Comparacão dos Parâmetros Ecocardiográficos Convencionais e com Speckle Tracking entre Indivíduos Saudáveis e Transplantados Cardíacos sem Rejeição / Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Variables between Patients with Unrejected Heart Transplants and Healthy Individuals

Resumo Fundamento A ecocardiografia é essencial para avaliação do coração transplantado. No entanto, os valores de normalidade no transplante cardíaco (TC) não estão claramente definidos. Objetivos: Comparar parâmetros ecocardiográficos convencionais e pela técnica de Speckle Tracking entre pacientes transplantados cardíacos sem rejeição e uma população de indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos Foram estudados prospectivamente pacientes adultos, com menos de 1 ano de TC, que realizaram biópsia endomiocárdica de vigilância seguido de ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT). Medidas convencionais de ETT acrescidas da avaliação de mecânica cardíaca por meio do Strain pelo Speckle Tracking foram realizadas e comparadas com um grupo de voluntários saudáveis. A significância estatística adotada para o estudo foi de 5%. Resultados Avaliou-se 36 pacientes transplantados sem rejeição, os quais foram comparados com 30 indivíduos saudáveis. Observou-se redução nos valores de Strain Global Longitudinal de Ventrículo Esquerdo em valor absoluto (11,99% transplantados, 20,60% controle, p<0,0001), Strain de parede livre de Ventrículo Direito (transplantados 16,67%, controle 25,50%, p<0,0001) e dos índices de trabalho miocárdico (p<0,0001), maior tamanho do átrio esquerdo (38,17 ml/m2 transplantados, controle 18,98 ml/m2, p<0,0001), maior índice de massa e espessura relativa das paredes (p<0,0001) e a presença da Doença de Chagas como principal etiologia para o transplante. Conclusão Os transplantados cardíacos estáveis e sem rejeição apresentaram diferenças com relação aos parâmetros ecocardiográficos comparados com indivíduos saudáveis. Estes achados indicam que medidas ecocardiográficas convencionais e de mecânica cardíaca são alteradas em transplantados mesmo na ausência de rejeição e podem ser relevantes para o contexto clínico e acompanhamento dos pacientes.

Abstract Background Echocardiography is essential for the assessment of patients with heart transplants. However, normal values in such individuals are not clearly defined. Objectives To compare conventional echocardiographic and speckle tracking variables between patients with unrejected heart transplants and healthy individuals. Methods : A prospective study was conducted with adult patients having undergone heart transplantation at least one year earlier and submitted to endomyocardial biopsy followed by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Conventional TTE measures and mechanical heart strain assessments using speckle tracking were performed and the results were compared to those of a group of healthy volunteers. Statistical significance was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results Thirty-six transplant patients without rejection were analyzed and compared to 30 healthy individuals. Chagas disease was the main reason for transplantation. Lower left ventricular global longitudinal strain expressed in absolute values was found (11.99% in transplant patients vs. 20.60% in controls; p <0.0001), right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (16.67% in transplant patients vs. 25.50% in controls; p <0.0001) and myocardial work indices (p < 0.0001) as well as a larger size of the left atrium (38.17 ml/m2 in transplant patients vs. 18.98 ml/m2 in controls; p <0.0001) and greater mass and relative wall thickness (p <0.0001). Conclusion Stable patients having undergone heart transplants without rejection have differences concerning echocardiographic variables compared to healthy individuals. These findings indicate that conventional echocardiographic measures and heart mechanics are altered in transplant patients even in the absence of rejection. Such findings are relevant to the clinical context and follow-up of the patient.

Valor prognóstico do escore SYNTAX residual nos desfechos clínicos intra- hospitalares e de acompanhamento em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos à estratégia farmacoinvasiva / Prognostic value of residual SYNTAX score on in-hospital and follow-up clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing pharmacoinvasive strategy

Introdução: A doença arterial coronariana multiarterial é um desafio na prática clínica. Uma abordagem individualizada deve considerar não apenas as características do paciente, mas também um enfoque multidisciplinar, com o Heart Team. Diversos escores angiográficos foram propostos com o objetivo de quantificar o risco associado à doença arterial coronariana multiarterial. O escore SYNTAX residual foi proposto como um método para caracterizar e quantificar a doença coronariana residual, de forma sistemática, após intervenção coronária percutânea. Existem poucos dados na literatura que correlacionam o escore SYNTAX residual em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos a uma estratégia farmacoinvasiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o escore SYNTAX e o escore SYNTAX residual como preditores de desfechos intra-hospitalares e de médio prazo (180 a 380 dias), em pacientes com doença coronária multiarterial no contexto de infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, após terapia fibrinolítica bem-sucedida. Métodos: Em um estudo transversal, analítico e prospectivo, avaliamos o escore SYNTAX residual como preditor de desfechos intra-hospitalares e de médio prazo (6 meses a 1 ano), em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana multiarterial, no contexto de infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST após estratégia farmacoinvasiva. Resultados: Entre agosto de 2019 e dezembro de 2020, foram analisados 108 pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST após fibrinólise, com critérios de reperfusão. O escore SYNTAX médio foi 13,98 (±4,87) e o escore SYNTAX residual médio foi 7,56 (±4,47). O escore SYNTAX residual elevado foi associado à nefropatia induzida por contraste e evento cardíaco adverso maior. Também foi um preditor independente de evento cardíaco adverso maior, com risco aumentado 9,69 vezes (p=0,0274). Conclusão: O escore SYNTAX residual elevado confere pior prognóstico em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST após estratégia farmacoinvasiva.

Background: Multivessel coronary artery disease is a challenge in clinical practice. An individualized approach should consider not only the patient characteristics, but also a multidisciplinary approach, together with the Heart Team. Multiple angiographic scores have been proposed with the aim of quantifying the risk associated with multivessel coronary artery disease. Residual SYNTAX score has been proposed as a method to systematically characterize and quantify residual coronary disease after percutaneous coronary intervention. There are few data in the literature correlating the residual SYNTAX score in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing pharmacoinvasive strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SYNTAX score and residual SYNTAX score as predictors of in-hospital and medium-term outcomes (180 to 380 days) in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, after successful fibrinolytic therapy. Methods: In a cross-sectional, analytical, and prospective study, we evaluated residual SYNTAX score as predictor of in-hospital and medium-term outcomes (6 months to 1 year), in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after pharmacoinvasive strategy. Results: Between August 2019 and December 2020, 108 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after fibrinolysis, with reperfusion criteria, were analyzed. The mean SYNTAX score was 13.98 (±4.87) and the mean residual SYNTAX score was 7.56 (±4.47). High residual SYNTAX score was associated with contrast-induced nephropathy and major adverse cardiac event. It was also an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac event with a 9.69-fold increased risk (p=0.0274). Conclusion: High residual SYNTAX score confers worse prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after pharmacoinvasive strategy.

Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation: Initial Clinical Experience

ABSTRACT Introduction: Combined solid organ transplantation is infrequently performed in Brazil. The objective of this article is to present our initial experience with combined heart and kidney transplantation. Methods: From January 2007 to December 2019, four patients were submitted to combined heart and kidney transplantation. Their mean age was 55.7±4.4 years, and three (75%) patients were males. All patients had Chagas cardiomyopathy, two were hospitalized and inotrope dependent, and all patients were on preoperative dialysis (median of 12 months prior to transplant). Results: All patients survived and were in New York Heart Association functional class I at the latest follow-up (mean 34.7±17.5 months). Mean retarded kidney graft function was 22.9±9.7 days. One patient lost the kidney graft two years after the transplant due to Polyomavirus infection. Conclusion: Our initial experience of combined heart and kidney transplantation was favorable in selected patients with advanced heart failure and end-stage kidney disease. It requires involvement of a dedicated multispecialty team throughout all the diagnostics and treatment steps.

Left Ventricular Remodeling Shortly after Open Mitral Valve Replacement for Rheumatic Mitral Stenosis

Abstract Introduction: Left ventricular dysfunction after surgical treatment of mitral stenosis is uncommon. We intend to determine the pattern of left ventricular remodeling, shortly after open mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral stenosis, with in-hospital postoperative outcomes and the determinants of postoperative worsening of left ventricular ejection fraction. Methods: From January 2008 to January 2015, 107 adult patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were submitted to open mitral valve replacement. Their mean age was 45±11 years and 93 (86.9%) were women. Left ventricular morphology and function were studied longitudinally with echocardiography. The end point was postoperative worsening of left ventricular ejection fraction, defined by a decrease of 10% compared to preoperative basal assessment. Determinants of worsening left ventricular ejection fraction were determined by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The end point occurred in 18 patients (16.8%). We tested clinical and echocardiographic parameters to verify independent variables related to the decrease in postoperative ejection fraction. Lower body weight (P=0.005; odds ratio [OR]=0.89) and smaller preoperative mitral valve area (P=0.02; OR=0.02) were independent predictors of left ventricular dysfunction. These patients presented higher mortality and morbidity rates. Conclusion: Left ventricular remodeling patterns differed among patients with predominant rheumatic mitral stenosis undergoing open mitral valve replacement. Lower preoperative body weight and mitral valve area were independent determinants of deteriorating ejection fraction with increased end-systolic volumes, indicating that this specific problem may occur in anthropometric smaller patients with more extensive rheumatic disease.

Determinants of Aortic Prosthesis Mismatch in a Brazilian Public Health System Hospital: Big Patients or Small Prosthesis? / Determinantes da Desproporção de Prótese Aórtica em Hospital de Atendimento de Saúde Pública Brasileiro: Pacientes Grandes ou Próteses Pequenas?

Abstract Background: Prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) is associated with worse outcomes. Objective: Determine the frequency and evaluate preoperatory variables independently associated with severe PPM in a tertiary hospital focused on Public Health Care. Methods: A total of 316 patients submitted to aortic valve replacement, who had echocardiography performed within the first 30 days after surgery, were retrospectively analyzed. The indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) of the prosthesis was used to classify the patients into three groups, according to PPM, considering body mass index (BMI): severe PPM (iEOA) < 0.65 cm2/m2), mild to moderate PPM (iEOA, 0.65 cm2/m2 - 0.85 cm2/m2) and without PPM (iEOA > 0.85 cm2/m2) for a BMI < 30 kg/m2 and severe PPM (iEOA) < 0.55 cm2/m2), mild to moderate (iEOA, 0.55 cm2/m2- 0.70 cm2/m2) and without PPM (iEOA > 0.7 cm2/m2) for a BMI > 30 kg/m2. Statistical significance was considered when p < 0.05. Results: iEOA was obtained in 176 patients. The frequency of severe and moderate PPM was 33.4% and 36.2%, respectively. Severe PPM patients were younger and had larger BMI, but smaller left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOTD). The independent variables used to predict severe PPM were male gender, BMI > 25 kg/m2, age < 60 years, LVOTD < 21 mm, and rheumatic etiology with an area under the ROC curve of 0.82. Conclusion: The frequency of severe PPM is high in a Brazilian population representative of the Public Health System, and it is possible to predict PPM from preoperative variables such as rheumatic valvular disease, gender, BMI, age and LVOTD.

Resumo Fundamento: A desproporção entre o tamanho da prótese aórtica-paciente (DPP) está associada a maior mortalidade. Objetivo: Determinar a frequência e avaliar variáveis ​​pré-operatórias associadas à DPP acentuada no cenário da saúde pública em hospital terciário. Métodos: 316 pacientes submetidos à troca valvar aórtica (TVA), com ecocardiograma realizado nos primeiros 30 dias após cirurgia, foram analisados retrospectivamente. A área de orifício efetivo indexado (AOEi) da prótese foi utilizada para classificar os pacientes em três grupos de acordo com a DPP, considerando o índice de massa corporal (IMC): DPP acentuada (AOEi) < 0,65 cm2/m2, DPP discreta a moderada (AOEi, 0,65 cm2/m2 - 0,85 cm2/m2) e sem DPP (iEOA > 0,85 cm2/m2) para IMC < 30 kg/m2 e DPP acentuada (AOEi) < 0,55 cm2/m2), discreta a moderada (AOEi, 0,55 cm2/m2 - 0,70 cm2/m2) e sem DPP (AOEi > 0,7 cm2/m2) para IMC > 30 kg/m2. Significância estatística foi considerada com p < 0,05. Resultados: A AOEi foi obtida em 176 pacientes. A frequência de DPP acentuada foi de 33,4% e moderada de 36,2%. Pacientes com DPP acentuada foram mais jovens e com maior IMC, mas menor diâmetro da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (DVSVE). As variáveis independentes que podem predizer DPP acentuada são: gênero masculino, IMC > 25 kg/m2, idade < 60 anos, DVSVE < 21 mm e etiologia reumática com área sob a curva ROC de 0,82. Conclusão: A frequência de DPP acentuada é alta em uma população brasileira submetida à TVA no Sistema Público de Saúde. Os principais determinantes de DPP acentuada são: valvopatia reumática, gênero masculino, IMC alto, idade < 60 anos e menor DVSVE.

Coronary artery bypass surgery in Brazil: analysis of the national reality through the bypass registry

Abstract Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the most frequently performed heart surgery in Brazil. Recent international guidelines recommend that national societies establish a database on the practice and results of CABG. In anticipation of the recommendation, the BYPASS Registry was introduced in 2015. Objective: To analyze the profile, risk factors and outcomes of patients undergoing CABG in Brazil, as well as to examine the predominant surgical strategy, based on the data included in the BYPASS Registry. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 2292 patients undergoing CABG surgery and cataloged in the BYPASS Registry up to November 2018. Demographic data, clinical presentation, operative variables, and postoperative hospital outcomes were analyzed. Results: Patients referred to CABG in Brazil are predominantly male (71%), with prior myocardial infarction in 41.1% of cases, diabetes in 42.5%, and ejection fraction lower than 40% in 9.7%. The Heart Team indicated surgery in 32.9% of the cases. Most of the patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (87%), and cardioplegia was the strategy of myocardial protection chosen in 95.2% of the cases. The left internal thoracic artery was used as a graft in 91% of the cases; the right internal thoracic artery, in 5.6%; and the radial artery in 1.1%. The saphenous vein graft was used in 84.1% of the patients, being the only graft employed in 7.7% of the patients. The median number of coronary vessels treated was 3. Operative mortality was 2.8%, and the incidence of cerebrovascular accident was 1.2%. Conclusion: CABG data in Brazil provided by the BYPASS Registry analysis are representative of our national reality and practice. This database constitutes an important reference for indications and comparisons of therapeutic procedures, as well as to propose subsequent models to improve patient safety and the quality of surgical practice in the country.

Experience of treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis: a retrospective single-center cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the experience of treatment of early prosthetic valve endocarditis at a heart center. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective single-center study on data collected from electronic medical records covering the period from January 2009 to December 2015. METHODS: Over the study period, 1,557 consecutive valve operations were performed on adult patients. The study population comprised 32 patients (2%) who were diagnosed with prosthetic valve endocarditis within 12 months after the index surgery. Medical records were retrieved from electronic hospital records, retrospectively. Descriptive clinical, echocardiographic, microbiological and treatment-type data were used. Risk factors for early mortality were studied through univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The main clinical manifestation of infective endocarditis was fever, and this was present in all patients. Most of the prostheses were affected in the aortic position (40.6% of cases). The most commonly cultured microorganisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. Twenty-six patients (81.3%) underwent surgical treatment and six (18.7%) underwent exclusive clinical treatment. The prevalence of postoperative complications was 31.3% and hospital mortality occurred in seven cases (21.9%). The mortality rate was 50% among the patients who underwent medical treatment and 15.4% among those who underwent surgery. There were no independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Prosthetic valve endocarditis is an infrequent complication of valve replacement. Surgical treatment has mortality rates compatible with the severity of patients' conditions. Surgical indication should not be delayed when clinical treatment has been ineffective

Uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea para tratamento de miocardiopatia aguda após transplante hepático: relato de caso / Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for treating acute cardiomyopathy after liver transplantation: a case report

RESUMO Reportamos o caso de paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, sem doença cardíaca conhecida, submetida a transplante hepático sem intercorrências. No segundo dia do pós-operatório desenvolveu choque cardiogênico secundário à miocardiopatia induzida pelo estresse (síndrome de Takotsubo-like). A paciente foi manejada com sucesso com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venoarterial periférica, por 6 dias, com recuperação completa da função cardíaca, bem como do enxerto hepático. Síndrome coronariana e miocardite aguda foram excluídas como causas do choque. O uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea neste cenário é possível e seguro, considerando protocolos e tratamento especializado neste tipo de suporte.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a female patient, 58 years of age, without known heart disease, who underwent liver transplantation without complications. On the second postoperative day, the patient developed cardiogenic shock secondary to stress-induced cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo-like syndrome). The patient was successfully managed with veno-arterial peripheral extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 6 days, with complete recovery of cardiac function and of the hepatic graft. Coronary syndrome and acute myocarditis were excluded as the causes of the shock. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in this scenario is possible and safe, considering its specialized protocols and treatment.

Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in frail patients: study protocol for the fragile multicenter randomized controlled trial

Abstract Introduction: Advances in modern medicine have led to people living longer and healthier lives. Frailty is an emerging concept in medicine yet to be explored as a risk factor in cardiac surgery. When it comes to CABG surgery, randomized controlled clinical trials have primarily focused on low-risk (ROOBY, CORONARY), elevated-risk (GOPCABE) or high-risk patients (BBS), but not on frail patients. Therefore, we believe that off-pump CABG could be an important technique in patients with limited functional capacity to respond to surgical stress. In this study, the authors introduce the new national, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial "FRAGILE", to be developed in the main cardiac surgery centers of Brazil, to clarify the potential benefit of off-pump CABG in frail patients. Methods: FRAGILE is a two-arm, parallel-group, multicentre, individually randomized (1:1) controlled trial which will enroll 630 patients with blinded outcome assessment (at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years), which aims to compare adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events after off-pump versus on-pump CABG in pre-frail and frail patients. Primary outcomes will be all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation, low cardiac output syndrome/cardiogenic shock, stroke, and coronary reintervention. Secondary outcomes will be major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, operative time, mechanical ventilation time, hyperdynamic shock, new onset of atrial fibrillation, renal replacement therapy, reoperation for bleeding, pneumonia, length of stay in intensive care unit, length of stay in hospital, number of units of blood transfused, graft patency, rate of complete revascularization, neurobehavioral outcomes after cardiac surgery, quality of life after cardiac surgery and costs. Discussion: FRAGILE trial will determine whether off-pump CABG is superior to conventional on-pump CABG in the surgical treatment of pre-frail and frail patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02338947. Registered on August 29th 2014; last updated on March 21st 2016.

Late Results of Cox Maze III Procedure in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Structural Heart Disease / Resultados Tardios da Operação de Cox Maze III em Pacientes com Fibrilação Atrial Associada A Doença Cardíaca Estrutural

Abstract Background: Cox-Maze III procedure is one of the surgical techniques used in the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Objectives: To determine late results of Cox-Maze III in terms of maintenance of sinus rhythm, and mortality and stroke rates. Methods: Between January 2006 and January 2013, 93 patients were submitted to the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze III procedure in combination with structural heart disease repair. Heart rhythm was determined by 24-hour Holter monitoring. Procedural success rates were determined by longitudinal methods and recurrence predictors by multivariate Cox regression models. Results: Thirteen patients that obtained hospital discharge alive were excluded due to lost follow-up. The remaining 80 patients were aged 49.9 ± 12 years and 47 (58.7%) of them were female. Involvement of mitral valve and rheumatic heart disease were found in 67 (83.7%) and 63 (78.7%) patients, respectively. Seventy patients (87.5%) had persistent or long-standing persistent AF. Mean follow-up with Holter monitoring was 27.5 months. There were no hospital deaths. Sinus rhythm maintenance rates were 88%, 85.1% and 80.6% at 6 months, 24 months and 36 months, respectively. Predictors of late recurrence of AF were female gender (HR 3.52; 95% CI 1.21-10.25; p = 0.02), coronary artery disease (HR 4.73 95% CI 1.37-16.36; p = 0.01) and greater left atrium diameter (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09; p = 0.02). Actuarial survival was 98.5% at 12, 24 and 48 months and actuarial freedom from stroke was 100%, 100% and 97.5% in the same time frames. Conclusions: The Cox-Maze III procedure, in our experience, is efficacious for sinus rhythm maintenance, with very low late mortality and stroke rates.

Resumo Fundamento: A operação de Cox-Maze III é uma das variantes técnicas no tratamento cirúrgico da fibrilação atrial (FA). Objetivos: Estudar os resultados tardios da operação de Cox-Maze III, quanto à eficácia na manutenção de ritmo sinusal e taxas de mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2006 a janeiro de 2013, 93 pacientes foram submetidos a operação de Cox-Maze III por corte e sutura associada a correção de cardiopatias estruturais. Avaliação do ritmo cardíaco ocorreu por Holter 24 horas. Taxas de sucesso da operação foram estudadas por métodos longitudinais e os preditores de recorrência por análise de regressão de Cox multivariada. Resultados: Foram excluídos 13 pacientes sobreviventes ao período intra-hospitalar cujo seguimento tardio não foi possível. Os 80 pacientes restantes tinham idade média de 49,9 ± 12 anos e 47 (58,75%) eram do sexo feminino. Acometimento da valva mitral ocorreu em 67 pacientes (83,7%). Valvopatia reumática ocorreu em 63 (78,7%). Setenta pacientes (87,5%) tinham fibrilação atrial persistente ou persistente de longa duração. O tempo médio de seguimento clínico com avaliação de Holter foi de 27,5 meses. Não houve óbitos intra-hospitalares. As taxas de manutenção de ritmo sinusal foram 88%, 85,1% e 80,6% aos 6 meses, 24 meses e 36 meses, respectivamente. Os preditores de recorrência tardia foram sexo feminino (RR 3,52; IC 95% 1,21-10,25; p = 0,02), doença arterial coronária (RR 4,73; IC 95% 1,37-16,36; p = 0,01) e maior diâmetro de átrio esquerdo (RR 1,05; IC 95% 1,01-1,09; p = 0,02). A sobrevida atuarial aos 12, 24 e 48 meses foi de 98,5% e as taxas atuariais livres de AVC nos mesmos períodos de 100%, 100% e 97,5%. Conclusões: A operação de Cox-Maze III, na nossa experiência, é eficaz na manutenção do ritmo sinusal, com baixíssimos índices de mortalidade e de AVC tardios.

The brazilian registry of adult patient undergoing cardiovascular surgery, the bypass project: results of the first 1,722 patients

Abstract Objective: To report the early results of the BYPASS project - the Brazilian registrY of adult Patient undergoing cArdiovaScular Surgery - a national, observational, prospective, and longitudinal follow-up registry, aiming to chart a profile of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in Brazil, assessing the data harvested from the initial 1,722 patients. Methods: Data collection involved institutions throughout the whole country, comprising 17 centers in 4 regions: Southeast (8), Northeast (5), South (3), and Center-West (1). The study population consists of patients over 18 years of age, and the types of operations recorded were: coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), mitral valve, aortic valve (either conventional or transcatheter), surgical correction of atrial fibrillation, cardiac transplantation, mechanical circulatory support and congenital heart diseases in adults. Results: 83.1% of patients came from the public health system (SUS), 9.6% from the supplemental (private insurance) healthcare systems; and 7.3% from private (out-of -pocket) clinic. Male patients comprised 66%, 30% were diabetics, 46% had dyslipidemia, 28% previously sustained a myocardial infarction, and 9.4% underwent prior cardiovascular surgery. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery were 54.1% and 31.5% to valve surgery, either isolated or combined. The overall postoperative mortality up to the 7th postoperative day was 4%; for CABG was 2.6%, and for valve operations, 4.4%. Conclusion: This first report outlines the consecution of the Brazilian surgical cardiac database, intended to serve primarily as a tool for providing information for clinical improvement and patient safety and constitute a basis for production of research protocols.

Experience of ECMO in Primary Graft Dysfunction after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation / Experiência na Utilização de ECMO na Disfunção Primária de Enxerto Pós-Transplante Cardíaco Ortotópico

Background:Primary graft dysfunction is the main cause of early mortality after heart transplantation. Mechanical circulatory support has been used to treat this syndrome.Objective:Describe the experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to treat post-transplant primary cardiac graft dysfunction.Methods:Between January 2007 and December 2013, a total of 71 orthotopic heart transplantations were performed in patients with advanced heart failure. Eleven (15.5%) of these patients who presented primary graft dysfunction constituted the population of this study. Primary graft dysfunction manifested in our population as failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass in six (54.5%) patients, severe hemodynamic instability in the immediate postoperative period with severe cardiac dysfunction in three (27.3%), and cardiac arrest (18.2%). The average ischemia time was 151 ± 82 minutes. Once the diagnosis of primary graft dysfunction was established, we installed a mechanical circulatory support to stabilize the severe hemodynamic condition of the patients and followed their progression longitudinally.Results:The average duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was 76 ± 47.4 hours (range 32 to 144 hours). Weaning with cardiac recovery was successful in nine (81.8%) patients. However, two patients who presented cardiac recovery did not survive to hospital discharge.Conclusion:Mechanical circulatory support with central extracorporeal membrane oxygenation promoted cardiac recovery within a few days in most patients.

Fundamento:A disfunção primária de enxerto é a principal causa de mortalidade precoce após o transplante cardíaco. O uso de assistência circulatória mecânica tem sido empregado no tratamento dessa síndrome.Objetivo:Descrever a experiência com o uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea para tratamento de disfunção primária de enxerto pós-transplante cardíaco.Métodos:Entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2013, foram realizados 71 transplantes cardíacos ortotópicos em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca avançada. Destes, 11 (15,5%) pacientes apresentaram disfunção primária de enxerto, os quais constituíram a população deste estudo. As manifestações da disfunção primária de enxerto na nossa população foram falência no desmame da circulação extracorpórea em seis (54,5%) pacientes, instabilidade hemodinâmica grave no pós-operatório imediato com disfunção cardíaca acentuada em três (27,3%) e pós-parada cardíaca em dois (18,2%). O tempo de isquemia médio foi 151 ± 82 minutos. Assim que o diagnóstico de disfunção primária de enxerto foi estabelecido, procedeu-se à instalação de suporte circulatório mecânico para estabilização de quadro hemodinâmico grave, e a evolução dos pacientes foi estudada temporalmente.Resultados:A duração média de assistência em oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea foi 76 ± 47,4 horas (variação de 32 a 144 horas). O desmame com recuperação cardíaca obteve sucesso em nove (81,8%) pacientes. No entanto, dois pacientes, que tiveram recuperação cardíaca, não sobreviveram à alta hospitalar.Conclusão:O uso de assistência circulatória mecânica por meio de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea central promoveu recuperação cardíaca em poucos dias na maioria dos pacientes.

Fatores de risco de ateromatose da aorta em cirurgia cardiovascular / Risk factors of atheromatous aorta in cardiovascular surgery

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência e as características de ateromatose da aorta ascendente e/ou arco aórtico em cirurgia cardiovascular, os fatores de risco de sua ocorrência e a implicação prognóstica imediata da mesma. Métodos: No período de janeiro de 2007 a junho de 2011, 2042 pacientes adultos consecutivos foram analisados, sem critérios de exclusão. A detecção de ateromatose da aorta foi realizada por meio de palpação durante o ato operatório. Os fatores de risco de ateromatose da aorta e a sua implicação prognóstica foram determinados por regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: A prevalência de ateromatose da aorta foi de 3,3% (68 pacientes). Os fatores de risco foram a idade > 61 anos (OR= 2,79; IC95%= 2,43 - 3,15; P<0,0001), doença arterial coronária (OR=3,1; IC95%=2,8 - 3,44; P=0,002), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (OR=2,26; IC95%=1,82 - 2,7; P=0,03) e doença vascular periférica (OR=3,15; IC95%= 2,83 - 3,46; P=0,04). A ateromatose da aorta foi preditor independente da ocorrência de acidente vascular cerebral no pós-operatório (OR=3,46; IC95%=3,18 - 3,76; P=0,01). Conclusão: Embora infrequente, a presença de ateromatose da aorta tem maior ocorrência de acordo com a idade, com a presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença arterial coronária e doença vascular periférica. Nestas situações, é justificada investigação pré e intraoperatória mais detalhada, pois a presença de ateromatose determina maior chance de acidente vascular cerebral no pós-operatório. .

Objective: To determine the prevalence and profile of ascending aorta or aortic arch atheromatous disease in cardiovascular surgery patients, its risk factors and its prognostic implication early after surgery. Methods: Between January 2007 and June 2011, 2042 consecutive adult patients were analyzed, with no exclusion criteria. Atheromatous aorta diagnosis was determined intraoperatively by surgeon palpation of the aorta. Determinants of atheromatous aorta, as well as its prognostic implication were studied by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of atheromatous aorta was 3.3% (68 patients). Determinants were age > 61 years (OR= 2.79; CI95%= 2.43 - 3.15; P<0.0001), coronary artery disease (OR=3.1; CI95%=2.8 - 3.44; P=0.002), hypertension (OR=2.26; CI95%=1.82 - 2.7; P=0.03) and peripheral vascular disease (OR=3.15; CI95%= 2.83 - 3.46; P=0.04). Atheromatous aorta was an independent predictor of postoperative cerebrovascular accident (OR=3.46; CI95%=3.18 - 3.76; P=0.01). Conclusion: Although infrequent, the presence of atheromatous aorta is associated with advanced age, hypertension, coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease. In those patients, a more detailed preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the aorta is justified, due to greater risk of postoperative cerebrovascular accident. .