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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 41(2): 248-258, abr. 2024. tab, graf, mapas
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1559680

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: En las cuatro décadas de la epidemia por VIH, se han observado avances notables que han contribuido a una disminución progresiva en la incidencia de nuevas infecciones y en la mortalidad a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, no ha ocurrido lo mismo en Latinoamérica y en Chile. OBJETIVO: Esta revisión tiene como objetivo conocer la epidemiología actual a nivel global, latinoamericano y chileno. METODOLOGÍA: Se analizaron los informes epidemiológicos oficiales de infección por VIH emitidos por organismos nacionales e internacionales, más los estudios epidemiológicos nacionales. RESULTADOS: Se estima que 39 millones de personas viven con VIH en el mundo; no obstante, la mortalidad y la incidencia de nuevos casos han disminuido de forma notoria durante las últimas dos décadas, asociado a una expansión en al acceso a terapia antirretroviral en forma global. A diferencia del resto del mundo, América Latina presenta una tendencia de alza en las nuevas infecciones y Chile registra un aumento de 35% en nuevos casos durante los últimos 10 años, coincidiendo con un aumento en los flujos de migrantes que ha afectado a la región. Algunas estrategias preventivas como la profilaxis pre exposición se han implementa-do a un ritmo lento, tanto a nivel mundial, como latinoamericano. CONCLUSIONES: La epidemiología del VIH presenta características propias regionales y nacionales. En particular en Chile, diversos factores incluyendo déficit en políticas públicas de prevención y los recientes flujos migratorios han modelado nuestra actual epidemia. El desafío presente debe contemplar los esfuerzos multisectoriales para lograr los objetivos de ONUSIDA en esta década.


BACKGROUND: Over the course of the last four decades of global HIV epidemic, significant improvements have contributed to gradually reduce the frequency of new infections and global mortality rates. However, in Latin America particularly in Chile, new infections continue increasing. AIM: This review aims to comprehend the_epidemiology today on a worldwide, Latin American, and Chilean scale. METHODS: National epidemiology studies and official HIV reports from international and national organizations were reviewed. RESULTS: It is estimated that 39 million people live with HIV worldwide; however, mortality and the incidence of new cases have decreased markedly over the last two decades, associated with an expansion in access to antiretroviral therapy globally. In contrast to the rest of the world, Latin America shows an upward trend in new infections, with Chile registering a 35% increase in new cases over the last 10 years, coinciding with an increase in migratory flows that has occurred throughout the region. Some preventive strategies, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis, have been implemented at a slow pace, both globally and in Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of HIV has regional and national characteristics. Specifically in Chile, several factors, including deficits in public prevention policies and recent migratory flows, have shaped our current epidemic. The present challenge must contemplate multisectoral efforts to achieve the UNAIDS objectives during this decade.


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Chile/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , América Latina/epidemiologia
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 38(6): 783-789, dic. 2021. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388321

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se desconoce el grado de supresión viral en pacientes con infección por VIH que inician terapia antirretroviral (TAR) con cargas virales (CV) muy altas. OBJETIVO: Conocer el porcentaje de supresión viral en pacientes con VIH que inician TAR con CV ≥ 500.000 copias/mL a 96 semanas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes que iniciaron TAR con CV ≥ 500.000 copias/mL, entre los años 2008 y 2018, estratificándose en base a escala logarítmica. Se determinó el porcentaje de supresión viral, y las variables asociadas a este desenlace. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 221 pacientes. La mediana de edad y CV era de 43 años y 6,0 log, respectivamente, estando la mayoría (37%) en estadio C3 al inicio de TAR. El 48,8 y 87,7% de los pacientes logró la supresión viral al año y dos años de seguimiento, respectivamente. Se observó que, a mayor edad, a mayor inmunosupresión, y a mayor CV, mayor el tiempo para lograr la indetectabilidad. Sólo se demostró fracaso virológico en tres pacientes. DISCUSIÓN: Los pacientes con infección por VIH que inician TAR con CV muy altas demoran más tiempo en lograr la supresión viral, lo cual es proporcional a la magnitud de ésta y al grado de inmunosupresión, sin que esto conlleve mayor riesgo de fracaso virológico.


BACKGROUND: The degree of viral suppression in HIV patients who start antiretroviral therapy (ART) with very high viral loads (CV) is unknown. AIM: To know the percentage of viral suppression in HIV patients who start ART with CV ≥ 500,000 copies/mL at 96 weeks. METHOD: Retrospective study. Patients who started ART with a CV ≥ 500,000 copies/mL between 2008 and 2018 were included, stratifying on the basis of a logarithmic scale. The percentage of viral suppression and the variables associated with this outcome were determined. RESULTS: 221 patients were included. The median age and CV were 43 years and 6.0 log, respectively, with the majority (37%) being in stage C3 at the start of ART. 48.8 and 87.7% of the patients achieved viral suppression at one year and two years of follow-up, respectively. It was observed that the older the immunosuppression, and the higher CV, the longer the time to achieve undetectability. Virological failure was only demonstrated in three patients. DISCUSSION: Patients with HIV infection who start ART with very high CVs take longer to achieve viral suppression, which is proportional to the magnitude of this and the degree of immunosuppression, without this entailing a greater risk of virological failure.


Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Testes Sorológicos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Carga Viral , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade
3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 36(6): 774-777, dic. 2019.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058110

RESUMO

Resumen En Chile, la cepa del virus parotídeo utilizada en la vacuna es Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z). Aunque la relación entre meningitis y la cepa L-Z sigue siendo controvertida, la mayoría de los casos reportados han presentado un cuadro de curso benigno y sin secuelas neurológicas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que tres semanas post-inmunización con la vacuna tresvírica evolucionó con una meningitis aséptica de predominio mononuclear, con serología para IgM positiva contra el virus parotídeo. En este caso clínico, existió una relación temporal entre la vacunación, el inicio del cuadro parotídeo y posteriormente el meníngeo; la curva de inmunoglobulinas demostró una infección aguda posterior a la vacuna. Si bien no se logró aislar el virus en LCR, es razonable atribuir el cuadro a una infección post-vacunal.


In Chile, the strain of the mumps virus used in the vaccine is Leningrad-Zagreb (L-Z). Although the relationship between meningitis and the L-Z strain remains controversial, most of the reported cases have shown a benign course without permanent neurological sequelae. We present a case of a patient who presented an aseptic meningitis three weeks after immunization with a mumps vaccine; and laboratory confirmation showed positive serum mumps IgM antibody. In this clinical case, there was a temporal relationship between vaccination and the onset of the mumps and subsequently the meningeal involvement; the immunoglobulin curve demonstrates acute infection after vaccination. Although it was not possible to isolate the virus in CSF, it is reasonable to attribute the picture to a post-vaccinal infection.


Assuntos
Humanos , Meningite , Caxumba , Vacina contra Caxumba/efeitos adversos , Chile , Vírus da Caxumba
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(3): 290-299, mar. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-961393

RESUMO

Background: The HIV epidemic reached Chile in late 1980s and as an early response, AIDS care centers were organized. Fundación Arriarán (FA) was the first center. Free antiretroviral therapy (ART) was later provided with progressive coverage and complexity over the years. Aim: To quantify evolution of mortality, retention and loss to follow up (LTFU) over 25 years according to different periods of access to ART, from no availability to full coverage with current drugs at FA center. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of FA database of 5,080 adults admitted between 1990 and 2014. The sample was distributed in 7 groups: A: no ART (1990-92), B: monotherapy, C: dual therapy, D: dual/triple ART, E: early triple therapy with incomplete coverage, F same as E but with complete coverage and G: contemporary ART (2008-14). Mortality, retention and LTFU were evaluated at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years and at 31/12/2015. Results: Mortality varied from 40% to 2%, and 62% to 7% at 1 and 5 years, for groups A and G respectively; from 71% to 16% at 10 years for groups A and E, respectively. Retention at 5 years were 28%, 23%, 39%, 62%, 75%, 75% and 77% for groups A to G, respectively. LTFU was 10%, 19%, 15%, 17%, 9% 12% and 10% at 5 years for same groups, respectively. At 12/31/2015 22% of patients had died, 11% were LTFU, 60% were retained in care and 6% had been transferred. Conclusions: There is a marked reduction in mortality and increase in retention of HIV patients' concomitant to expanded access to modern therapy, although LTFU remains a problem.


Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Recusa em Tratar/estatística & dados numéricos , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Seguimentos
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