Risk factors for osteoporotic hip fracture among community-dwelling older adults: a real-world evidence study

Abstract Background Hip fractures in the older adults lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Although a low bone mineral density is considered the leading risk factor, it is essential to recognize other factors that could affect the risk of hip fractures. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of clinical characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, and muscle and aerobic capacity for hip fractures in community-dwelling older adults. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study with real world-data from subjects ≥ 60 years old attending an outpatient clinic in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from May 1, 2019, to August 22, 2022. Data about clinical characteristics (multimorbidity, medications of long-term use, sedative and or tricyclic medications, number of falls), patient-reported outcomes (self-perception of health, self-report of difficulty walking, self-report of vision problems, and self-report of falls) and muscle and aerobic capacity (calf circumference, body mass index, and gait speed) were retrieved from an electronic health record. The association of each potential risk factor and hip fracture was investigated by a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex. Results A total of 7,836 older adults were included with a median age of 80 years (IQR 72-86) and 5,702 (72.7%) were female. Hip fractures occurred in 121 (1.54%) patients. Multimorbidity was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture (OR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.06-1.18) and each episode of fall increased the chance of hip fracture by 1.7-fold (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.52-1.80). Patient-reported outcomes associated with increased fracture risk were regular or poor self-perception of health (OR = 1.59, 95%CI 1.06-2.37), self-report of walking difficulty (OR = 3.06, 95%CI 1.93-4.84), and self-report of falls (OR = 2.23, 95%CI 1.47-3.40). Body mass index and calf circumference were inversely associated with hip fractures (OR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.87-0.96 and OR = 0.93, 95%CI 0.88-0.97, respectively), while slow gait speed increased the chance of hip fractures by almost two-fold (OR = 1.80, 95%CI 1.22-2.66). Conclusion Our study reinforces the importance of identified risk factors for hip fracture in community-dwelling older adults beyond bone mineral density and available fracture risk assessment tools. Data obtained in primary care can help physicians, other health professionals, and public health policies to identify patients at increased risk of hip fractures.

Dietary self-perception by women beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil / Autopercepção alimentar de mulheres beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the association between dietary self-perception and socioeconomic, health, diet, and lifestyle variables of socially vulnerable women in primary health care. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in a Primary Health Care Unit in Fortaleza, Ceará, with 158 women beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família (Family Aid) Program. We applied a questionnaire containing socioeconomic and health variables, food knowledge, and self-perception. Pearson's chi-square test, with a 5% significance level, was adopted to investigate possible associations between women's food self-perception and other variables. Results The women had a mean age of 31.2 years. Most had a household income of less than one minimum wage (75.9%), a high school education level (53.8%), were overweight (67.7%), did not engage in physical activity (72.8%), and received dietary guidance (51.9%). Negative dietary self-perception was reported by 57.0% of the sample. Women who did not engage in physical activity had a higher frequency of negative dietary self-perception (p=0.007). Conclusion Most women showed negative dietary self-perception. The variable "physical activity" was positively associated with dietary self-perception. Knowing how women perceive their diet and which factors are associated with their food choices can help health professionals in their daily conduct in health care units.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre a autopercepção alimentar negativa e variáveis socioeconômicas, de saúde, alimentação e estilo de vida de mulheres em vulnerabilidade social, na atenção primária à saúde. Métodos Estudo do tipo transversal realizado em uma Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará, com 158 mulheres beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família. Um questionário foi aplicado contendo as variáveis investigadas. O teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, com nível de significância 5% foi utilizado para investigar possíveis associações entre a autopercepção alimentar das mulheres e as demais variáveis. Resultados As mulheres apresentaram média de idade de 31,2 anos e a maioria tinha renda familiar inferior a um salário-mínimo (75,9%), ensino médio como o nível de escolaridade (53,8%), apresentou excesso de peso (67,7%), não praticava atividade física (72,8%) e recebeu orientações sobre alimentação (51,9%). A autopercepção alimentar negativa foi relatada por 57,0% da amostra. As mulheres que não praticavam atividade física, tiveram maior frequência de autopercepção alimentar negativa (p=0,007). Conclusão A maioria das mulheres apresentou autopercepção negativa da alimentação e a variável "atividade física" mostrou associação positiva em relação à autopercepção alimentar. Conhecer como as mulheres percebem sua alimentação e quais fatores se associam às suas escolhas pode auxiliar os profissionais de saúde em suas condutas no cotidiano dos atendimentos nas unidades de saúde.

Sedative use and incidence of falls and hip fractures among older adults in an outpatient geriatric clinic / Perfil de uso de sedativos e ocorrência de quedas e fratura de fêmur entre idosos em um ambulatório de geriatria

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of sedatives by older adults attending a private outpatient geriatric clinic in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and its association with falls and hip fractures. METHODS: Using a longitudinal design, the prevalence of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine ("z-drugs") intake by older adults was described and their association with the incidence of falls and fractures (30 days after the initial visit) was evaluated through logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 7821 older adults were included in the study, most of them women (72.50%), with a mean age of 77.5 years and a mean Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index (IVCF-20) score of 16.5. The overall prevalence of sedative use (any sedative) was 6.19%, with 4.48% benzodiazepines and 1.98% z-drugs. The most widely used sedatives were clonazepam (29.04%), zolpidem (28.65%), and alprazolam (23.44%). Falls were reported for 182 patients (2.33%), with a higher incidence among users of any sedatives (4.34; p = 0.002; OR = 1.94, adjusted for sex, age, and IVCF-20) and benzodiazepines (5.14%; p < 0.001; OR = 2.28) than among non-users (2.19%). Hip fractures occurred in 33 patients (0.42%), and again were more frequent among users of sedatives (1.03%; p = 0.032; OR = 2.57) and benzodiazepines (1.43%; p = 0.003; OR = 3.45) than among non-users (0.38%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of sedatives, especially benzodiazepines, is associated with an increased incidence of falls and hip fractures in older adults

OBJETIVO: Investigar a utilização de sedativos entre idosos atendidos em ambulatório privado de geriatria em Belo Horizonte (MG), bem como sua associação com quedas e fraturas de fêmur. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo longitudinal, no qual foi descrita a prevalência de uso de benzodiazepínicos e drogas Z entre idosos (60 anos ou mais) e avaliada sua associação com a incidência de queda e fratura (30 dias após consulta inicial) por meio de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 7821 idosos, com maioria feminina (72,50%), idade média de 77,5 anos e Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional (IVCF-20) médio de 16,5 pontos. A prevalência de uso de sedativos em geral foi de 6,19%, sendo 4,48% de benzodiazepínicos e 1,98% de drogas Z. Os medicamentos sedativos mais utilizados foram clonazepam (29,04%), zolpidem (28,65%) e alprazolam (23,44%). Relatou-se queda para 182 idosos (2,33%), com incidência maior entre usuários de sedativos (4,34; p = 0,002; OR = 1,94 ajustada por sexo, idade e IVCF-20) e de benzodiazepínicos (5,14%; p < 0,001; OR = 2,28) do que entre não usuários (2,19%). Identificou-se fratura de fêmur em 33 idosos (0,42%), sendo mais frequente entre usuários de sedativos (1,03%; p = 0,032; OR = 2,57) e de benzodiazepínicos (1,43%; p = 0,003; OR = 3,45) do que entre não usuários (0,38%). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a incidência de quedas e fraturas de fêmur em idosos possui associação com o uso de medicamentos sedativos, em especial os benzodiazepínicos

Brazilian society of rheumatology methodological guide for the development of evidence-based clinical guidelines in rheumatology

Abstract Clinical practice guidelines (CPG) are developed to align standards of health care around the world, aiming to reduce the incidence of misconducts and enabling more effective use of health resources. Considering the complexity, cost, and time involved in formulating CPG, strategies should be used to facilitate and guide authors through each step of this process. The main objective of this document is to present a methodological guide prepared by the Epidemiology Committee of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the elaboration of CPG in rheumatology. Through an extensive review of the literature, this study compiles the main practical recommendations regarding the following steps of CPG drafting: distribution of working groups, development of the research question, search, identification and selection of relevant studies, evidence synthesis and quality assessment of the body of evidence, the Delphi methodology for consensus achievement, presentation and dissemination ofthe recommendations, CPG quality assessment and updating. This methodological guide serves as an important tool for rheumatologists to develop reliable and high-quality CPG, standardizing clinical practices worldwide.

Telemonitoramento de idosos usuários de anticoagulante durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Telemonitoring of older anticoagulant users during the COVID-19 pandemic

A pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe desafios para o monitoramento de usuários de anticoagulantes, sobretudo idosos, sendo o telemonitoramento uma alternativa para dar continuidade aos cuidados para esses pacientes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a experiência do telemonitoramento de idosos usuários de anticoagulantes na pandemia da COVID-19. Trata-se de estudo referente ao serviço farmacêutico de telemonitoramento de idosos (≥60 anos) em uso de anticoagulantes orais em ambulatório de geriatria privado (Belo Horizonte). Idosos tiveram parâmetros de efetividade e segurança dos anticoagulantes monitorados mensalmente por telefone (abr-dez/2021). Problemas identificados geraram intervenções ao paciente ou equipe multiprofissional. Ao total 425 idosos foram incluídos no serviço. A maioria usava apixabana (189;41,9%), rivaroxabana (146;34,4%) e varfarina (47;11,1%). Observou-se média de idade de 82,1 anos, maioria feminina (65,2%), maioria com alto risco de vulnerabilidade (69%), e incidência de 9,9% de COVID-19. Realizou-se 219 intervenções relativas à varfarina (média de 4,6 intervenções/paciente); referiram-se à solicitação de exame de RNI (57,5%), orientações em saúde (19,6%), alteração da dose (redução - 10,5%; aumento - 5,9%; suspensão - 0,6%), ou encaminhamento (5,9%). Usuários de outros anticoagulantes não apresentaram alterações nos parâmetros acompanhados. Onze idosos sofreram quedas e 10 demandaram internação por eventos tromboembólicos ou hemorrágicos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas proporções de internação entre usuários de varfarina ou outros anticoagulantes (p=0,314). Acompanhar idosos usuários de anticoagulantes é importante, sobretudo considerando-se o alto nível de fragilidade identificado e os riscos tromboembólicos e não-tromboembólicos que a COVID-19 traz. O telemonitoramento foi importante, permitindo realização de múltiplas intervenções.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought challenges to the monitoring of anticoagulant users, especially older adults, making telemonitoring an alternative to provide continuity of care for these patients. The present study aimed to describe the experience of telemonitoring of older anticoagulant users during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a descriptive study concerning the telemonitoring pharmaceutical service for older adults (≥60 years old) using oral anticoagulants in a private geriatric outpatient clinic (Belo Horizonte). Older people had parameters of effectiveness and safety of anticoagulants monitored monthly by telephone (Apr-Dec/2021). Identified problems generated interventions for the patient or the multidisciplinary team. A total of 425 older adults were included in the service. Most used apixaban (189;41.9%), rivaroxaban (146;34.4%) and warfarin (47;11.1%). There was a mean age of 82.1 years, mostly female (65.2%), most at high risk of vulnerability (69%), and an incidence of 9.9% of COVID-19. There were 219 interventions related to warfarin (average of 4.6 interventions/patient); including requests for an INR test (57.5%), health guidelines (19.6%), dosage change (reduction - 10.5%; increase - 5.9%; suspension - 0.6%), or referral (5.9%). Users of other anticoagulants did not show alterations in the monitored parameters. Eleven older adults suffered falls and 10 required hospitalizations due to thromboembolic or hemorrhagic events. There was no statistically significant difference in hospitalization rates between users of warfarin or other anticoagulants (p=0.314). Monitoring older anticoagulant users is important, especially considering the high level of frailty identified and the thromboembolic and non-thromboembolic risks that COVID-19 brings. Telemonitoring was important, allowing for multiple interventions to be performed.

Bem-estar subjetivo e dor musculoesquelética crônica no ELSA-Brasil musculoesquelético / Subjective well-being and chronic musculoskeletal pain in ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal cohort

Introdução: A relação entre o bem-estar subjetivo e a dor musculoesquelética crônica (DMC) é pouco conhecida. O bem-estar subjetivo é um estado afetivo de longo prazo, cujos componentes incluem o afeto positivo, o afeto negativo e a avaliação da própria vida ou satisfação com a vida. A DMC é geralmente definida como a dor de duração maior que 3 ou 6 meses, sendo classificada como primária quando representa a doença por si só, ou secundária, quando faz parte de processo de adoecimento que afeta ossos, articulações, músculos. A presente tese investigou a associação de dois componentes do bem-estar subjetivo, sintomas depressivos e satisfação com a vida, com a DMC no joelho acompanhada ou não de incapacidade (artigo original 1). Também foi investigada a associação entre a satisfação com a vida e a presença e gravidade da DMC, investigada em nove sítios corporais (artigo original 2). Métodos: Foram realizados dois estudos transversais com dados coletados durante a linha de base (2012-2014) da coorte ELSA-Brasil Musculoesquelético (ELSA-Brasil MSK). No artigo original 1, a DMC no joelho foi categorizada segundo a presença ou não de incapacidade avaliada por pergunta sobre limitações para realizar as atividades diárias devido à dor (geral), pela subescala de função do WOMAC (atividades diárias) e pelo teste sentar levantar repetido (objetiva). No artigo original 2, a DMC em um ou mais sítios foi caracterizada segundo a presença de incapacidade geral, necessidade de uso de serviço de saúde (DMC problemática) e espalhamento (DMC em múltiplos locais e DMC generalizada). Os sintomas depressivos foram avaliados pelo questionário Clinical Interview Schedule, Revised (CIS-R) e a satisfação com a vida pela escala de Satisfação com a Vida. As associações foram estimadas por regressão logística binomial para DMC no joelho e DMC em qualquer local (artigo original 1 e 2, respectivamente), e por regressão logística multinomial para todas as demais variáveis resposta. Resultados: A amostra incluiu aproximadamente 3.000 participantes, com média de idade de 56 anos (+/- 9 anos) e leve predominância de mulheres (53%). Após ajuste para fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos, sintomas depressivos se associaram positivamente à DMC no joelho acompanhada de incapacidade para atividades diárias, avaliada pela subescala de função do WOMAC (OR: 2,30; IC 95% 1,45 ­ 3,66) e incapacidade objetiva, avaliada pelo teste sentar levantar repetido (OR: 1,95; IC 95% 1,29 ­ 2,93). No artigo original 1, a satisfação com a vida se associou inversamente à DMC no joelho independentemente da presença de incapacidade (medida por qualquer instrumento), embora associações de maior magnitude tenham sido observadas quando a dor era acompanhada de incapacidade. Resultado semelhante foi observado no artigo original 2, no qual a satisfação com a vida associou-se inversamente à DMC em qualquer local (OR: 0,95; IC 95%: 0,94-0,97), sendo a magnitude da associação mais forte para DMC de maior gravidade: DMC acompanhada de incapacitante geral (OR: 0,94; IC 95%: 0,92-0,96); DMC em múltiplos locais (OR: 0,93; IC 95%:0,91-0,95); DMC generalizada (OR: 0,93; IC 95%: 0,90-0,96). Conclusão: Os achados dos estudos incluídos nessa tese indicam a importância de se considerar tanto os aspectos negativos (depressão) quanto positivos (satisfação com a vida) do bem-estar subjetivo durante a avaliação de indivíduos com DMC, especialmente na presença de apresentações clínicas mais graves.

Little is known about the relationship between subjective well-being and chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). Subjective well-being is an enduring affective state, which is composed by positive affect, negative affect, and the evaluation of one's overall life or life satisfaction. CMP is generally defined as pain lasting for more than 6 months, being classified as primary if conceived as a disease, or secondary if it is part of an underlying illness affecting the bones, joints, muscles. The present thesis investigated the association of two components of subjective well-being, depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, with knee CMP accompanied or not by disability (original article 1). The association between life satisfaction and the presence and severity of CMP located in at least one of nine evaluated body sites was also investigated (original article 2). Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were performed using data collected at baseline (2012- 2014) of the ELSA-Brasil Musculoskeletal cohort (ELSA-Brasil MSK). In the original article 1, knee CMP accompanied or not by disability was assessed by a question on pain-related limitations to perform everyday activities (overall), WOMAC's physical function subscale (daily tasks) and five-times sit-to-stand test (objective). In original article 2, CMP at one or more sites was characterized by the presence of overall disability, requirement of healthcare utilization (troublesome CMP) and spreadness (multisite CMP and generalized CMP). Depressive symptoms were assessed by Clinical Interview Schedule, Revised (CIS-R), and life satisfaction by the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Associations were estimated by binomial logistic regressions for CMP at the knee and at any site (original article 1 and 2, respectively), and by multinomial logistic regressions for all other response variables. Results: The sample included approximately 3,000 participants, with mean age of 56 +/- 9 years-old and slight predominance of women (53%). After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors, depressive symptoms were positively associated with knee CMP accompanied by daily tasks disability, assessed by WOMAC's physical function subscale (OR: 2.30; 95% CI 1.45 - 3.66) and objective disability, assessed by five-times sit-to-stand test (OR: 1.95; 95% CI 1.29 - 2.93). In original article 1, life satisfaction was inversely associated with knee CMP, irrespectively of the presence of disability (measured by any instrument), although associations of stronger magnitude had been observed when knee CMP was accompanied by disabling. A similar result was observed in original article 2, where life satisfaction was inversely associated with CMP at any site (OR: 0.95; 95% IC: 0.94-0.97), with associations of stronger magnitude being observed for more severe CMP: CMP accompanied by overall disability (OR: 0.94; 95%IC: 0.92-0.96); multisite CMP (OR: 0.93; 95% IC:0.91-0.95); generalized CMP (OR: 0.93; IC95%: 0.90-0.96). Conclusion: Findings from the studies included in this thesis indicate the importance of addressing negative aspects of subjective well-being (depressive symptoms), as well as its positive aspects (life satisfaction), during the assessment of individuals with CMP, especially in the presence of more severe clinical presentations.

The contribution of prenatal care in the dietary patterns of high-risk pregnant women / A contribuição do acompanhamento pré-natal nos padrões alimentares de gestantes de alto risco

Abstract Objectives: investigate whether prenatal characteristics were associated with dietary pattern of pregnant women. Methods: we studied 200 high-risk pregnant women in Fortaleza, Ceará. The identification of dietary patterns was performed through principal component analysis with the orthogonal Varimax rotation. Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and respective confidence intervals (CI95%). Results: three major dietary patterns were identified: 'common Brazilian', 'healthy' and 'energy-dense'. After adjustments conducted with multivariate analysis, pregnant women who had not received dietary guidance in prenatal consultations (34%) were less likely to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern (PR = 0,81; CI95%= 0,67-0,95). Pregnant women who attended an appropriate number of consultations (≥ 6 consultations) (41%) showed greater adherence to the 'healthy' pattern (PR = 1,15; CI95%= 1,01-1,32) and lower adherence to the 'energy-dense' pattern (PR = 0,85; CI95%= 0,74-0,99). Conclusion: it was observed that the high-risk pregnant women who attended an adequate number of consultations during the prenatal care had a higher chance to adhere to the 'healthy' pattern and a lower chance to adhere to the 'energy-dense' pattern. Not receiving guidelines on prenatal nutrition was inversely associated with the healthy pattern. Thus, the importance of high-risk pregnant women undergoing an appropriate prenatal care is reinforced.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar o efeito potencial das características de acompanhamento do pré-natal em padrões alimentares identificados em gestantes de alto risco. Métodos: foram estudadas 200 gestantes de alto-risco de Fortaleza, Ceará. Os padrões alimentares foram identificados pela análise de componentes principais seguida de rotação ortogonal Varimax. Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de confança (IC95%). Resultados: três padrões alimentares foram identificados: 'comum brasileiro', 'saudável' e 'denso em energia'. Após a realização de ajuste com análise multivariada, as gestantes que não receberam orientação sobre alimentação nas consultas do pré-natal (34%) apresentaram menores chances de adesão ao padrão 'saudável' (RP = 0.81, IC95%= 0.67-0.95). Aquelas que realizaram um número de consultas adequado (≥ 6 consultas) (41%) apresentaram maior adesão ao padrão 'saudável' (RP = 1.15, IC95%= 1.01-1.32) e menor adesão ao padrão 'denso em energia' (RP = 0.85, IC95%= 0.74-0.99). Conclusão: observou-se que as gestantes de alto risco que compareceram a um número adequado de consultas no pré-natal tiveram maior chance de aderir ao padrão 'saudável' e menor chance de aderir ao padrão 'denso em energia'. Não receber orientações sobre nutrição durante o pré-natal foi inversamente associado ao padrão 'saudável'. Reforçando a importância das gestantes de alto risco realizarem um pré-natal adequado.

Risk factors for hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 among frail community-dwelling elderly people: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Advanced age, multiple chronic diseases and frailty have been correlated with worse prognosis among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate potential risk factors for hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 among frail community-dwelling elderly people. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort study of patients followed up at a geriatric outpatient clinic in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: The associations of demographic characteristics (age and sex) and clinical characteristics (frailty, multimorbidity, number of medications with long-term use, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease) with the risk of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 were explored using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: 5,295 patients (mean age 78.6 ± 9.4 years; 72.6% females) were included. After adjustments, the number of medications with long-term use was found to increase the odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19 (odds ratio, OR: 1.13; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.06-1.22). Frailty, multimorbidity and diabetes mellitus also increased the odds of hospitalization (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02-1.09; OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09-1.26; and OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.45-3.54, respectively) and the odds of death due to COVID-19 (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00-1.14; OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.03-1.32; and OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.79-6.14, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity, frailty and diabetes mellitus increased the odds of hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 and the number of medications with long-term use increased the odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19 among frail community-dwelling elderly people.

Padrões alimentares estão associados à obesidade pré-gravídica em gestantes / Dietary patterns are associated to pre-gestational obesity in pregnant women

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a associação entre os padrões alimentares e a obesidade pré-gravídica em gestantes do município de Fortaleza, Ceará. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 401 gestantes entre 19 e 45 anos, atendidas em um hospital referência para a gestação de risco e em oito unidades de saúde nesse município. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado com um questionário de frequência alimentar validado, e os padrões alimentares identificados por análise fatorial por componentes principais, seguida de rotação ortogonal Varimax. A obesidade foi medida pelo Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson com estimativa robusta da variância para estimar as razões de prevalências dos padrões alimentares em relação à obesidade pré-gravídica, ajustado por variáveis sociodemográficas. Quatro principais padrões alimentares foram identificados: "saudável cearense" ;"denso em proteína"; "lanches"; e "popular" . Maior adesão ao padrão "saudável cearense" esteve associada a maior prevalência de obesidade pré-gravídica (RP: 1,33; IC 95% 1,01-1,77); já a maior adesão ao padrão "popular" se relacionou a menor prevalência de obesidade pré-gravídica (RP: 0,69; IC 95% 0,51-0,92). Concluiu-se que há quatro principais padrões de consumo alimentar nas gestantes de Fortaleza estudadas, e evidenciaram-se associações entre os padrões "saudável cearense" e "popular" com a obesidade pré-gestacional.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the eating patterns and the pre gestational obesity in pregnant women from Fortaleza, Ceará. The method used was a cross-sectional study with 401 pregnant women between 19 and 45 years old, treated in a hospital that is a reference in the care of risk pregnancy and in eight health units in Fortaleza, Ceará. Food consumption was investigated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and the eating patterns were identified using factor analysis for main components, followed by Varimax orthogonal rotation. Obesity was measured according to the body mass index (BMI). Poisson Regression with robust estimation of variance was used to estimate the prevalence ratio of eating patterns in relation to pre gestational obesity, adjusted by sociodemographic variables. Four main eating patterns were identified: "healthy cearense", "rich in protein", "snacks" and "popular". A higher adherence to the "healthy cearense" pattern was associated to a higher prevalence of pre gestational obesity (PR: 1,33; CI 95% 1,01-1,77), the greater adherence to the "popular" pattern was related to the lower prevalence of pre-pregnancy obesity (PR: 0.69; 95% CI 0.51-0.92). It was concluded that there are four main food consumption patterns in the pregnant women from Fortaleza that were studied and the associations between the "healthy cearense" and "popular" patterns and pre gestational obesity were shown.

Breastfeeding and infant feeding guidelines: dietary patterns and potential effects on the health and nutrition of children under two years / Amamentação e orientações sobre alimentação infantil: padrões alimentares e potenciais efeitos na saúde e nutrição de menores de dois anos

Abstract Objectives: to identify dietary patterns of children under two years of age in primary care, associating them with maternal variables. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in basic health units. Sample selected for convenience with 321 children under two years old and their mothers. Food consumption was obtained through a 24-hour food record. The method of factor analysis by main components was used to determine dietary patterns. Associations between maternal variables and dietary patterns were tested. Results: "mixed", "porridge" and "snacks" patterns were identified. Receiving guidance on infant feeding was related to greater adherence to the "mixed" (p = 0.02; PR = 2.98; 95% CI95% = 1.49-5.96) and "porridge" (p = 0.026; PR = 2.10; CI95% = 1.09-4.02) patterns. Experience with breastfeeding showed greater adherence to the "porridge" standards (p=0.038; PR = 1.78; CI95%= 1.03-3.08) and "snacks" (p = 0.026; PR = 1.09; CI95% = 1.01-1.18) and children of overweight mothers showed less adherence to the "snacks" pattern (p = 0.042; PR = 0.51; CI95%= 0.26-0.98). Conclusions: patterns found were associated with guidance on infant feeding and breastfeeding, previous experience with breastfeeding, as well as with maternal excess weight, emphasizing the importance of professional guidance for greater adherence to more varied and healthy consumption patterns and that include the different food groups.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar padrões alimentares de crianças menores de dois anos na atenção primária associando-os com variáveis maternas. Métodos: estudo transversal desenvolvido em unidades básicas de saúde. Amostra selecionada por conveniência com 321 menores de dois anos e suas mães. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. O método de análise fatorial por componentes principais foi utilizado para determinação dos padrões alimentares. Associações entre variáveis maternas e padrões alimentares foram testadas. Resultados: padrões "misto", "mingaus" e "lanches" foram identificados. Receber orientações sobre alimentação infantil relacionou-se a maior aderência aos padrões "misto" (p= 0,02; RP= 2,98; IC95%= 1,49-5,96) e "mingaus" (p= 0,026; RP= 2,10; IC95%= 1,09-4,02). Experiência com aleitamento materno mostrou maior adesão aos padrões "mingaus" (p= 0,038; RP= 1,78; IC95%= 1,03-3,08) e "lanches" (p= 0,026; RP= 1,09; IC95%= 1,01-1,18) e filhos de mães com excesso de peso apresentaram menor aderência ao padrão "lanches" (p= 0,042; RP= 0,51; IC95%= 0,26-0,98). Conclusões: os padrões encontrados associaram-se com orientação sobre alimentação infantil e amamentação, experiência prévia com amamentação, bem como com excesso de peso materno, ressaltando a importância da orientação profissional para maior adesão a padrões de consumo mais variados e saudáveis e que contemplem os diversos grupos de alimentos.

Desenvolvimento de grupo educativo de nutrição para mulheres na atenção primária à saúde / Development of nutrition educational group for women in primary health care

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver grupo educativo de nutrição com mulheres na atenção primária à saúde. O método utilizado foi a intervenção comunitária realizada em Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde (UAPS) em Fortaleza (CE), em que buscou-se auxiliar as participantes para escolhas alimentares e estilos de vida saudáveis. Doze atividades com temas propostos pelo grupo foram trabalhados de maneira participativa. Para avaliação da experiência, houve análise das falas gravadas e do conteúdo do diário de campo. Quinze mulheres tomaram parte da experiência cujo resultado mostrou que elas se envolveram intensamente nas atividades e avaliaram a iniciativa de maneira positiva. A baixa adesão foi o principal desafio. Concluiu-se que o desenvolvimento do grupo educativo de nutrição aponta ser uma experiência viável desde que pensada e desenvolvida coletivamente e envolva a equipe de execução, profissionais da unidade de saúde e os participantes.

This study aimed to develop an educational group in nutrition for women who in primary health care. The method was the community intervention, carried out in a Primary Health Care Unit (UAPS) in Fortaleza (CE), where sought to empower participants for healthy food choices and lifestyles. Twelve activities proposed by the participants and worked in a participative and playful way. For evaluation of the experience, there was an analysis of the recorded statements and the contents of the field diary. There was participation 15 women and the experience showed that they were intensely involved in the activities and evaluated the experience positive. Low adherence was the main challenge. The study concluded that the development of the nutritional education group points to be a viable experience provided that it is thought and developed collectively and involves the execution team, health unit professionals and participants.

Palbociclib in breast cancer neoadjuvant setting

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors represent a major advance in breast cancer treatment, emerging as the standard of care of the initial treatment of hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Their activity in this subset of patients leads to interest in their use in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. This case report presents a real-life case of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors use in a patient initially considered to have stage IV luminal HER2-negative breast cancer with liver metastasis. The discrepancy of treatment response between the breast tumor and liver node led to a repetition of the liver biopsy, which revealed metastasis of a neuroendocrine tumor of unknown primary. The breast tumor showed a partial response, and the initial therapeutic strategy was then redefined for curative intent. While cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors are not yet approved for clinical practice in the neo / adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, this case report portrays a successful example of its application in a neoadjuvant setting.

Pregnant women's food consumption and associated socioeconomic factors in Brazil's primary health care / Consumo alimentar de gestantes e fatores socioeconômicos associados na atenção primária à saúde do Brasil / Consumo de alimentos de embarazadas y los factores socioeconómicos asociados en la atención primaria de salud de Brasil

Objective: To assess food consumption by pregnant women receiving primary care and check for potential associations with socioeconomic variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and November 2014 with a non-probability convenience sample of 201 pregnant women receiving primary care in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Food consumption data were collected using a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and socioeconomic data were collected using a specific instrument. Foods were quantified in portions and separated into the food groups described in the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. STATA version 10.0 was used for statistical analysis. The normality of the quantitative variables was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test and the associations between food consumption and socioeconomic variables were assessed by the Mann-Whitney test with a 5% significance level. Results: There was a high consumption of calories (median of 3,991.6kcal) and all food groups, except legumes and vegetables. Lower levels of education were associated with higher consumption of cereals, tubers, roots and derivatives (p=0.004) and beans (p=0.041) and lower consumption of milk and dairy products (p=0.032). Women who lived with their partners exhibited higher consumption of sugars and sweets (p=0.048). Conclusion: The pregnant women's food consumption significantly exceeded the recommended number of calories and portions of the food groups ­ except for the legumes and vegetables group. Socioeconomic variables were associated with the consumption of certain food groups.

Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo alimentar de gestantes atendidas na atenção primária à saúde e verificar possíveis associações com variáveis socioeconômicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado entre abril e novembro de 2014, com amostra não probabilística por conveniência de 201 gestantes atendidas na atenção primária de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Coletou-se o consumo alimentar por meio de um Questionário Quantitativo de Frequência Alimentar e as variáveis socioeconômicas, por meio de um instrumento próprio para tal. Os alimentos foram quantificados em porções e separados nos grupos de alimentos do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Utilizou-se o programa STATA, versão 10.0, para a análise estatística. Avaliou-se a normalidade das variáveis quantitativas pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk e a associação entre o consumo alimentar e as variáveis socioeconômicas, pelo teste de Mann Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve consumo elevado de calorias (mediana de 3.991,6kcal) e de todos os grupos alimentares, com exceção do grupo de legumes e verduras. Menor escolaridade associou-se com maior consumo de cereais, tubérculos, raízes e derivados (p=0,004), de feijões (p=0,041) e menor consumo de leites e derivados (p=0,032). Mulheres que viviam com o companheiro apresentaram maior consumo de açúcares e doces (p=0,048). Conclusão: O consumo alimentar das gestantes ultrapassou significativamente as recomendações de calorias e porções dos grupos alimentares, com exceção de legumes e verduras. Variáveis socioeconômicas se associaram ao consumo de determinados grupos de alimentos.

Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo de alimentos de embarazadas asistidas en la atención primaria de salud y verificar las posibles asociaciones con las variables socioeconómicas. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado entre abril y noviembre de 2014 con la muestra no probabilística de conveniencia con 201 embarazadas asistidas en la atención primaria de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Se recogió datos del consumo de alimentos a través de un Cuestionario Cuantitativo de la Frecuencia de Alimentos y las variables socioeconómicas a través de un instrumento propio para eso. Los alimentos han sido cuantificados en porciones y separados en grupos de alimentos de la guía de alimentos para la población brasileña. Se utilizó el programa STATA versión 10.0 para el análisis estadístico. Se evaluó la normalidad de las variables cuantitativas con la prueba de Shapiro Wilk y la asociación entre el consumo de alimentos y las variables socioeconómicas con la prueba de Mann Whitney con el nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: Hubo elevado consumo de calorías (mediana de 3.991,6kcal) y de todos los grupos de alimentos a excepción del grupo de las legumbres y las verduras. La baja escolaridad se asoció con el mayor consumo de cereales, tubérculos, raíces y sus derivados (p=0,004), frijoles (p=0,041) y bajo consumo de leches y sus derivados (p=0,032). Las mujeres que vivían con sus compañeros consumían más azucares y dulces (p=0,048). Conclusión: El consumo de alimentos de embarazadas ha ultrapasado significativamente las recomendaciones de las calorías y las porciones de los grupos de alimentos a excepción de las legumbres y las verduras. Las variables socioeconómicas se asociaron con el consumo de determinados grupos de alimentos.

Desenvolvimento do sistema estomatognático durante a vida intrauterina: revisão de literatura / Development of the stomatognathic system during the intrauterine life: literature review

Através de uma Revisão da Literatura, o trabalho busca consolidar informações sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema estomatognático, durante a vida intrauterina. Foram realizadas pesquisas sobre o tema abordado, nas seguintes bases de dados: Scielo, Medline; Bireme; Google Acadêmico e o PubMed, no intervalo de tempo de agosto de 2006 a junho de 2017. Livros publicados no mesmo período também foram consultados. Foram selecionados os artigos em português ou inglês, que contemplaram assuntos inerentes ao estudo. O desenvolvimento do sistema estomatognático acontece a partir do primeiro mês gestacional. A exposição materna a fatores de risco como infecções, traumatismos, desnutrição e consumo de drogas, pode deixar sequelas no feto, comprometendo estruturas e funções buco-dentais.

Through a Literature Review, this work aims to consolidate information about the development of the stomatognathic system during the intrauterine life. The development of the stomatognathic system happens from the first gestational month. Maternal exposure to risk factors, such as infections, trauma, malnutrition, drug use, may leave sequels in the fetus and may compromise buccal-dental structures and functions.

Not everything is as it seems: a rare form of metastatic breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among females worldwide. Despite all therapeutic advances, metastatic breast cancer is still associated with a median overall survival of 3 years. Alongside this condition, bladder metastases of solid neoplasms are rarely observed. In this setting, the secondary bladder tumors with an origin in breast cancer occur in 2.5% of cases in some series. The authors report the case of a 68-year-old female with stage IV breast cancer (bone metastasis) treated with anastrozole, who presented with peripheral edema and renal failure with a creatinine clearance of 12.5 mL/min. After hospital admission, the patient was diagnosed with new liver lesions and bladder involvement with bilateral hydronephrosis. She was submitted to bilateral percutaneous nephrostomies with improvement in renal function. There was a high suspicion of primary bladder tumor in this patient who was a previous smoker, with a family history of high-grade bladder carcinoma (her mother). Liver and transurethral biopsies were performed, and histological examination was consistent with breast cancer metastases. The patient started treatment with capecitabine and denosumab, remaining clinically stable after 3 months of treatment. This case report underlines the diagnostic challenges of bladder metastases in a patient with multiple risk factors for bladder cancer and without evident clinical symptoms. Even though this is a rare entity, the close surveillance of metastatic breast cancer is important in order to allow early detection of new metastatic sites and their treatment to preserve the quality of life in these patients.

"Breast milk is important": what do nursing mothers in Fortaleza think about breastfeeding? / "Leite materno é importante": o que pensam as nutrizes de Fortaleza sobre amamentação

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the meaning of breastfeeding for nursing mothers, users of the public health network in Fortaleza city, Ceará. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out with nursing mothers from nine health units. The data were collected through the application of a socioeconomic and health questionnaire and the Word Free Association Test, using "breastfeeding" as an induced stimulus. The terms referred to in the Word Free Association Test were grouped into categories and analyzed by the EVOC 2000 ®software, which showed the results in a fourcell table, where the categories were distributed according to the level of meaning to the mothers. Results: the sample consisted of 279 nursing mothers. More than 60% of these women referred in receiving guidance on breastfeeding in prenatal, puerperal and childcare consultations, and 68% of them reported having no difficulties in breastfeeding. The most significant categories identified by the Word Free Association Test were: Milk, Important, Health, and Love. Conclusions: for the nursing mothers, breastfeeding is an important practice, represented by the breast milk itself, which is permeated by positive meanings. Knowing these meanings helps to understand the factors associated to early weaning, making it possible to reconstruct care directed to this public.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar os significados da amamentação para as nutrizes da rede pública de saúde da cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: realizou-se um estudo transversal com nutrizes de nove unidades de saúde. Os dados foram coletados a partir da aplicação de um questionário socioeconômico e de saúde e do Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, utilizando o estímulo indutor "amamentação". Os termos referidos no Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras foram agrupados em categorias e analisados pelo software EVOC 2000®, que mostrou os resultados em um quadro com quatro quadrantes, onde as categorias estavam distribuídas conforme o seu grau de significado para as mães. Resultados: a amostra foi de 279 nutrizes. Mais de 60% dessas mulheres referiram ter recebido orientação sobre aleitamento materno nas consultas de pré-natal, puerpério e puericultura e 68% delas não relatou dificuldades em praticar a amamentação. As categorias mais significativas, identificadas pelo Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras, foram: Leite, Importante, Saúde e Amor. Conclusões: para as nutrizes, a amamentação é uma prática importante, representada pelo próprio leite materno, que está permeada de significados positivos. Conhecer esses significados auxilia na compreensão dos fatores associados ao desmame precoce, possibilitando o remodelamento da assistência dirigida a esse público.

Unknown primary large-cell neuroendocrine tumor

Large-cell neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are poorly differentiated malignancies of rare incidence and aggressive nature. NETs mostly arise in the lung followed by the gastrointestinal tract, although they are potentially ubiquitous throughout the body. Primary unknown NET has a worse prognosis and shorter survival comparing with other NETs, with limited available data in the literature concerning this subgroup. The authors report the case of large-cell NET with supraclavicular lymph node presentation. Total excisional biopsy revealed an enlarged adenopathy 18 × 15 × 10 mm, which was extensively infiltrated by a solid malignant neoplasm composed of large cells with granular chromatin, nuclear pseudo-inclusions, high mitotic index, and focal necrosis, with a Ki 67 index 25-30% and positive immunohistochemical study for the expression of cytokeratin 8/18, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and thyroid transcriptional factor-1 (TTF-1). There was no evidence of primary location apart from two infracentimetric lung lesions that could not be accessed for biopsy and were negative at both somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and positron emission tomography. The NET relapsed with three mediastinal masses, so the patient was started on chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide with initial total response. Early progression showed no response to further chemotherapy regimens (temozolomide, oral etoposide); therefore, the patient was treated with local radiotherapy. This patient has an atypical long survival (54 months) compared to the literature data. In fact, there are few long-term survivors of large-cell NET and they are all related to complete surgical resection.

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx: a rare case report

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma rarely appears primarily in the head and neck and exhibits aggressive behavior with a poor prognosis. The pathologist has a significant role in the diagnosis, and a consensual treatment still does not exist. The authors report the case of a middle-aged male patient who presented repeated episodes of massive epistaxis. The diagnostic work-up disclosed the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the nasopharynx. The patient was treated with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Imaging examinations performed after the end of treatment showed apparent complete remission of the disease. The patient was kept under active surveillance with no signs of local relapse or distant metastasis after 4 years of follow-up.