Quality Evaluation of Temporomandibular Joint Images from 3 High-resolution Dynamic Sequences / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To compare the image quality of three high-resolution dynamic MRI methods for evaluating the motion of temporomandibular joint disc and condyle. Methods Twenty-five patients with suspected temporomandibular joint disorders were examined by single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE),fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA),and spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) on the oblique sagittal position.Two radiologists performed subjective and objective evaluation on the images with double-blind method.The subjective evaluation included the signal intensity of mandibular condyle,articular disc,soft tissue around articular disc,and lateral pterygoid muscle,the contrast between articular disc and condyle,the contrast between articular disc and surrounding soft tissue,condylar motion,and disc movement.The objective evaluation indexes included image signal intensity,signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).The subjective and objective indexes of the image quality were compared between the three sequences. Results The SSFSE sequence had lower signal intensity of articular disc and higher signal intensity of condyle and surrounding soft tissue than FIESTA and SPGR sequences (all P<0.001).The SPGR sequence showed higher signal intensity of lateral pterygoid muscle than the SSFSE and FIESTA sequences (P=0.017,P<0.001).Among the three sequences,SSFSE sequence showed the clearest articular disc structure (χ2=41.952,P<0.001),the strongest contrast between articular disc and condyle (χ2=35.379,P<0.001),the strongest contrast between articular disc and surrounding soft tissue (χ2=27.324,P<0.001),and the clearest movement of articular disc (χ2=44.655,P<0.001).SSFSE and FIESTA sequences showed higher proportion of disc displacement and reduction than SPGR sequence (all P<0.001).The CNR (χ2=21.400,P<0.001),SNR (χ2=34.880,P<0.001),and condyle signal intensity (F=337.151,P<0.001) demonstrated differences among SSFSE,FIESTA,and SPGR sequences.The CNR of SSFSE sequence was higher than that of FIESTA sequence (P<0.001),while it had no significant difference between SSFSE and SPGR sequences (P=0.472).In addition,the SSFSE sequence had higher SNR and signal intensity than FIESTA and SPGR sequences (all P<0.001). Conclusion The best image quality can be observed from SSFSE sequence where both the structure and movement of temporomandibular joint are well displayed.Therefore,SSFSE is preferred for the examination of temporomandibular joint movement.

Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms Based on Radiology / 中国医学科学院学报

As the detection rate of pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCN) increases,recommendations or guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PCN have been released from professional organizations.From the perspective of radiology,we compared seven guidelines in terms of general introduction,preoperative monitoring methods and strategies,stratification of risk factors,surgical indications,and postoperative follow-ups,aiming to provide references for the evaluation of images and the formulation of individualized approach for the treatment of PCN.

Cervical Primary Ewing's Sarcoma:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Ewing's sarcoma in the cervix is characterized by extremely rare occurrence,high degree of malignancy,and rapid progression.The diagnosis of this disease is based on pathology and immunohistochemistry. The main image of the case reported in this paper showed the cervical cyst with solid mass,large volume,and uneven density and signal,and the solid part can be strengthened in enhanced scanning.Because of the rapid growth,the lesion is prone to liquefaction necrosis and bleeding.Since the metastasis occurs early,timely diagnosis is essential.

Role of Imaging in Early Therapeutic Response Assessment for Neuroendocrine Neoplasm with Liver Metastasis:from Anatomical to Functional View / 中国医学科学院学报

Liver metastasis is not rare during the course of neuroendocrine neoplasms.The methods for treating neuroendocrine neoplasm with liver metastasis(NENLM)are diversifying,which exposes the limitations of the early therapeutic response assessment based on only morphological changes.The emerging imaging biomarkers can sensitively describe changes in response to treatment from the functional level,providing new ideas for the therapeutic response evaluation of NENLM.In this paper,we reviewed the status quo and the latest research progress of imaging assessment for early therapeutic response of NENLM,aiming to provide reference for assessing the response and further exploring the treatment-related biomarkers.

Averaging Strategy to Form the Imaging for Routine Reading of Insulinoma from Pancreatic Perfusion Dataset / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To determine the appropriate averaging strategy for pancreatic perfusion datasets to create images for routine reading of insulinoma.Methods Thirty-nine patients undergoing pancreatic perfusion CT in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and diagnosed as insulinoma by pathology were enrolled in this retrospective study.The time-density curve of abdominal aorta calculated by software dynamic angio was used to decide the timings for averaging.Five strategies,by averaging 3,5,7,9 and 11 dynamic scans in perfusion,all including peak enhancement of the abdominal aorta,were investigated in the study.The image noise,pancreas signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),lesion contrast and lesion contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)were recorded and compared.Besides,overall image quality and insulinoma depiction were also compared.ANOVA and Friedman's test were performed.Results The image noise decreased and the SNR of pancreas increased with the increase in averaging time points(all P0.99)and were higher than that of the first group(all P<0.05).There was no significant difference in overall image quality among the 5 groups(P=0.977).Conclusions Image averaged from 5 scans showed moderate image noise,pancreas SNR and relatively high lesion contrast and lesion CNR.Therefore,it is advised to be used in image averaging to detect insulinoma.

Assessing Liver Function by T1 Maps on Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI for up to 50 Min in Rat Models of Liver Fibrosis: A Longer Hepatobiliary Time Period may Help / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objectives To investigate whether a longer time period of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepen-taacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced T1 mapping scanning, as well as dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and multiple hepatobiliary phase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have the potential to provide information about liver function in rats with liver fibrosis. Methods Forty rats were divided into the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury groups [carbon tetrachloride for four (

Relationship between Aneurysm Volumetric Changes and Endoleaks after Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair / 中国医学科学院学报

To evaluate the relationship of volumetric changes and endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair(EVAR)for abdominal aortic aneurysms(AAAs). We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and imaging data of 54 patients who had underwent EVAR within 1 month after their aneurysms were detected.All patients received abdominal and pelvic enhanced computed tomography(CTA)for two follow-up visits in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2014 to February 2019.Three-dimensional volumes and maximum diameters on axial CT of the aortic aneurysms were calculated by dedicated semi-automated 3D segmentation software before surgery(V and D),in the 4 postoperative month(Vand D),and in the 12 postoperative month(Vand D),respectively.The presence or absence of endoleak for each patient with the V/V,V/V,and V/V were calculated to assess the significance of volume changes with respect to endoleaks and the correlation between volume changes and maximum diameter changes on axial CT images. Of the 54 patients,endoleaks were found in 11 patients at the first follow-up visit(4 months after surgery),among whom 8 patients were arranged a second follow-up visit(12 months after surgery),during which endoleaks were found in 5 patients.Fifteen of 43 non-leaked patients underwent a second CTA examination,which revealed endoleak in one case.Patients who did exhibit endoleaks[ =11,V/V=1.086(1.033,1.116)]showed significant increases in aneurysm volume when compared with those who did not exhbit endoleaks[ =43,V/V=1.019(0.970,1.065)]at the first follow-up visit(=-2.695,=0.007),although no significant difference was found with regard to volume changes between endoleaks(=6,V/V=1.1±0.2,V/V=1.0±0.1)and non-endoleaks(=17,V/V=1.0±0.1,V/V=1.0±0.1)at the second follow-up visit(=0.725,=0.476)as well as between these two follow-up visits(=-0.021,=0.984).V and D were moderately correlated with V and D,respectively(=0.5,<0.001)and strongly correlated with V and D,respectively(=0.8,<0.001).V and D were strongly correlated with V and D,respectively(=0.8,<0.001). The changes of aneurysm volume cannot reliably reflect the occurrence of endoleaks.The change of maximum axial diameter of aneurysm has certain correlation with the changes of aneurysm volume.

Correlation of Intravoxel Incoherent Motion-derived Parameters with Computer Tomography Perfusion Parameters in Insulinoma / 中国医学科学院学报

To prospectively evaluate the correlation between intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM)-derived parameters and CT perfusion parameters as well as the pathological grade in insulinoma. A total of 55 patients with suspected insulinoma undergoing IVIM and CT perfusion scans were prospectively enrolled. The images were post-processed to obtain IVIM parameters including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC),diffusion (D),perfusion correlated diffusion (D*),and f,and CT perfusion parameters including blood flow (BF),blood volume (BV),and permeability (PM). The pathological specimens were stained to obtain pathological parameters including the grading,ki-67 index,and the mitotic count. The IVIM derived parameters of normal pancreas including head,body,and tail as well as that of the pancreatic insulinoma were compared. The correlation between IVIM parameters and CT perfusion parameters as well as the pathological parameters was analyzed. ADC and D values of pancreatic tail were significantly lower than those of the pancreatic head and neck (all 0.05). IVIM parameters differ at different anatomical parts of normal pancreas. IVIM parameters can distinguish normal pancreatic parenchyma from insulinoma. The ADC value is weakly correlated with BF.

Multifocal IgG4-related Autoimmune Pancreatitis:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP)is radiologically characterized by sausage-like diffuse swelling of the pancreatic parenchyma but may also be found as a localized mass that is easily misdiagnosed as a pancreatic neoplasm.AIP presenting as multifocal masses is rare.Here we report a case of multifocal IgG4-related AIP,in which the lesions grew in size and finally fused to become radiologically typical.

Bronchogenic Cyst of Stomach:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Bronchogenic cysts are rare congenital cysts caused by anomalism of foregut in the embryonic stage.They locate most frequently in the mediastinum and are rarely seen in stomach.Here we report a case of gastric bronchogenic cysts that was diagnosed and treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from April 2 to 9,2018.

Value of the CT Angiography in Displaying the Anatomical Variations of the Origin of Uterus Artery / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To study the anatomical variations of the origin of uterine artery(UA)by three-dimensional(3D)reconstructed computed tomography angiography(CTA)and facilitate the preoperative evaluation for gynecological surgeries or interventional therapies. Method The CTA findings of 112 patients with an average age of(31.4±6.6)years old who had received a pelvic CTA and undergone 3D reconstruction of the uterine artery were retrospectively analyzed. Results The average uterine volume was(95.6±26.8)cm .Of the UA 224 sides,144 sides(64.3%)arose from the interior gluteal artery and 51(22.8%)from internal iliac artery;in 29 sides(12.9%),the uterine artery,the inferior gluteal and the superior gluteal arteries arising as a trifurcation.The origin of UA was consistent between left and right sides in 68 patients(60.7%)and not in 44 patients(39.3%). Conclusion As a rapid,noninvasive,and economic technique,CTA can effectively display the anatomical variations of the origin of UA and thus can be used to guide interventional therapies and gynaecological surgeries.

Value of Texture Analysis on Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced MR for Detecting Liver Fibrosis in a Rat Model / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective To explore the ability of texture analysis of gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 mapping images, as well as T1-weighted (T1W), T2-weighted (T2W) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for distinguishing between varying degrees of hepatic fibrosis in an experimental rat model.Methods Liver fibrosis in rats was induced by carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection for 4-12 weeks (n=30). In the control group (n=10) normal saline was applied. The MRI protocol contained T2W, diffusion weighted imaging, pre-and post-contrast image series of T1W and T1 mapping images. METAVIR score was used to grade liver fibrosis as normal (F0), mild fibrosis (F1-2), and advanced fibrosis (F3-4). Texture parameters including mean gray-level intensity (Mean), standard deviation (SD), Entropy, mean of positive pixels (MPP), Skewness, and Kurtosis were obtained. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the average value of each texture parameter in each sequence for assessing the difference between F0 and F≥1 as well as F0-2 and F3-4. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to assess the diagnosing accuracy of the parameters for differentiating no liver fibrosis from liver fibrosis and rats with liver fibrosis grading F0-2 from those with grading F3-4. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of texture parameters.Results Finally, 20 rats completed MR T1 mapping image scan. The pathologic staging of these 20 rats was no fibrosis (F0, n=6), mild fibrosis (F1-2, n=5) and advanced fibrosis (F3-4, n=9). On pre-contrast T1 mapping image, Entropy was seen to be statistically significant higher in the F≥1 group than that in the F0 group at each spatial scaling factor (SSF) setting (P=0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.013, 0.015 and 0.018 respectively to SSF=0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), and Mean of the F≥1 rats was statistically significant higher than that of the F0 rats at SSF 4, 5, 6 (P=0.004, 0.006, and 0.013, respectively). Entropy and Mean showed a moderate diagnostic performance in most SSF settings of T1 mapping pre-contrast images for differentiation of normal liver from liver fibrosis.Conclusions Certain texture features of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images, especially the Entropy of non-contrast T1 mapping image, was found to be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis.

Visually Isoattenuating Pancreatic Acinar Cell Carcinoma:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

Acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas(ACCP)is a rare pancreatic exocrine tumor that accounts for about 1% of pancreatic tumors. The typical imaging manifestations of ACCP are as follows:(1)the tumor is large in volume,partially or completely exophytic;(2)complete or incomplete capsule is visible with thin linear enhancement;(3)CT density and MRI signal:plain CT images reveals that the tumors have similar or slightly hypodense densities relative to the adjacent normal pancreas,the solid part of ACCP has low to intermediate signal intensity on T1WI and intermediate to high signal intensity on T2WI compared with the surrounding normal pancreas;(4)pattern of enhancement:tumors exhibit heterogeneous enhancement and it is less than that in the surrounding normal pancreas;(5)fissure-like,swirling necrosis that may be a characteristic change of tumor;(6)pancreatic and biliary duct dilatation is rare;(7)adjacent organs and blood vessels around the pancreas may be invaded;(8)distant metastasis of liver and other parts may be observed;(9)PET-CT shows high FDG uptake. An ACCP patient with atypical imaging manifestations was treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from November 2015 to August 2017. The lesion manifested iso-enhancement and many imaging examinations failed to find the tumor. The patient ultimately underwent surgery and diagnosed as ACCP by pathology.

Predictive Value of Texture Analysis in the Treatment of Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of texture analysis in the treatment of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery(MRgFUS)for symptomatic uterine fibroids.Methods Totally 16 patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids who accepted MRgFUS in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from April 2010 to January 2013 were included. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)was performed before treatment,immediately after treatment,and during the 12-month follow-up. The TexRAD software was used to measure the texture parameters of the fibroids in T2WI sagittal images,and the texture indicators including means and standard deviations(SD),entropy,mean of positive pixels(MPP),skewness,and kurtosis were collected. The fibroid's volume and their change rates were calculated by measuring the relevant diameter of the target fibroid. The Uterine Fibroid Symptoms and Quality of Life(UFS-QOL)was used to calculate the symptom severity scores(SSS)and its change rate. The statistical difference of parameters among the groups was analyzed. The correlations between each texture parameter and the therapeutic outcome of the fibroids were analyzed respectively.Results The average volume for fibroids before treatment was(96.5±84.9)cm ,which was reduced to(55.1±71.0)cm after treatment for 12 months,and the volume change rate(εV%)was(49±20)%. The standardized SSS score before treatment was(34.18±15.29)scores,decreased to(17.78±11.84)scores 12 months after treatment,with a change rate of(45±32)%,and the non-perfused volume ratio(NPV%)was(62±20)%. There were significant differences among the parameters mean,SD,entropy,and MPP among three groups(all P<0.05),and the changes of them were regular,all of which showed a significant decrease immediately after treatment and a significant increase 12 months after treatment,and the increase degree was higher than the preoperative level. SD(SSF2:r=0.503,P=0.047;SSF4:r=0.529,P=0.035;SSF6:r=0.519,P=0.039)and entropy(SSF2:r=0.527,P=0.036;SSF4:r=0.517,P=0.040;SSF6:r=0.495,P=0.050)of the after-treatment group moderately associated with the εV%. Entropy of the before-treatment group was moderately associated with NPV%(SSF2:r=0.507,P=0.045;SSF4:r=0.543,P=0.030;SSF6:r=0.548,P=0.028).Conclusion There is a certain correlation between the changes of MRI texture parameters before and after treatment and the effect of MRgFUS in the treatment of uterine fibroids,and texture analysis may have certain value in the predicting the effect of MRgFUS on uterine fibroids.

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Paraduodenal Pancreatitis / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To summarize the clinical features and outcomes of paraduodenal pancreatitis (PP). Methods Five clinically or pathologically diagnosed PP patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and 31 other PP cases reported in Chinese literature since 1988 were retrospectively analysed. Results Most PP patients were young or middle-aged males with a history of alcohol abuse. The clinical symptoms included upper abdominal pain,vomiting,weight loss,and fluctuating jaundice. Serum pancreatic enzymes were normal or elevated. Radiological features in most cases included thickening of the duodenal wall and duodenal stenosis (88.9%,32/36),cysts in the duodenal wall and groove area (47.2%,17/36),dilated bile duct (36.1%,13/36),and dilated pancreatic duct (16.7%,6/36). The main pathological finding was chronic pancreatitis,which could be accompanied by local acute inflammation,which was limited in the groove-duodenal area in most cases. The disease can be well controlled by conservative treatment,although surgery was needed in a small number of cases. Conclusion sPP typically occurs in young or middle-aged males. Radiological examination is valuable for diagnosis. Conservative treatment is the mainstream treatment in most patients.

Correlations of F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters with the Pathological Differentiation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Diagnostic Efficiencies / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To evaluate the correlation of the positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MR) parameters with the pathological differentiation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) and the diagnostic efficiencies of PET/MR parameters. Methods Patients with clinical suspicion of HNSCC were included and underwent PET/MR scan. HNSCC was pathologically confirmed in all these patients. The PET/MR examination included PET and MR sequences of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and T2-and T1-weighted imaging. The multiple parameters of PET/MR included the mean values of apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) and the maximum and mean values of standardized uptake value (SUV and SUV) were measured and estimated. The correlations of all the parameters and distribution between the different tumor differentiation groups were analyzed. Logistic regression was utilized to build the model as the PET/MR combined parameter for predicting the differentiation by multiple parameters of PET/MR. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated for each parameter and the combination. Results Totally 23 patients were included in this study:9 patients (9 males and 0 female) had well-differentiated tumor,with an average age of (61.0±6.8)years;14 cases had moderately-differentiated (n=10) or poorly-differentiated tumors (n=4),with an average age of (62.0±9.1) years. All the patients were males. There was statistical correlation between SUV and SUV (P<0.001);however,ADC showed no statistical correlation with SUV and with SUV (P=0.42,P=0.13). ADC and SUV showed significant difference between well-differentiated group and moderately-poorly-differentiated group (P=0.005,P=0.007). Compared with the individual parameters,the combination of PET/MR parameters with SUV and ADC had higher efficacy in predicting tumor differentiation,with an area under curve of 0.84. Conclusions The distributions of ADC,SUV and SUV differ among HNSCC with different pathological differentiation. Compared with the individual parameters,the combination of the PET/MR parameters has higher efficiency in predicting tumor differentiation.

Feedback analysis of integrated medical imaging training on cultivating medical students / 基础医学与临床

Objective To investigate the effects and acceptability of introducing integrated medical imaging training on cultivating medical students. Methods Thirty-two postgraduate students, doctoral candidates and junior resi-dents gave feedback from 2015 to 2017.Analysis of those appraisements to understand the perspective and satisfac-tion of medical students on imaging learning and practicing.Results The results showed that integrated medical im-aging training helps a lot in improving learning initiative and efficiency,strengthening the clinical application of bas-ic medical knowledge for medical students. Conclusions Using innovative methods to improve teaching mode is promising for promoting the effectiveness of medical students' cultivation.

Gadolinium Ethoxybenzyl Diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic-acid-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Perfusion and Multiple Hepatobiliary-phase Imaging for Quantitative Assessment of Liver Fibrosis in Rat Models / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the value of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic-acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting different stages of liver fibrosis in rats.Methods Rat models of liver fibrosis were induced by carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneal injection for 4 - 12 weeks (n=45). The control group was applied with 0.9% saline (n=15). The MRI protocol contained both dynamic contrast-enhanced sequence (60 continuous scans within 3 minutes,including three pre-contrast measurements) and multiple hepatobiliary-phase acquisitions (every 5 minutes after contrast injection,60 minutes in total). METAVIR score was used to grade liver fibrosis:normal (F0),mild fibrosis (F1 - F2),and advanced fibrosis (F3 - F4). Liver perfusion parameters [transfer constant (K ),extravascular extracellular volume fraction (V),initial area under curve (iAUC),maximum relative enhancement (RE),and time of maximum RE (T)] as well as hepatobiliary-phase parameters [RE at different time point,the decrease of RE (RE=RE - RE),and elimination half-life of RE (T)] were measured and compared with ANOVA analysis and Spearman rank correlation.Results Thirty-one rats completed MRI exams and were then divided into normal (n=10),mild fibrosis (n=10),and advanced fibrosis (n=11) groups. K ,V and iAUC decreased as liver fibrosis progressed (r=-0.631,P=0.002;r=-0.503,P=0.017;r=-0.446,P=0.037). K and V showed significant differences among three groups(F=7.011,P=0.005;F=4.656,P=0.023). K and V were significantly lower in advanced fibrosis group than in normal group (P=0.001,P=0.009). There were statistical significant differences of T,T and RE among groups(F=6.633,P=0.005;F=5.493,P=0.010;F=5.343,P=0.014). Compared to normal and mild fibrosis groups,advanced fibrosis group had significantly longer T and T (P=0.005,P=0.004;P=0.008,P=0.008)and significantly lower RE(P=0.007,P=0.012).Conclusion Perfusion and multi-hepatobiliary-phase parameters such as K ,V,T, T and RE obtained from Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI,may be valuable for detecting and staging liver fibrosis.

Imaging Diagnosis of Type 3 Choledochal Cyst: A Case Report / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Choledochocele is a congenital abnormality of the biliary system, which characterized by a cystic dilatation of intramural segment of the distal common bile duct. Choledochocele manifests as cystic lesions in the duodenal lumen and resembles duodenal duplication cysts in imaging. We reported a patient with choledochocele. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a thin-walled sac in the duodenal cavity and a fine tubular structure connecting with the end of the common bile duct. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is a noninvasive and convenient technique in the diagnosis of choledochocele.

Imaging Findings of Common Opportunistic Infections and Malignant Tumors in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients / 中国医学科学院学报

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has gradually increased in recent years.HIV mainly destroys the body's immune system,leading to decreased body resistance and thus the development of a variety of opportunistic infections and neoplastic diseases,especially in the digestive system. However,the clinical manifestations,laboratory findings,and physical examination results of these conditions are not specific. Imaging examinations can determine the presence of infection and tumor lesions and the disease scope;furthermore,they are useful tools for biopsy and follow-up evaluation. A better knowledge of the radiological findings of these diseases can enable radiologists to provide more information to patients and clinicians. This article summarize the imaging findings of common opportunistic infections and malignant tumors in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.