Quality control and drug-drug interactions between commercially available Metoprolol and Glimepiride tablets

Abstract Quality is paramount and needs to be maintained throughout the shelf life of pharmaceuticals. The current study aimed to evaluate the quality, potency, and drug-drug interaction in an in vivo animal model by using two drugs, namely, metoprolol and glimepiride. Tablets were selected for their physical characteristics, such as shape, size, and color. Quality control tests, such as weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration tests, and invitro drug release studies were performed as per USP. Drug-drug interaction and in vivo studies were carried out according to the standard protocol of the animal ethics committee. Quality control tests of both the tablets were within the specified range. The cumulative release percentages of the drugs were 81.12% and 85.36% for Metoprolol Tartrate and Glimepiride, respectively, in a physiological buffer solution within 1 h. The combination of metoprolol and Glimepiride also significantly decreased the blood glucose level in diabetic animals. However, the blood glucose level increased in the group receiving metoprolol only, but the difference was not significant. The result suggested that the formulations are safe. However, the chronic use of this combination requires frequent monitoring of blood glucose level to improve its efficacy and for the patient's safety.

Role of Triticum aestivum aqueous extract in glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis in rats.

Administration of aqueous extract of T. aestivum (200 and 400 mg/kg/day, po, for 30 days) and risedronate (20 mg/kg, sc, five times a week for 30 days) following methyl prednisolone sodium succinate (10 mg/kg, sc, thrice a week for 4 weeks) induced osteoporosis in Wistar rats showed an increase in the serum levels of bone mineral content markers, decrease in the serum and urinary levels of bone resorption markers. An incline in strength of femur and tibia was seen particularly with 400 mg/kg of T. aestivum. Maintenance of calcium homeostasis, formation of collagen and scavenging of free radicals can plausibly be the mode of action of aqueous extract of T. aestivum thereby combating osteoporosis induced by glucocorticoids.

Estimation of Fluoride content in ground growth green vegetables leaves (amaranths) at surrounding villages of nalgonda district Andhra Pradesh by using kit colour comparison method.

Fluoride is found to be an important trace element playing a key role in the dental and skeletal formation in humans. It is generally believed that including human being consume fluoride largely from drinking water sources and the total daily intake of fluoride by individuals from water and other sources varies from place to place depending on the amount of fluoride availability in water and other sources including food. Earlier it was believed that food was not a rich source of fluoride for humans but it is now well documented that certain types of food can have high fluoride content. Therefore the present research work is to study the fluoride content in leafy vegetable samples(amaranthus) collected from five different gram panchayat’s(villages) of Nalgonda district by using kit colour comparison method and report the fluoride content in the collected samples. finally it was found that the fluoride content in all the samples were found to ranging from 2.20-2.85mg/kg which is considered to be under safe zone(0.3-2.8mg/kg) and consumption of this leafy vegetables will not affect the humans.

A review on phytochemical, ethnomedical and pharmacological studies on genus Sophora, Fabaceae

Sophora is a genus of the Fabaceae family, contains about 52 species, nineteen varieties, and seven forms that are widely distributed in Asia, Oceanica, and the Pacific islands, in the family Fabaceae of herbaceous (Sophora flavescens Aiton) to trees (Sophora japonica L.). More than fifteen species in this genus have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicines. In the last decades the use of this genus in traditional Chinese drugs has led to rapid increase in the information available on active components and reported to posses various pharmacological/therapeutic properties. The paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, the biological activities and the correlated chemical compounds of genus Sophora, Fabaceae. More than 300 compounds has been isolated, among them major are quinolizidine alkaloids particularly matrine and oxymatrine and flavonoids particularly prenylated and isoprenylated flavonoids. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical studies demonstrated that these chemical constituens possess wide reaching pharmacological actions like anti oxidant, anticancer, anti-asthamatic, anti-neoplastic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidote, anti pyretic, cardiotonic, antinflammatory, diuretic and in the treatment of skin diseases like eczema, colitis and psoriasis.

Immunomodulatory effects of alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of Moringa olifera Lam leaves.

Effects of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the alcoholic and hydro-alcoholic extract of leaves of M. olifera were studied on various immune paradigms like delayed type hypersensitivity reaction using SRBC as an antigen, determination of antibody titer, neutrophil adhesion test as an indicator for neutrophil index, total leucocyte count in cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed animals and carbon clearance assay as a measure of phagocytic activity. Hydro-alcoholic extract of M. olifera substantially enhanced cellular immune response, humoral immune response, neutrophil index and phagoctic activity in doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg body wieght) was efficient in improving immune response. The results suggest that M. olifera has a significant role to play as an immune stimulator.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the inhibitory effect of Limnophila indica (Linn.) Druce on shigellosis / 中西医结合学报

The research aimed to evaluate the anti-Shigella and antacid activities of the methanolic extract of Limnophila indica.

Formulation and evaluation of bi-layer floating tablets of ziprasidone HCl and trihexyphenidyl HCl / Formulação e avaliação de bi-camada comprimidos flutuantes de ziprasidona HCl e HCl triexifenidila

The purpose of this research study was to establish ziprasidone HCl NR 40 mg and trihexyphenidyl HCl SR 4mg in the form of bi-layer sustained release floating tablets. The tablets were prepared using sodium HPMC K4M / HPMC K15M as bio-adhesive polymers and sodium bicarbonate acting as a floating layer. Tablets were evaluated based on different parameters such as thickness, hardness, friability, weight variation, in vitro dissolution studies, content of active ingredient and IR studies. The physico-chemical properties of the finished product complied with the specifications. In vitro release from the formulation was studied as per the USP XXIII dissolution procedure. The formulations gave a normal release effect followed by sustained release for 12 h which indicates bimodal release of ziprasidone HCl from the matrix tablets. The data obtained was fitted to Peppas models. Analysis of n values of the Korsmeyer equation indicated that the drug release involved non-diffusional mechanisms. By the present study, it can be concluded that bi-layer tablets of ziprasidone HCl and trihexyphenidyl HCl will be a useful strategy for extending the metabolism and improving the bioavailability of Ziprasidone HCl and Trihexyphenidyl HCl.

O propósito deste trabalho foi preparar ziprasidona. HCl NR 40 mg e triexifenidila.HCl SR 4 mg na forma de comprimidos efervescentes bicamada de liberação controlada. Os comprimidos foram preparados utilizando HPMC K4M / HPMC K15M sódico como polímero bioadesivo e bicarbonato como camada efervescente. Os comprimidos foram avaliados quanto a diferentes parâmetros, como espessura, dureza, friabilidade, variação de peso, dissolução in vitro, conteúdo do ingrediente ativo e estudos de IV. As propriedades físico-químicas dos produtos finais cumprem as especificações. A liberação in vitro da formulação foi estudada de acordo com o procedimento de dissolução da USP XXIII. As formulações resultaram em liberação normal, seguida por liberação controlada por 12 h, o que indica a liberação bimodal de cloridrato de ziprasidona dos comprimidos matriz. Os dados obtidos se adequaram aos modelos de Peppas. A análise de valores de n da equação de Korsmeyer indicou que a liberação do fármaco envolveu mecanismos não difusionais. Por este estudo, pode-se concluir que os comprimidos bicamada de ziprasidona.HCl e de triexifenidila.HCl serão um bom caminho para estender o metabolismo e para melhorar a biodisponibilidade de ziprasidona.HCl e de triexifenidila.HCl.

Butea frondosa as a gastro protective against induced gastric lesions

The study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of alcoholic extract of Butea frondosa Koen. ex Roxb against gastric lesions induced in rats using acetic acid plus pyloric ligation. The impact of alcoholic extract of Butea frondosa in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg as single dose schedules and 200 mg/kg for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days was determined. Parameters assessed were ulcer index, total acidity, acid volume, total protein and pH, non protein sulfhydryls and gastric wall mucus. Extract in dose of 400 mg/kg as a single schedule signifi cantly reduced ulcer severity, total protein and pH as against the control (p<0.05). Concurrent fi ndings were also observed with 200 mg/kg administered for 21 and 28 days. Treatment with 400 mg/kg of the extract as a single dose and 200 mg/kg for 28 days produced an elevation in the content on non protein sulfhydryls. Gastric wall mucus was enhanced with 200 mg/kg of the extract administered for 28 days with a value of 186±2.74 ìg Alcian blue/g wet weight compared with the control (p<0.05). A palpable decline in incidence of ulcers was observed with the extract which might be largely due to the presence of fl avonoids.

Cultivation, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications of erythrina indica. Lam.

Medicinal plants are the nature’s gift to human being to make disease free healthy life. It plays a vital role to preserve our health. In our country more than 2000 medicinal plants are recognized. Erythrina indica (Fabaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants of coasts of India and Malaysia. Some of its medicinal usage has been mentioned in traditional system of medicine such as ayurveda, siddha and unani. This review attempts to encompass the available literature of Erythrina indica with respect to traditional uses, phytochemistry and summary of its pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Other aspects such as toxicity are mentioned.

In vitro anthelmintic activity of the whole plant of enicostemma littorale by using various extracts.

Development of anthelmintic resistance and high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants has an alternative source of anthelmintics.In the current study, experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible anthelminitic effects of various extracts of the whole plant of Enicostemma littorale. Various concentrations (25, 50,100,200mg/ml) of all extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole was used as a reference standard and saline as a control group. Dose dependent activity was observed in all extracts Enicostemma littorale.

Valacyclovir: Development, treatment and pharmacokinetics.

Acyclovir a specific and selective inhibitor of herpes virus has been used safely and effectively. The bioavailability of the drug is low results in poor absorption of drug. Valacyclovir is the L- valyl ester prodrug of Acyclovir. It is used in the treatment of Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster virus. After oral administration it is rapidly converted to acyclovir in the Gastro intestinal tract and liver, which increases the bioavailability of acyclovir three to five times that of acyclovir alone.

Approaches for gastrotentive drug delivery systems.

Much attention have been focused in pharmaceutical research in the area of gastroretensive oral drug delivery systems. Henceforth a wide spectrum of dosage forms have been developed for drugs which are unstable in alkaline pH, soluble in acidic pH, having a narrow absorption window, site of action specific to stomach. This article provides the entire classification of gastroretensive systems, formulation considerations for developing gastroretensive systems, factors affecting gastroretensive systems, merits and demerits, applications in pharmacy and a comparative diagrammatic representation limelight this article. Those gastroretensive systems which depend on liberation of carbondioxide show poor patient compliance because of flatulence and belching.

Investigation on the effect of eclipta alba on animal models of learning and memory.

Short and long term memory loss may result from deteriorating cerebral mechanisms due to varied causes which could have a tremendous impact on the quality of life. Herbs are being constantly explored to resolve cognitive deficits. Eclipta alba (Ea) commonly called as the trailing Eclipta is being examined for its memory enhancing quality as it is traditionally used for this purpose. The shade dried leaves of Eclipta alba was extracted with distilled water. The suspension of Ea containing 100 and 200 mg/kg was administered to rats to evaluate Transfer Latency (TL) on an elevated plus maze. TL was a measure of acquisition and retrieval learning. Mice were placed at the center of open field apparatus to assess spatial habitual learning, observed for 20 minutes for rearing and time spent during rearing using varied doses for 30 minutes, 24 hours and 96 hours and 144 hrs. The results revealed significant improvement of retrieval memory.