Judgement of disproportionate loss between Mandarin monosyllable discrimination and pure tone hearing thresholds / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the criteria of the disproportionate loss of Mandarin monosyllable discriminative abilities to pure tone hearing thresholds.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Total of 165 patients with varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss were recruited for routine audiological evaluations. The speech discrimination scores were obtained by Mandarin phonemic-balanced monosyllable lists via self-made speech audiometric software. The Performance-Intensity (P-I) function for individual ear was obtained by the same list which was administrated in ascending intensities, with 25 monosyllables presenting randomly. The lowest intensity was determined by the lowest pure tone threshold among all audiometric frequencies minus 5 dB. The intensities were increased in 5 dB step until the score was 100% or the intensity was reached to the patient's uncomfortable level. The PB(max) was obtained from the P-I plot. Three parameters about pure tone average hearing thresholds, including PTA(1) (average of 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz), PTA(2) (average of 1, 2 and 4 kHz) and PTA(3) (average of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz), as well as three parameters about audiogram slope, including Slope(0.5) (4 kHz minus 0.5 kHz), Slope(1) (4 kHz minus 1 kHz) and Slope(2) (4 kHz minus 2 kHz), were calculated respectively. The correlations between PB(max) and above parameters were analyzed by SPSS10.0 statistical software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The audiogram slopes were not shown any correlation with PB(max), while the pure tone average thresholds, especially PTA(3) (r = -0.595, P = 0.000) were confirmed to correlate with PB(max). In the scatter plot based on PB(max) and PTA(3), a linear boundary was constructed encompassing approximately 99% of observed data collected from the sensorineural hearing-impaired.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Any PB(max) score falling below the boundary should be considered with high possibility and disproportionately poor comparison with pure tone hearing thresholds.</p>

Preliminary clinical research of cochlear implantation in elderly and pre-elderly patients with profound hearing loss / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the safety and efficacy of cochlear implantation among elderly patients with severe to profound hearing loss.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight pre-elderly and elderly patients with an medium age of 58 years who suffered from bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss received cochlear implantation between November 2008 and November 2009. The patients' tolerance to implant surgery and the occurrence of complications were observed. Three months after switch-on, aided threshold and speech performance were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The surgery was uneventful in all cases with normal intraoperative neural response telemetry elicited. Three months after switch-on, average aided threshold across speech frequencies was 35 - 50 dB HL measured in sound field with warble tone. The results of speech audiometry showed large variation between individuals. Some patients achieved good performance in monosyllable recognition test, disyllables threshold test and sentences recognition test under both bubble noise and quiet conditions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pre-elderly and elderly patients can endure a state of general anesthesia for cochlear surgery without complications. Cochlear implant can provide reconstruction of speech recognition capabilities for elderly patients suffering from severe to profound hearing loss. Cochlear implantation can improve the quality of life of elderly patients with hearing loss.</p>

Analysis of improper pattern of Mandarin monosyllable recognition test among the patients with auditory neuropathy / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the improper pattern in mandarin monosyllable recognition test among the patients with Auditory Neuropathy (AN) in order to work out the common characteristics in speech recognition which might be suitable for diagnosis of AN.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixteen AN patients (32 ears) were studied and 22 patients (32 ears) with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) were set for control. In accordance with audiogram pattern, all subjects were then divided into the up-type hearing (15 ears) and non up-type hearing (17 ears) groups. All 64 ears were tested in high intensity by mandarin monosyllable test material which we have developed before. Monosyllable performance scores from testing ears and improper patterns were recorded respectively. Eight improper patterns were then defined as follows: consonant only, vowel only, tone only, consonant and vowel, consonant and tone, vowel and tone, all phonemes and no response.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The score of patients with AN was lower than those patients with SNHL in monosyllable recognition test (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between subgroup of up-type hearing loss and SNHL group in percentage correct scores of monosyllables, consonants, vowels, and tones statistically (P > 0.05), but significant lower score was found in subgroup of non up-type hearing loss compared with SNHL group in these 4 percentage scores concerned (P < 0.001). Chi square test presented a significant difference in improper pattern proportion between AN and SNHL groups (P < 0.001), which could be related to more proportional tone recognition in the former's incorrect items. Improper pattern proportions between two AN subgroups presented a significant difference statistically (P < 0.001), which could be related to a larger proportional recognition of tones and vowels in subgroup of up-type hearing loss compared with subgroup of non up-type hearing loss.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A poor performance might be a major clinical feature identified AN from SNHL in mandarin tone recognition. There are significant differences between AN patients with up-type hearing loss and patients with non up-type hearing loss in performance of monosyllable recognition and improper pattern proportion of tones and vowels. A psychophysical testing may be a key potential in diagnosis of AN in further clinical application.</p>

Development and evaluation of standardized Mandarin monosyllable audiometric materials / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a set of Mandarin monosyllabic list for the goal to use as a standardized speech recognition assessment tool in China with sufficient validity, reliability and sensitivity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty lists were designed based on the following criteria: efficiency, phonemic-balance, familiarity and coverage, while each list was designed corresponding to 25 monosyllables. These lists were read by a male broadcaster, recorded digitally and composed into compact disc. Our work consisted of three phases. Phase I: Sixty adults with normal hearing were recruited from Beijing to repeat as many syllables which they heard as possible. According to the randomized block design, 30 lists were presented with 6 intensities including -1 dB, 5 dB, 11 dB, 15 dB, 21 dB and 27 dB HL(speech). The lists and intensities were counterbalanced across all participants. Recognition scores in individual intensities for each list were calculated, and then logistic regression was utilized to fit Performance-Intensity (P-I) function. Two-way (list No. and Intensity) repeated measurement analysis of variance and Post-Hoc Tukey HSD test indicated that 22 lists were equivalent. Phase II: Twenty-two oral/aural normal adults were recruited to assess monosyllable recognition scores with the 22 equivalent lists at 10 dB HL(Speech), according to the Latin-Square design. Tests were administered twice for all participants with the same procedure and situation during 6 to 35 day intervals. The differences in scores (after a "rationalized" arcsine transformation) among 22 lists across over the two sessions is 9.3%, the data were collected from 22 participants, the measurement error was calculated by SD (standard deviation), the critical difference (CD) for test score improvement was 18.3% (determined as SD x 1.96, in 95% confidence level). Phase III: Eighteen participants with sensorineural hearing loss were recruited to assess recognition perception using 18 equivalent monosyllable lists at 30 dB suprathreshold based on Latin-Square design. Tests were administered twice by using the same procedure and situation within 1 to 16 day intervals. The same approach in Phase II was utilized to calculate SD (8.3%). The CD was calculated as 16.3% (in 95% confidence level).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A set of standardized Mandarin recognition assessment material had been developed and it consisted of 22 equivalent phonemic-balanced lists with 25 monosyllables each. Approximately, every single list took 2 minutes, and thus it might be appropriate for clinical assessment. The P-I functions reveal that the recognition threshold was (8.30 +/- 0.84) dB HL(speech) and the slope of PI functions was (4.0 +/- 0.3)%/dB for adults with normal hearing. When a set of Mandarin monosyllable lists was utilized as an assessment tool, the critical difference of 18.3% (for normal-hearing adults) and 16.3% (for hearing-impaired adults) would be a key for clinicians to assess the improvement of speech recognition ability appropriately with statistically significance.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In this study, a new Mandarin monosyllabic lists has been successfully developed with a sufficient validity, reliability and sensitivity for clinical evaluations, thus it might be convenience and helpful to be used as a standardized speech recognition assessment tool in China.</p>

Complications of canalith repositioning procedure for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the incidence of complications of canalith repositioning procedure (CRP) for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in order to recognize and intervene the complication.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 430 cases of BPPV were treated by CRP between Jan., 2005 and Nov., 2007. The patients with complication were retreated with CRP according to the new canals otolith falling into.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 313 patients with posterior canal BPPV, among which 5 had complications during CRP for posterior canal BPPV and 3 for horizontal canal BPPV. And 1 patient transformed from cupulolithiasis to canalithiasis during Semont CRP, which made CRP possible. Three patients had horizontal BPPV during CRP for posterior canal BPPV. Horizontal BPPV emerged during CRP for anterior canal BPPV in 1 patient. CRP for the posterior BPPV had more patients with complication than that of CRP for the anterior BPPV, but the percentage was on the contrary, and they were 1.9% (8/313) and 28.6% (2/7) respectively. The rate of complication during CRP was 3.3% (14/430) and all of them recovered well with CRP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are possibility for canal otolith transferred from one canal to another. Careful observation of nystagmus and reevaluation of the patients with BPPV in case of unsuccessful treatments are crucial to determine the complications.</p>

Audiological and vestibular evaluation of new coagulation factor C homology mutation carriers in a Chinese family / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the clinical features of audiological and vestibular function in a Chinese family with late onset autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Comprehensive audiological and vestibular evaluation including pure tone audiometry, auditory brainstem response (ABR), electrocochleogram (EcochG), oculomotor testing, caloric tests, rotational testing, computerized dynamic posturography and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) were conducted to identify the hearing and vestibular impairment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All affected family members shared sensorineural hearing loss with full penetrance starting between the second and fifth decade of life as a high frequency loss which progresses to a severe to profound loss at the sixth to seventh decade. The extensive vestibular evaluation indicated that all affected members performed normally in computerized dynamic posturography and caloric testing. Impairment of the saccular otolith in all of six affected members was suggested by results of the VEMP test. The velocity step test generated abnormal time constants and sinusoidal oscillation test generated abnormal gains and phase in affected members indicated that horizontal canal vestibular hyporeflexia in history. All affected subjects examined in this family showed completely normal ocular motor responses in oculomotor testing, including smooth pursuit, optokinetic nystagmus, gaze and saccade.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The predominant feature of the Chinese DFNA9 family was that all the affected subjects harboring COCH mutation in the vWFA2 domain didn't suffer the vestibular symptoms during their life time and comprehensive vestibular assessment revealed only subtle vestibular hypofunction in affected members of this family. There is a genotype-phenotype correlation in DFNA9.</p>

Benign paroxysmal positioning vertigo related to inner ear disorders / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the incidence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV) and to further understand the possible mechanism of BPPV.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To observe the incidence of BPPV among vestibular neuritis, sudden deafness, Meniere's disease and Bell's palsy at vertigo clinic from January at 2004 to November at 2006 and to compare the therapeutic results with that of the primary BPPV.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There are 4 types of inner ear disorders involved in the concomitant BPPV, ie, vestibular neuritis, sudden deafness, Meniere's disease and Bell's palsy and the incidence are 9.5% (5/53), 38.9% (35/90) and 0.3% (1/381) respectively; and there was 1 case of BPPV concomitant to Bell's palsy. Among the 42 concomitant BPPV, 5 cases were horizontal canal BPPV, 37 cases were posterior canal BPPV, and 1 cases had complicated anterior BPPV during repositioning maneuver. 39 cases of concomitant BPPV were canalithiasis and 3 cases were cupuliothiathitis, of which 75% (27/36) of concomitant BPPV emerged within 1/2 years after the onset of primary inner ear disorders. The therapeutic efficacy of the concomitant BPPV with canalith repositioning was similar to that of the primary type of BPPV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Following some inner ear disorder, BPPV could emerge, such as sudden deafness, vestibular neuritis and Meniere's disease. The most common type of BPPV was canalithiasis of posterior canal, and the cupulolithiasis of horizontal canal was uncommon. The anterior canal therapeutic efficacy of the concomitant BPPV with canalith repositioning was similar to that of the primary type of BPPV. The therapeutic efficacy of the concomitant BPPV with canalith repositioning was similar to that of the primary type of BPPV.</p>

Development and equivalence evaluation of spondee lists of mandarin speech test materials / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To edit the spondee (disyllable) word lists as a part of mandarin speech test materials (MSTM). These will be basic speech materials for routine tests in clinics and laboratories.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two groups of professionals (audiologists, Chinese and Mandarin scientists, linguistician and statistician) were set up at first. The editing principles were established after 3 round table meetings. Ten spondee lists, each with 50 words, were edited and recorded into cassettes. All lists were phonemically balanced (3-dimensions: vowels, consonants and Chinese tones). Seventy-three normal hearing college students were tested. The speech was presented by earphone monaurally. Three statistic methods were used for equivalent analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Related analysis showed that all lists were much related, except List 5. Cluster analysis showed that all ten lists could be classified as two groups. But Kappa test showed that the lists' homogeneity were not well.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Spondee lists are one of the most routine speech test materials. Their editing, recording and equivalent evaluation are affected by many factors. This also needs multi-discipline cooperation. All lists edited in present study need future modification in recording and testing in order to be used clinically and in research. The phonemic balance should be kept.</p>

Neurootological manifestation of migrainous vertigo / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyzed the characteristics of migrainous vertigo (MV), a kind of paroxysmal vertigo, in order to demonstrate the extent of damage and dysfunction in MV and to judge whether MV is peripheral or central vertigo.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-two cases of acute (5 cases) or subacute (17 cases) MV were examined with oto-neurological tests, spontaneous nystagmus, positional nystagmus and auditory tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 6 males and 16 females. Among those patients, 15 had migraine, 17 motion sickness, 15 family history of migraine or motion sickness, 1 visual aura, 7 motion intolerance (vertigo from head movement and body movement), 4 photophobia, 6 phonophobia and 5 vertigo from insomnia and emotion. There were likely to have vertigo in menstrual period in 2 cases. The duration of vertigo lasted from minutes to days. For pure-tone audiometric, 9 were normal which from mild to moderate hearing loss. Three cases had abnormal high frequency ABR bilaterally and 10 abnormal unilaterally. Subjective visual vertical were normal in all of the cases. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were abnormal in 14 cases (13 had low amplitude and 1 had longer latency of P13 wave). Bithermal caloric test was abnormal in 3 cases and 11 had abnormal ocular movement (9 with low gain of optokinetic nystagmus, 1 with overshoot in saccade and 1 with vertical nystagmus after head shaking), in which 10 had abnormal high frequency ABR and 1 was normal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>MV could be peripheral or central vertigo and MV should be included in the differentiation of peripheral and central vertigo.</p>

Development and equivalence evaluation of monosyllable lists of mandarin speech test materials / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find a good speech material in audiology routine tests and cochlear implant evaluation, the monosyllable lists which were a part of mandarin speech test materials (MSTM) were edited and recorded. The equivalence test was done for all the lists.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The professional group was set up at first, which composed of specialists of Chinese, mandarin teaching, linguistics and statistics. The principles of word selection were established according to the coherence with international speech test materials and mandarin. Ten Monosyllable lists, each of which has 50 mandarin words according to phonemic balance and criteria of speech audiometry, were edited. The balance was 3-dimension: vowels, consonants and four Chinese tones. One cassette was recorded by a male speaker (radiobroadcaster). The 72 normal hearing subjects were tested monaurally with ten monosyllable lists and the materials were presented by the earphone. The equivalence evaluation was done at the level of about 50% correct scores.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Statistic analysis shows that 7 lists were equivalent in difficulty. They were ready for future research and clinical trial.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The mandarin monosyllable lists were edited in terms of international standard and Chinese 3-dimension phonemic balance. Seven of them met the demands for research and clinical application.</p>