RESUMO
Resumen Las condiciones laborales hacen referencía a las particularidades del entorno o ambiente en el que se realizan las actividades de trabajo. A lo largo de la história, las condiciones laborales de los docentes han experimentado contínuas transformaciones bajo distintas reformas educativas, que repercuten en su grado de bienestar en el trabajo. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la relación entre la valoración de las condiciones de trabajo y el bienestar laboral percibido en 132 docentes de primaria y secundaria de colegios públicos y privados de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Para tal efecto se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa con diseño correlacional y muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Se evidenció un aumento en el tiempo dedicado a realizar la función docente, la organización y la carga laboral, lo cual genera en los docentes afectaciones en su bienestar laboral. Se encontró una relación significativa entre las condiciones de trabajo y el bienestar laboral de los docentes, de manera que el tipo de contratación temporal genera en ellos inseguridad, inestabilidad y algunos efectos colaterales como somatizaciones y agotamiento, perjudicando su rendimiento laboral, salud y bienestar.
Abstract Working conditions refer to the particularities of the environment in which work activities are carried out. Throughout history, teachers' working conditions have undergone continuous transformations under different educational reforms, which have an impact on their well-being at work. The research objective was to analyze the relationship between the assessment of working conditions and perceived occupational well-being in 132 primary and secondary teachers from public and private schools in the city of Cali, Colombia. It was carried out by means of a quantitative methodology with a correlational design and intentional non-probabilistic sampling. It was evidenced that increasing in the time devoted to performing the teaching function, organization and workload affects teachers´ welfare. Additionally, a significant relationship was found between the working conditions and the labor well-being of teachers. The type of short-term contracting generates job insecurity and instability and some collateral effects such as somatization and exhaustion, which are detrimental to their work performance, health, and wellbeing.
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Resumen El objetivo general de la presente investigación fue identificar los factores psicosociales in-tralaborales y extralaborales en los trabajadores de una institución del sector salud que presta servicios de alta complejidad (nivel III) de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo, con un diseño transversal. Se aplicaron la forma A y B del Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral y el Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial Extralaboral (Ministerio de Protección Social & Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, 2010) a una muestra de 183 trabajadores. Los resultados de la investigación indican que los dominios donde se presenta mayor riesgo psicosocial son demandas del trabajo y control sobre el trabajo. A nivel extralaboral, las condiciones que presentan mayor riesgo son: tiempo fuera del trabajo, situación económica del grupo familiar, características de la vivienda y de su entorno, y desplazamiento vivienda-trabajo. Se concluye a nivel general que la clínica se encuentra en un nivel de riesgo psicosocial alto, por lo cual se requiere la implementación de un Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica en Riesgo Psicosocial para prevenir respuestas de estrés y enfermedades asociadas.
Abstract The purpose of this research study was to identify the psychosocial in-workplace and out-of-workplace risk factors in the workers of a health sector institution that provides high complexity services (level III) in the city of Cali, Colombia. This was a study with a descriptive cross-sectional research design. Form A and B of the Questionnaire of Psychosocial Risk Factors In-workplace and the Questionnaire of Factors of Psychosocial and Out-of-workplace Risk (Ministry of Social Protection & Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, 2010) were applied to a sample of 183 workers. The results show that the domains where psychosocial risk is most prevalent are labor demands and control over work. At the out-of-workplace level, the conditions that represent the greatest risk are: time away from work, financial situation of the family group, characteristics of the home and its environment, and commuting. We concluded that the clinic is at a high level of psychosocial risk, for which the implementation of an Epidemiological Surveillance Program for Psychosocial Risk is required to prevent stress responses and associated diseases.
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Resumen Introducción: El estrés entendido como el conjunto de respuestas fisiológicas, comportamentales, emocionales y cognoscitivas, que resultan en el proceso de adaptación frente a las demandas derivadas de las condiciones de trabajo ante las cuales las personas evalúan que sus recursos de afrontamiento son insuficientes. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de estrés laboral en personal con cargos asistenciales de cuatro instituciones de salud nivel III de la ciudad de Cali-Colombia. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo, con diseño transversal. Se aplicó el cuestionario para la evaluación del estrés tercera versión del Ministerio de la Protección Social a una muestra de 595 participantes, con cargo asistencial que implica la atención sanitaria al paciente, en procedimientos de alta complejidad como cirugía, hospitalización, urgencias, cuidados intensivos. Resultados: El personal con cargo asistencial de las cuatro instituciones de salud nivel III presenta nivel alto de estrés laboral, concretamente en los síntomas fisiológicos, e intelectuales y laborales. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de estrés laboral en el personal asistencial puede asociarse con las características de rol, las condiciones laborales y la exposición permanente a enfermedades contagiosas propias del contexto de las instituciones de salud.
Abstract Introduction: Stress is understood as the set of physiological, behavioral, emotional and cognitive responses, which result in the process of adaptation to the demands derived from the working conditions, before which people evaluate that their coping resources are insufficient. Objective: To identify the level of occupational stress in staff with care positions of four level III health institutions in the city of Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive study with transversal design was made. The third version stress assessment questionnaire was applied Ministry of Social Protection. The sample was 595 participants with care charge, which involves the patient's health care in procedures of high complexity such as surgery, hospitalization, emergencies, intensive care. Results: The staff with healthcare charge of the four level III health institutions presents high level of occupational stress, particularly in the physiological, intellectual and labor symptoms. Conclusions: The prevalence of occupational stress in health care personnel can be associated with the characteristics of role, working conditions and the permanent exposure to communicable diseases inherent in the context of healthcare institutions.
Assuntos
Humanos , Estresse Ocupacional , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , PsicologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: la investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores de riesgo psicosociales intralaborales en trabajadores jefes con cargos asistenciales de cinco instituciones del sector salud que prestan servicios de alta complejidad (nivel III) de la ciudad de Cali. Metodología: el estudio, de tipo descriptivo, tuvo un diseño transversal. Se aplicó la forma A del Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo Psicosocial Intralaboral (Ministerio de Protección Social, 2010) a una muestra de 156 trabajadores que tienen un cargo directamente relacionado con salud y un papel de jefes. Resultados: el personal asistencial con cargo de jefe de las cinco instituciones de salud nivel III presenta nivel de riesgo alto en los riesgos psicosociales intralaborales, concretamente en las dimensiones demandas del trabajo y liderazgo y relaciones sociales.
Objective: This research aimed to identify psychosocial risk factors at work, in workers with leadership positions of five health care institutions that provide high complexity services (level III) of the city of Cali, Colombia. Method: This was a non-experimental descriptive research, with a cross-sectional design. Participants were 156 workers involved in leadership positions, whose functions have a direct relation with taking care of patient's health. The Intralaboral Psychosocial Risk Factors Questionnaire - A Form (Ministerio de la Protección Social, 2010) was applied. Results: The total score of the Psychosocial Risk Factors assessment shows a high level of risk. The domains that show a higher risk are: Work Demands and Leadership and social relationships at work.
Objetivo: Identificar os fatores psicossociais em trabalhadores líderes de cuidados sob a acu-sacao de cinco instituicoes do setor de saúde que prestam servicos de alta complexidade (nivel III), nacida de Cali. Metodología: O estudo é descritivo, com um design de crossover. Forma foi aplicado ao Fator Intralaboral Questionário Psicossocial de Risco (Ministério da Protecao Social, 2010) a uma amostra de 156 trabalhadores que sao cobrados diretamente relacionados á saúde e ao papel dos chefes. Resultados: O estudo identificou riscos psicossociais nas cabe-cas, que sao caracterizadas por altos níveis na lideranca dimensoes e dos Assuntos Sociais e Demandas Trabalhistas.
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El presente estudio tiene como propósito elaborar y validar un instrumento de autopercepción de las competencias genéricas del egresado de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Cali, necesarias para enfrentar las demandas del entorno laboral actual. Se identificaron y se seleccionaron 37 competencias comunes a once carreras de pregrado mediante la revisión de los antecedentes empíricos y teóricos; estas fueron sometidas a validación de contenido por once jueces expertos, y a una prueba piloto con 22 egresados de las carreras de pregrado. Se aplicó a una muestra de 574 egresados pertenecientes a las once carreras, obteniendo un instrumento final con 33 competencias genéricas, con un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,912 y se aceptan los 33 ítems del instrumento.
This article describes the development and validation of an instrument to assess the self-perception of generic competencies in graduates of a private university in the city of Cali, Colombia. Initially, the common competences from 11 undergraduate careers were selected based on the review of academic programs, empirical and theoretical backgrounds. Then, competencies were defined to build the instrument, which was evaluated by 11 expert judges, in a process of content validation. The questionnaire was applied to 22 graduates of undergraduate programs in a pilot application. Subsequently, it was applied to a sample of 574 graduates of the 11 careers, obtaining a final instrument composed of 33 generic competencies. A Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.912 was obtained and all 33 items were accepted.
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El trabajo que se informa presenta los resultados finales del diseño y validación de contenido de un diccionario de competencias genéricas para el profesional en Psicología. Se hace un recuento de las diferentes definiciones dadas al concepto de competencia, desde el enfoque sociolingüístico de Hymes (1972) y del desempeño en el trabajo (McClelland, 1973). Se concluye que éstas integran el saber ser (automotivación, iniciativa y trabajo colaborativo con otros), el saber conocer (observar, explicar, comprender y analizar) y el saber hacer (desempeño basado en procedimientos y estrategias) (Braslavsky & Acosta, 2006; Cejas, 2003; Echeverría, 2002; Ibarra, 2000; Tobón, 2004). Se propone una clasificación teórica del concepto de competencia, retomando autores como Álvarez, Gómez y Ratto (2004), Peiró (2003) y Roe (2003), entre otros, la cual realiza una distinción entre competencias académicas, profesionales y laborales. Se utilizan los planteamientos de Montero y León (2005), así como los de Carretero y Pérez (2007), quienes proveen las herramientas y criterios metodológicos para la validación del diccionario de competencias mediante la evaluación de seis jueces expertos y la aplicación piloto de un instrumento a siete estudiantes y 16 egresados de la Carrera de Psicología. Los resultados de la investigación permitieron la creación de un diccionario de competencias para uso público, el cual constituye una herramienta oportuna para afrontar los retos, demandas y posibilidades para el desempeño del psicólogo, dados los cambios socioeconómicos, demográficos y culturales del Siglo XX1 que influyen sobre la formación y funciones del profesional.
The following article presents the final results of the design and content validation of a generic competencies dictionary for the trained psychologist. Different authors, such as Collazos and Garcia (1999), argue that the research and identification of competencies have helped to solve the weakness of traditional psychometric tests used to predict worker's productivity. Moreover, Peiró (2003) mentions that in defining the objectives to be achieved by education, it is required to determine the qualifications or competencies that should have a professional. However, in the field of Psychology, there is little research leading to the development of tools for identifying and evaluating competencies among students and professionals (ANECA, 2005; Castro Solano, 2004; González, 2007; Herrera, Restrepo & Uribe, 2008; Pérez-Santamarina & López, 2006; Ruiz, Jaraba & Romero, 2005; Uribe, Aristizábal, Barona & López, 2009). A theoretical overview of the concept of competency has been made, taking in to account different approaches, like the sociolinguistic (Hymes, 1972) and the job performance (McClelland, 1973). From the revised definitions and interpretations given to the concept of competence, it is concluded that they integrate self-knowledge (motivation, initiative, and teamwork with others), self-teaching (observation, explanation, comprehension, and analysis), and ‘know-how' (performance based on strategies and procedures) (Braslavsky & Acosta, 2006; Cejas, 2003; Echeverría, 2002; Ibarra, 2000; Tobón, 2004). Different classifications to the concept of competencies that have been applied to different contexts were also reviewed. For instance, Gordillo (2003) argues that competencies can be grouped into methodological, technical, social, and individual. Álvarez, Gómez, and Ratto (2004) classify them in technique and general competencies, similar to the one proposed by Ruiz, Jaraba, and Romero (2008) and the Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y Acreditación (ANECA, 2005), whoever divide them in general (or transverse) and specific competencies. For the purpose of this research and taking in to account these classifications, it is proposed for this work a distinction between academic, professional, and work-related generic competencies. The creation of the generic competencies dictionary for the trained psychologists followed the guidelines for instrumental studies as suggested by Montero and León (2005) and Carretero and Pérez (2007): the conceptual outline of the evaluation subject, and the design and qualitative evaluation of the items. In the content validation by expert evaluators, participated six professional psychologists with expertise in the fields of research methodology and Organizational Psychology, who are teachers of the Department of Social Sciences from a private university in Cali (Colombia). Subsequently, the pilot application of the instrument was attended by 23 people: 7 final year students of the Career of Psychology and 16 graduates of the same university. These research findings led to the creation of a generic competencies dictionary for public use, composed by 13 academic competencies, 12 professional competencies, and 10 work-related competencies. This dictionary is the result of a research aimed to identify the most significant competencies, as well as the definitions that fit these best, to ensure the recognition of crucial requirements in the field and their adequate implementation among psychologists. It is concluded that this dictionary is useful to understand standards and determine competencies that a professional psychologist must obtain from educational institutions, at least in the work and academic contexts where the research was conducted. It also constitutes a timely contribution to meet the challenges, demands, and possibilities of professional performance, given the socio-economic, demographic, and cultural changes of the 21st century, which impact the training and functions of a professional psychologist.
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Actualmente, en Colombia, ha crecido el interés por la identificación y evaluación de las competencias como elemento de formación y posterior desarrollo profesional. Es de interés de este artículo, abordar el concepto de competencia a partir de múltiples definiciones y posturas teóricas del concepto, y que dan cuenta al lector acerca de la pluralidad que entrañan según sea su utilización. También se mostrarán diferentes clasificaciones que los estudiosos del constructo atribuyen a la competencia y, finalmente, se describirán algunos estudios y posiciones que se han desarrollado sobre las competencias del psicólogo profesional, con énfasis en el caso colombiano.
Nowadays, in Colombia, the interest to identify and assess competences has grown as an element of training and professional development. The aim of this article is to approach the concept competence from an educational view, showing several meanings and theoretical views of the concept with the idea to locate the reader on the plurality and multiplicity of its meanings depending on its use. The article will also show different classifications of the concept developed by various researchers. Finally, it describes the studies and positions that have been stated about professional psychologist's competences, focusing on the Colombian case.