no se realizan medidas correctivas en el paciente de riesgo. Con el objetivo de actualizar las pautas nacionales para el manejo del paciente con dislipidemia, se reunieron un grupo de investigadores venezolanos en el año 2010, a propósito del III Consenso Nacional para el Manejo del Paciente con Dislipidemia. Se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones del grupo de trabajo: Manejo Integral de las Dislipidemias en niños y adolescentes. Se incluyen las estrategias para prevención, recomendaciones generales para la población pediátrica, con énfasis en recomendaciones individuales para niños y adolescentes de alto riesgo.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality at global and national levels. Coronary and peripheral arterial disease is closely linked to high lipid levels in blood. Atherosclerosis is a disease that can begin in the first years of life and be clinical with severity in adult life, if you do not perform corrective action in patient at risk. With the objective of updating national guidelines for the management of Dyslipidemia patients met Venezuelan researchers in 2010 concerning III National Consensus for the Management of Patient with Dyslipidemia, then presented the conclusions and recommendations of the Working Group: Integral Management of Dyslipidemias in children and adolescents. It includes strategies for prevention, general recommendations for the pediatric population, with enphasis on high risk children and adolescents.

Infarto do miocárdio causado por lesão arterial coronariana após trauma torácico fechado / Infarto de miocardio causado por lesión arterial coronaria post traumatismo torácico cerrado / Myocardial infarction caused by coronary artery injury after a blunt chest trauma

Relatamos o caso de um indivíduo do sexo masculino de 29 anos de idade, vítima de um acidente de carro no qual sofreu trauma torácico fechado, evoluindo com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. O paciente apresentava boa saúde previamente, sem sintomas de doença cardiovascular. Na avaliação inicial, o eletrocardiograma mostrou ondas Q nas derivações precordiais e o ecocardiograma mostrou disfunção ventricular esquerda importante. A angiografia coronária mostrou uma lesão na artéria coronária descendente anterior esquerda (ADE), com acinesia da parede anterior na ventriculografia com contraste. A tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT) com Tálio-201 não mostrou viabilidade. O paciente foi mantido em tratamento clínico com boa evolução.

We report the case of a 29-year-old man, victim of a car accident, who suffered a severe blunt chest trauma, with evolving congestive heart failure. He had previously had a good overall health status, with no symptoms of cardiovascular disease. At the initial assessment, the electrocardiogram showed Q waves in the precordial leads and the echocardiogram disclosed severe left ventricular dysfunction. Coronary angiogram showed a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery lesion, with anterior wall akinesis on contrast-enhanced ventriculography. A Thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed no viability. He remained on medical treatment with good evolution.

Relatamos el caso de un individuo del sexo masculino, de 29 años de edad, víctima de accidente automovilístico en el cual sufrió traumatismo torácico cerrado, evolucionando con insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. El paciente presentaba buena salud previamente, sin síntomas de enfermedad cardiovascular. En la evaluación inicial, el electrocardiograma mostró ondas Q en las derivaciones precordiales y el ecocardiograma mostró disfunción ventricular izquierda importante. La angiografía coronaria mostró una lesión en la arteria coronaria descendente anterior izquierda (ADI), con acinesia de la pared anterior en la ventriculografía de contraste. La tomografía computada por emisión de fotón único (SPECT) con Talio-201 no mostró viabilidad. El paciente fue mantenido en tratamiento clínico con buena evolución.

Coronary artery perforation after guidewire removal

Coronary artery perforation is a rare, but potentially serious, complication of percutaneous coronary intervention and is associated with a high incidence of death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, and emergency coronary bypass surgery. Management is different but requires prompt recognition and treatment. We describe a case of coronary perforation only after guidewire removal and also review the management of vessel rupture and perforation

Cyanoacrylate glue for type iii lad perforation.

Coronary artery perforation especially type III is a rare and catastrophic complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. It mandates emergency open heart surgery if hemostasis is not achieved promptly. We report a case of type III left anterior descending artery (LAD) perforation which was managed successfully with cyanoacrylate glue.