Xuebijing injection inhibits the degradation of pulmonary vascular endothelial calyx to improve acute lung injury induced by severe heatstroke / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the possible mechanism of Xuebijing injection in regulating abnormal degradation of pulmonary vascular endothelial calyx to improve acute lung injury induced by severe heatstroke.Methods Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,heatstroke group and Xuebijing group.Before heatstroke induction,rats in Xuebijing group were administrated with Xuebijing injection(2 ml/kg,2 times/d)for 3 days.All rats were exposed to an environment with temperature of(40±2)℃and humidity of 65%±5%for 60 minutes to induce heatstroke.Two hours later,the lung wet/dry weight ratio was recorded;the concentration of proteins in BALF was measured;the pulmonary vascular permeability was measured by Evans blue(EB);HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of lung tissue;the changes of hyaluronic acid(HA)on the surface of pulmonary vessels were observed by immunofluorescence;Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Syndecan-1,Glypican-1,VE-Cadherin,Occludin,VCAM-1 and E-selectin in lung tissues;Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was utilized to quantify the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)in serum and heparanase(HPA)in lung tissue.Results Xuebijing could decrease the lung wet/dry weight ratio,reduce protein exudation and improve pulmonary vascular permeability(P<0.01);reduce the histological injury(P<0.01);reduce the degradation of HA,Syndecan-1 and Glypican-1 on the surface of pulmonary vessels(P<0.01);increase the expression of VE-Cadherin and Occludin(P<0.01);regulate the overexpression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin(P<0.01);down-regulate the expression of TNF-α,IL-6 and HPA(P<0.01).Conclusion Xuebijing injection decrease the expression of HPA,improve the disintegration of pulmonary vascular endothelial calyx,repair the integrity of pulmonary vessels,reduce the damage of cell connections,down-regulate the expression of adhesion molecules,inhibit the inflammatory reaction,relieving acute lung injury caused by severe heat stroke.

Primary study of heat stress inducing early expression and secretion of tissue factor in vascular endothelial cells / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To explore the pattern of early expression and secretion of tissue factor(TF)in vascular endothelial cells induced by heat stress.Methods Thirty SPF-rated C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into five groups:the control group and groups of indicated recovery time,including 0,3,6,and 9 h in room temperature after heat stress(n=6).Mice in the heat stress groups were exposed to an animal incubator to reach 42.5℃for core body temperature for heat stroke.We analyzed the histopathological changes in the liver,lung,and kidney tissues with HE staining.We measured the TF mRNA in mice tissues by RT-qPCR and the plasma concentration of TF in mice with a commercial ELISA kit.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)were placed in a culture incubator to build an in vitro heat stress model.HUVECs were divided into five groups,including a control group and groups of indicated recovery time,including 0,3,6,and 9 h after heat stress.We quantified the expression of TF mRNA and protein in HUVEC cells by RT-qPCR,Western blotting,and immunofluorescence and measured the secreted TF with a commercial ELISA kit.Results No significant pathological injury was observed in the tissues of the control group.Mice treated with heat stress had various degrees of structural injuries and hemorrhagic and inflammatory changes in multiple tissues.Compared to control group,the expression of TF mRNA significantly increased in the kidney of heat stress-treated mice with 0 and 3 h recovery time(1.719±0.018,1.241±0.178 vs.1.000±0.063),the lung with 3 h recovery time(2.444±0.511 vs.1.000±0.106)and the liver with 6 h recovery time(7.312±0.618 vs.1.000±0.147)(P<0.05).The concentration of TF in plasma also sustainedly elevated in mice with 0,3,6,and 9 h recovery time after heat stress as compared to control group[(132.426±17.920)pg/ml,(119.400±10.267)pg/ml,(107.374±13.495)pg/ml,(163.767±22.810)pg/ml vs.(75.479±13.831)pg/ml,respectively,P<0.01].The expression levels of TF mRNA were higher in heat stress HUVECs with 6 h and 9 h recovery time than the control cells(1.905±0.354,2.564±0.297 vs.1.000±0.097,P<0.01).Secreted TF in the supernatant from HUVECs treated with heat stress and different recovery time also increased significantly[(36.309±4.101)pg/ml,(38.425±5.484)pg/ml,(41.655±4.380)pg/ml,(43.586±4.718)pg/ml vs.(14.996±0.254)pg/ml,P<0.01].Conclusion Heat stress increased early expression and secretion of TF in vascular endothelial cells.Vascular endothelial cells may be a main source of circulating TF in heat stroke.

Antihyperglycemic mechanism of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides based on sweet taste receptor signaling pathway / 中成药

AIM To explore the antihyperglycemic mechanism of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides based on sweet taste receptor signaling pathway.METHODS After the successful diabetic modeling by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with streptozotocin,the rats were randomly divided into the model group,the metformin group(200 mg/kg)and the low,medium and high dose P.odoratum polysaccharides groups(100,200 and 400 mg/kg),in contrast to the control group with 8 normal rats.The rats had measurement of their fasting blood glucose level from tail vein blood before the intervention and 2,4,6 and 8 weeks after the corresponding administration;detection of their serum GLP-1 and insulin levels by ELISA,and their oral glucose tolerance test after 7 weeks;detection of their blood lipid level,observation of their morphology of pancreas and liver,and detection of their mRNA expressions of T1R2,T1R3,α-gustducin,TRPM5,SGLT-1 and GLUT-2 in ileum by RT-qPCR after 8 weeks.HuTu-80 cells treated with P.odoratum polysaccharides solution had their the levels of cAMP and GLP-1 detected by ELISA;their fluorescence intensity of Ca2+ detected by laser confocal method;and the expression of sweet taste receptor mRNA detected by RT-qPCR.RESULTS The result of animal experiments showed that the groups intervened with middle or high dose of P.odoratum polysaccharides displayed decreased levels of fasting blood glucose,area under the time-blood glucose curve(AUC)and the levels of serum TG,TC and LDL-C(P<0.05),increased levels of serum GLP-1 and insulin and the mRNA expressions of T1R2 and TRPM5 in ileum(P<0.05),in contrast to the model group,in addition to the increased serum HDL-C level and mRNA expressions of T1R2,α-gustducin in ileum tissue in the high dose group.The result of cell experiment showed that P.odoratum polysaccharides increased the levels of cAMP,GLP-1 and Ca2+ in cells(P<0.05),and enhanced the mRNA expressions of sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3(P<0.05).CONCLUSION P.odoratum polysaccharides may contribute antihyperglycemic effects through GLP-1 secretion promotion via activation of the sweet taste receptor signaling pathway due to its efficacy in up-regulating expression of molecules.

Cloning and expression analysis of superoxide dismutase SmMSD2 gene from Salvia miltiorrhiza / 药学学报

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key enzyme that scavenge superoxide anion free radical (O2·-) in vivo, and plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress. In this study, according to the genome and transcriptome data of Salvia miltiorrhizae, 9 SOD genes were identified and the expression patterns of SOD family genes were further analyzed, including 5 Cu/Zn-SOD, 2 Fe-SOD and 2 Mn-SOD. On the basis of proteomic analysis, combined with transcriptome data, one full-length cDNA of Mn-SOD gene, namely SmMSD2 was cloned from Salvia miltiorrhizae. The results of amino acid sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that SmMSD2 protein belongs to the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) subfamily, and SmMSD2 protein shares high sequence identity with the Mn-SOD proteins of various plants that all contain a C-terminal conserved metal-binding domain "DVWEHAYY". The prokaryotic expression vector pMAL-c2X-SmMSD2 was constructed and transformed into E. coli BL21 expressing strain, and the target recombinant protein was successfully induced and its enzymatic properties were analyzed. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that SmMSD2 gene was expressed in all tissues, indicating that SmMSD2 gene was constitutively expressed at a stable level. Real-time quantitative PCR indicated that drought (15% PEG6000), abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) could induce the expression of SmMSD2 gene, suggesting that SmMSD2 may be involved in the response of Salvia miltiorrhizae to abiotic stress such as drought, as well as the signaling pathways of phytohormone ABA and IAA. These results lay the foundation for further elucidating the involvement of superoxide dismutase in the stress response and accumulation of active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Characteristics, origin, and processing of Poria in Qing Dynasty Palace:evidence of both historical relics and documents / 中国中药杂志

Poria(Fu Ling) is a bulk traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)with a long history and complex varieties. The royal medical records of the Qing Dynasty include multiple medicinal materials of Fu Ling, such as Bai Fu Ling(white Poria), Chi Fu Ling(rubra Poria), and Zhu Fu Ling(Poria processed with cinnabaris). The Palace Museum preserves 6 kinds of specimens including Fu Ling Ge(dried Poria), Bai Fu Ling, Chi Fu Ling, Zhu Fu Ling, Bai Fu Shen(white Poria cum Radix Pini), and Fu Shen Mu(Poria cum Radix Pini). After trait identification and textual research, we found that Fu Ling Ge was an intact sclerotium, which was processed into Fu Ling Pi(Poriae Cutis), Bai Fu Ling and other medicinal materials in the Palace. The Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Pa-lace was mainly from the tribute paid of the officials in Yunnan-Guizhou region. The tribute situation was stable in the whole Qing Dynasty, and changed in the late Qing Dynasty. The cultural relics of Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace confirm with the archival documents such as the royal medical records and herbal medicine books, providing precious historical materials for understanding Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty and a basis for the restoration of the processing of the Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace.

Recent Research Advance to Differentiate Portal Hypertension Associated with Primary Myelofibrosis and Cirrhosis --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is easily confused with cirrhosis, due to its main clinical manifestations of splenomegaly and the blood cytopenia. This review focuses on clinical studies to identify primary myelofibrosis and cirrhosis related portal hypertension, to analyze the differences between the two diseases, in order to distinguish PMF and cirrhosis from the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations and treatment principles, and simultaneously improve clinicians' understanding of PMF, which is a reference for exploring the early screening or diagnostic indicators of PMF, also provides a clinical basis for the application of new targeted drugs such as ruxolitinib.

The preliminary exploration of Calu-3 cell air-liquid interface culture and exposure research / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the air-liquid interface(ALI)culture conditions of Calu-3 cells and their tolerance to exposure to clean air in the exposure system. Methods Calu-3 cells were cultured in three stages:flask expansion,liquid-liquid culture until full Transwell membrane covered,and ALI culture,and the cell barrier status was determined by cell trans-epithelium electrical resistant(TEER)measurement and expression of tight junction protein ZO-1; Calu-3 cells were exposed to clean air using the air-liquid interface exposure system for 1,2,3,4,5,6 hours,and cells cultured in incubators were used as controls to detect changes in Calu-3 cell activity and TEER after exposure,and to determine the single maximum exposure time of Calu-3 cells in the in vitro exposure system based on ALI culture. Results Calu-3 cells were cultured in liquid-liquid culture for 8±1 days to grow full Transwell membranes and barrier formation,and then were transferred to ALI culture. The barrier was intact and in a stable state for 1 to 18 days of ALI culture,and could be used for exposure experiments. The activity of Calu-3 cells decreased significantly after 6 hours of clean air exposure(P<0.01),and TEER decreased significantly after 4,5,and 6 hours of clean air exposure(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01). Conclusions Calu-3 cells cultured for 1 to 18 days in ALI can be used for air-liquid interface exposure experiments; the combined changes in cell activity and TEER suggest that the maximum single exposure time for Calu-3 cells exposed to clean air in the exposure system is 3 hours.

Study on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.And its mechanism / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the diuretic effect, diuretic mechanism and pharmacokinetics of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., and clarify its "quantity-time-effect" relationship.Methods Firstly, qualified rats were modeled by water load model, given different doses of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.aqueous extract, then the diuretic effect was investigated.Secondly, Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of aquaporins AQP2, AQP4 and the angiotensin II receptors ATGR1, ATGR2, and renin in the RAAS system in kidney tissues.Thirdly, the established LC-MS/MS biological analysis method was used to detect the esculentoside A(EsA)content in the plasma, calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters and analyze the correlation between the blood concentration and the drug effect.Results The water load model was successfully established.Compared with the model group, hydrochlorothiazide had a significant diuretic effect(P<0.01).Low, medium and high dose groups of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.all had obvious diuretic effects(P<0.01), EsA also had a significant diuretic effect(P<0.05).Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.aqueous extract and EsA significantly down-regulated the expression of AQP2, AQP4, ATGR1 and renin protein.The pharmacokinetic results showed that the Cmax and AUC0-t of EsA in the plasma of rats in the low, medium, and high dose groups of aqueous extract increased with the increase of the dose.Conclusions Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.had a diuretic effect, which is related to inhibiting the expression of aquaporins AQP2 and AQP4 and inhibiting the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and renin, thereby inhibiting the reabsorption of renal tubules and collecting ducts.

Molecular cloning and functional characterization of an isoflavone glucosyltransferase from Pueraria thomsonii / 中国天然药物

Pueraria thomsonii has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoflavonoids are the principle pharmacologically active components, which are primarily observed as glycosyl-conjugates and accumulate in P. thomsonii roots. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the glycosylation processes in (iso)flavonoid biosynthesis have not been thoroughly elucidated. In the current study, an O-glucosyltransferase (PtUGT8) was identified in the medicinal plant P. thomsonii from RNA-seq database. Biochemical assays of the recombinant PtUGT8 showed that it was able to glycosylate chalcone (isoliquiritigenin) at the 4-OH position and glycosylate isoflavones (daidzein, formononetin, and genistein) at the 7-OH or 4'-OH position, exhibiting no enzyme activity to flavonones (liquiritigenin and narigenin) in vitro. The identification of PtUGT8 may provide a useful enzyme catalyst for efficient biotransformation of isoflavones and other natural products for food or pharmacological applications.

Current status and research progress in the conservative treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is an autoimmune disease that is closely related to thyroid dysfunction. It is one of the most common orbital diseases in adults with complex clinical manifestations. As the disease progresses, it may manifest as proptosis, diplopia, exposure keratitis, corneal ulceration and compressive optic neuropathy, leading to irreversible visual impairment or even blindness. The treatment is lack of specificity and only focuses on clinical symptomatic treatment, the efficacy is uncertain. It is currently a problematic area of ophthalmology. Clinical first-line drug treatment is based on glucocorticoids. Second-line treatments, such as immunosuppressants and radiotherapy, all them have certain limitations. With the in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the disease, a variety of new targeted drugs represented by teprotumumab and rituximab have been developed for the pathogenesis of TAO. Their excellent roles in relieving inflammation and controlling the disease are the future research direction. In this paper, the current status and research progress of conservative treatment of TAO will be reviewed.

Textual Research on Nelumbinis in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The name， origin， place of origin， medicinal parts， harvesting and processing of lotus are verified by consulting ancient Chinese herbal medicines and medical books， combined with modern literature， providing a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing lotus. According to textual research， the original base of lotus is Nelumbo nucifera since ancient times， rhizome （Nelumbinis Rhizomatis Nodus）， leaf （Nelumbinis Folium）， seed （Nelumbinis Semen）， embryo （Nelumbinis Plumula）， receptacle （Nelumbinis Receptaculum）， stamen （Nelumbinis Stamen） and other medicinal parts of N. nucifera can be used as medicine and have different clinical effects. Nelumbinis Semen was originally produced in Henan， and then gradually expanded to Jiangnan. Today， it can be cultivated and planted throughout the country， with Fujian， Hunan， and Jiangxi as the authentic production areas. After combing the medicinal parts of N. nucifera and the historical evolution of its processing， it is suggested that the dried and mature fruits of N. nucifera taking in autumn and removing the shell and Nelumbinis Plumula should be used in Qingxin Lianziyin. Nelumbinis Folium in Erdongtang should be harvested in summer and autumn， and the raw products was used as medicine and processed in accordance with the provision of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Textual Research on Perillae in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Zisu （Perillae） in the famous classical formulas， so as to clarify the information of the drug in different historical periods and provide a reference for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The main origin of Perillae in the ancient literature was Perilla frutescens var. frutescens （purple leaf type）， followed by P. frutescens var. acuta （purple leaf type）， but not Baisu. Modern chemical composition studies also show that there are obvious differences between Perillae and Baisu， which provides a scientific basis for distinguishing them. Although they are often treated as a species in plant classification， P. frutescens var. frutescens （purple leaf type） is recommended in the development of famous classical formulas， and Baisu should be avoided. Perillae is widely distributed， but its producing area did not record in most of the literature in the past dynasties， or the producing area is described as everywhere today. In the period of the Southern and Northern dynasties， the medicinal parts of Perillae included stems， leaves and seeds， and doctors in the Ming dynasty began to pay attention to the differentiation of different medicinal parts. The harvesting and processing methods of Perillae in the past dynasties are close to that of today. Perillae Fructus is mostly stir-fried and ground into medicine， Perillae Folium and Perillae Caulis are mainly simple cleansing. In production， we can refer to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal Textual Research on Dendrobii Caulis in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with the field investigation， the name， origin， collection and processing of Dendrobium medicinal materials were researched， which provided a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this kind of herbs. Due to the wide distribution of D. officinale， the Dendrobium species represented by D. officinale and D. huoshanense， which are short， fleshy and rich in mucus， should be the most mainstream of Dendrobium medicinal materials in previous dynasties. Compared with Shihu， Muhu with loose texture， long and hollow is born on trees. According to the characteristic description， it should be D. nobile， D. fimbriatum and so on， of which D. nobile was the mainstream. The Chinese meaning of Jinchai was confused in the past dynasties， so it was not suitable to be treated as a plant name. The production areas of Dendrobium medicinal materials in the past dynasties have changed with the discovery of varieties， artificial cultivation and other factors. Lu'an， Anhui province， was the earliest recorded in the Han and Wei dynasties. Since the Tang and Song dynasties， it had been extended to Guangdong and Guangxi， and it was considered that "Dendrobii Caulis in Guangnan was the best". In the Ming dynasty， Sichuan and Zhejiang products were highly praised， and in the Qing dynasty， Huoshan products were highly praised. Dendrobium medicinal materials had been used as medicine by stems in all dynasties. The medicinal materials were divided into fresh products and dry products. The fresh products can be used immediately after removing the sediment from the roots. The dry products need further processing， most of them used wine as auxiliary materials for steaming， simmer to paste or decoction into medicine. D. officinale and D. huoshanense have special processing specifications since the middle of Qing dynasty， that is， "Fengdou". According to the research results， in Ganluyin， the effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials is mainly heat clearing， and D. nobile with bitter taste can be selected. The main effect of Dendrobium medicinal materials in Dihuang Yinzi is tonic， D. officinale or D. huoshanense can be selected.

Herbal Textual Research on Alismatis Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In this study， name， origin， producing areas， harvesting time and processing methods of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma were systematically researched by consulting the literature of ancient herbs， medical and prescription books， so as to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formula containing this herb. According to textual research， the main base of ancient Alismatis Rhizoma was Alisma plantago-aquatica and A. orientale. A. canaliculatum and A. gramineum and other genera were sometimes used as the source of Alismatis Rhizoma， there was a confusion of medicinal varieties. The earliest producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma was in today's Henan province， and later Hanzhong， Shaanxi province， became the high-quality producing area of Alismatis Rhizoma. Since the Ming dynasty， its production area expanded to Fujian. In the Qing dynasty， Jian'ou in Fujian was the authentic production area of Alismatis Rhizoma. In the period of the Republic of China， Sichuan and Jiangxi were added to the production areas of Alismatis Rhizoma. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried tubers of A. orientale from Fujian and Jiangxi or A. plantago-aquatica from Sichuan should be used in the famous classical formulas. In ancient times， Alismatis Rhizoma was processed by wine， but most of the standards and specifications in modern times are no longer included the processing specifications of Alismatis Rhizoma with wine. Although salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma is commonly used in modern times， it didn't become one of the main processing methods until the Qing dynasty. According to the relevant national documents， it is suggested that Alismatis Rhizoma without clear processing requirements in famous classical formulas should be used as raw products， and the formulas with processing requirements should be selected as processed products such as salt and wine according to the meaning of the formulas.

Herbal Textual Research on Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combined with modern literature， the name， origin， geoherbalism， harvesting and processing changes of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas were sorted out. According to the research， ancient doctors only approved three kinds of bamboo medicinal materials， namely， Jinzhu （䈽竹）， Kuzhu （苦竹） and Danzhu （淡竹）， and took bamboo leaves， made Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli （竹沥） for medicine. Bamboo medicinal materials with different origins have different properties， tastes and effects， after clinical optimization， it is gradually considered that Danzhu is the best source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias and Zhuli. According to the morphological description of the original plants and the attached drawings， it is considered that the Danzhu in ancient Chinese materia medica should be Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis， which has been included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia as one of the genuine sources of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias. Therefore， It is suggested that P. nigra var. henonis can be added as the source of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias in famous classical formulas， and the medicinal part is the dry middle layer of its stem. Ginger-processed can increase the anti emetic effect of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias， and the three formulas involving Bambusae Caulis in Taenias from The Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas （The First Batch） all contain ginger， and the processing method of Bambusae Caulis in Taenias is not marked in the original formula， so it is suggested to use raw products in the three formulas of Jupi Zhurutang， Wendantang and Zhurutang.

Herbal Textual Research on Chuanxiong Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Based on various ancient documents such as materia medica， prescription books， classics and history， combined with relevant research materials in modern times， this paper made a textual research on the name， origin， geoherbalism， harvesting time， processing methods of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， which provides a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the textual research， the original name of Chuanxiong is Xiongqiong （芎䓖）， which was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing ， there are many aliases and trade names in the past dynasties. Since the Song dynasty， doctors all take Xiongqiong produced in Sichuan as the best medicine， so they take Chuanxiong as the rectification of name. In the early stage， the origin of Chuanxiong Rhizoma was relatively complicated， and the main origin was Ligusticum chuanxiong， which was a cultivated and domesticated species of Ligusticum. However， wild related plants of Ligusticum are still used as medicine. After the Ming dynasty， new cultivated varieties appeared in various places， such as Jiangxi L. sinense cv. Fuxiong， which gradually turned to self-production and self-marketing after the Republic of China. After several changes in the authentic producing area of Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Tianshui in Gansu province was highly praised in the Tang dynasty， and Dujiangyan in Sichuan province was the best place in the Song dynasty and later dynasties. Chuanxiong Rhizoma has been widely used in the past dynasties as raw products， and it has also been processed with excipients. For example， wine-processed products can enhance the effect of promoting blood circulation， promoting Qi circulation and relieving pain. There are other processing methods such as stir-frying and vinegar processing. Chuanxiong Rhizoma in the famous classical formulas can be selected according to this research conclusion.

Herbal Textual Research on Coptidis Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through the combing of ancient books of Chinese herbal medicine in the past dynasties， a textual research of Coptidis Rhizoma involved the name， origin， medicinal parts， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods in famous classical formulas was conducted in this paper. After textual research， the mainstream varieties of Coptidis Rhizoma in the Ranunculaceae family before Tang and Song dynasties were Coptis chinensis and C. chinensis var. brevisepala， after the Ming and Qing dynasties， C. deltoidea， C. teeta and C. omeiensis were gradually praised. In ancient times， the authentic producing area of Coptidis Rhizoma has the characteristics of gradually moving to the west. The eastern Coptidis Rhizoma was highly praised in the early stage， while in the later stage， western Coptidis Rhizoma like chicken feet was highly praised. In the early stage， western Coptidis Rhizoma probably originated from C. chinensis and its genus， while Coptidis Rhizoma like chicken feet was cultivated， and no wild species has been found so far. As Coptidis Rhizoma has mixed use of multiple origins in ancient books of past dynasties， based on the current shortage of market resources in C. teeta and C. deltoidea， there are also endangered and protected plants of C. chinensis var. brevisepala and C. omeiensis， combined with the mainstream medicines and resources of past generations， it is recommended to choose C. chinensis as the base of the formulas. In ancient times， there were many processing methods for Coptidis Rhizoma， such as frying and wine-， ginger-， honey-processed. In the process of developing famous classical formulas， the appropriate processing specifications of Coptidis Rhizoma should be selected based on the original source records and the requirements of the medicinal material.

Herbal Textual Research on Jujubae Fructus in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This paper made a systematic textual research on the historical evolution and changes of the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Jujubae Fructus used in famous classical formulas by referring to the ancient literature， so as to provide a basis for the sampling and research of the formulas containing the medicinal materials. According to textual research， there are many names of Jujubae Fructus， most of which are named by characters or producing areas， which are called Dazao. Ziziphus jujuba has always been the mainstream variety in all dynasties， and Z. jujuba var. inemmis has also been used. Considering that the differences between the two are not obvious， we can use Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. inemmis as the origins of Dazao. The germplasm resources of Jujubae Fructus are rich， which are distributed all over the country. Qingzhou （now Shandong）， Jinzhou （now Shanxi） Jiangzhou （now Shanxi）， Puzhou （now Shanxi） have been recorded as authentic producing areas of Jujubae Fructus in the past dynasties， especially in Shandong. At the beginning of the 21st century， the planting of Jujubae Fructus in Xinjiang gradually developed， and now has a high market recognition， becoming an emerging production area of high-quality samples. Harvest period of Jujubae Fructus is mostly August in the past dynasties， and this is basically the same as today. The main processing method is simple cleansing and drying. Through textual research， it is suggested that Jujubae Fructus in famous classical formulas should be mainly from Shandong， Shanxi and other traditional high-quality producing areas， the processing method should follow the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia for simple cleansing and drying.

Herbal Textual Research on Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Based on the ancient literature of all dynasties， this article makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex used in the famous classical formulas， and clarifies its information of each link in different historical periods， so as to provide a reference and basis for the development and utilization of the related formulas. The results showed that the main varieties of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex were Magnolia officinalis or M. officinalis var. biloba. The main production areas are Hubei， Sichuan， Chongqing and other places， forming the famous authentic medicine. The processing methods of the past dynasties are mainly cleansing and processing with ginger. In the formulas clearly marked with ginger processing， ginger-processed products is suggested to choose. If not clearly marked， raw or ginger-processed products can be used as needed.

Herbal Textual Research on Asini Corii Colla in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through consulting the ancient and modern literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， producing area， harvesting and processing methods of Asini Corii Colla， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing the medicinal material. Before the Tang dynasty， cow leather was the main source of Asini Corii Colla， and donkey was rare as an introduced species. From the end of Tang dynasty to Song dynasty， due to the development of doctors' understanding of the properties and effects of medicines， with the increase of the number of donkeys and the limitation of the use of cow leather， the source of Asini Corii Colla changed from cow leather to donkey skin. During the Ming and Qing dynasties， the theory of medicine property was further developed， and all doctors basically agreed that black donkey skin and E-well water were two essential factors for making genuine Asini Corii Colla. Therefore， it is suggested that Asini Corii Colla should take Equus asinus as the authentic origin in the development of the famous classical formulas， attach importance to the quality of water source， take Liaocheng in Shandong province as the authentic producing area， and the processing should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.