Evaluation of inner segment/outer segment junctions in different types of epiretinal membranes / Avaliação da junção segmento interno/segmento externo em diferentes graus de membranas epirretinianas

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationships of inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junction disruption, macular thickness, and epiretinal membrane (ERM) grade with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), as well as the relationship between IS/OS junction disruption and ERM grade. Methods: Fifty-four eyes of 54 patients with different grades of ERM were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified into three groups by ERM grade according to retinal striae and vessel distortion: grade/group 1, visible membranes without retinal striae or vessel distortion; grade/group 2, mild to moderate macular striae or vessel straightening; and grade/group 3, moderate to severe striae and vascular straightening. Correlations of BCVA with age, central retinal thickness, ERM grade, and IS/OS disruption as well as of IS/OS disruption, central macular thickness, and BCVA with ERM grade were evaluated. Results: Twenty-nine (53.7%) eyes exhibited IS/OS junction disruption. Groups 1 and 2 differed significantly with respect to BCVA (p=0.038), but groups 2 and 3 did not (p=0.070). Central macular thickness was significantly greater in group 2 than in group 1 (p=0.031) and in group 3 than in group 2 (p=0.033). Groups 1 and 2 differed significantly in terms of IS/OS disruption (p=0.000), but groups 2 and 3 did not (p=0.310). Conclusions: The IS/OS junction appears to be disrupted during the early stages of ERM. Grade 3 ERM is associated with a significantly higher incidence of IS/OS disruption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a relação entre a interrupção da junção segmento interno/segmento externo (IS/OS), espessura macular e grau de membrana epirretiniana (ERM), com a melhor acuidade visual corrigida (BCVA), e a relação entre a interrupção da junção IS/OS com a severidade da ERM. Métodos: Cinquenta e quatro olhos de 54 pacientes com diferentes graus de ERM foram avaliados retrospectivamente. ERMs foram classificadas, de acordo com as estrias de retina e a distorção dos vasos, em 3 grupos: grupo 1 foram membranas visíveis sem estrias retinianas ou distorção dos vasos, grupo 2 membranas com estrias maculares discretas a moderadas ou retificação dos vasos, e grupo 3 membranas com estrias moderadas a graves e retificação vascular. A correlação da BCVA com a idade, espessura central da retina, severidade da ERM e interrupção da junção IS/OS foram avaliadas. A relação de interrupção da junção IS/OS, a espessura macular central e acuidade visual com a severidade da ERM também foram avaliadas. Resultados: Vinte e nove olhos (53,7%) apresentavam interrupção da junção IS/OS. A BCVA foi diferente entre ERMs grupo 1 e grupo 2 (p=0,038), a diferença entre o grupos 2 e 3 não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,070). A espessura macular central foi estatisticamente maior no grupo 2, quando comparado ao grupo 1 (p=0,031) e maior no grupo 3 quando comparado ao grupo 2 (p=0,033). A diferença entre o grupo 1 e grupo 2 em relação à interrupção da junção IS/OS foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,000), ao passo que a diferença entre o grupo 2 e do grupo 3 não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,310). Conclusões: As junções IS/OS parecem estar interrompidas nos estágios iniciais da ERM. O grau 3 de ERM têm uma maior incidência significativa de interrupção da junção IS/OS.

Effect of macular hole volume on postoperative central macular thickness / O efeito do volume de buraco macular da espessura macular central pós-operatória

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the association between macular hole volume (MHV) and postoperative central macular thickness (CMT) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Thirty-three eyes of 30 patients with a large full-thickness idiopathic macular hole with or without vitreomacular traction who underwent surgical intervention were included in this cross-sectional study. Complete ophthalmological examination, including SD-OCT, was performed for all participants during the pre- and postoperative visits. MHV was preoperatively measured using SD-OCT, which captured the widest cross-sectional image of the hole. For normal distribution analysis of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, and for statistical analyses, chi-square, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test were performed. Results: Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and MHV were found to be 0.99 ± 0.36 (range, 0.3-2.0) logMAR and 0.139 ± 0.076 (range, 0.004-0.318) mm3, respectively. Mean follow-up was 16.3 ± 14.3 (range, 3-50) months. No statistical correlations were found between MHV and postoperative BCVA (p=0.588) and between MHV and disease recurrence (p=0.544). A weak negative correlation existed between MHV and final CMT scores (p=0.04, r=-0.383). Conclusions: Greater MHV was found to be weakly associated with lower postoperative CMT scores.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o volume do buraco macular (MHV) e a espessura macular central pós-operatória (CMT) por meio da tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT). Método: Trinta e três olhos de 30 pacientes com buracos maculares idiopáticos de espessura total grandes, com ou sem tração vitreorretiniana, que foram submetidos a intervenção cirúrgica foram incluídos neste estudo transversal. O exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo SD-OCT foi realizado nas visitas pré e pós-operatórias de todos os participantes. MHV foi medido a partir da imagem de SD-OCT pré-operatória que capturou a imagem mais larga da secção transversal do buraco. Após a análise distribuição nomral da população do estudo ter sido realizada com o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, os testes de qui-quadrado, t de Student, Mann-Whitney U e teste de correlação de Pearson foram utilizados para as estatísticas. Resultados: As médias pré-operatórias da melhor acuidade visual corrigida (BCVA) e MHV foram 0,99 ± 0,36 logMAR (variação de 0,3-2,0) e 0,139 ± 0,076 mm3 (variação de 0,004-0,318). O seguimento médio foi de 16,3 ± 14,3 meses (variação de 3-50). Não foram encontradas correlações estatísticas entre MHV e BCVA pós-operatória (p=0,588), bem como MHV e recorrência da doença (p=0,544). Uma fraca correlação negativa estava presente entre MHV e pontuações finais CMT (p=0,04, r=-0,383). Conclusões: Maior MHV foi fracamente relacionado com CMT mais baixo, no pós-operatório.

Combined Central Retinal Vein and Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion in a Patient Who Underwent Allogeneic Renal Transplantation.

A high incidence of venous thromboembolism has been reported in patients who have had renal transplantation especially within the early postoperative period. Herein, the management of a 31- year-old renal graft recipient with the diagnosis of combined left central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and cilioretinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is presented. Although detailed work-up for inherited as well as acquired thrombophilic disorders was performed in our case, none of the definite prothrombotic and predisposing risk factors for venous thromboembolism was identified. The case under review or the index case had a remarkable visual recovery within 3 weeks after the referral, since anterior chamber paracentesis was immediately scheduled after performing ocular massage in order to achieve acute resolution of venous stasis.

Anterior migration of dexamethasone implant in a pseudophakic patient with intact posterior capsule.

Intravitreal application of Ozurdex® (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) which is a biodegradable, sustained‑release dexamethasone implant has been reported to be effective in the treatment of macular edema. Migration of such implant into the anterior chamber has been recently described in cases without perfect zonular or the posterior capsular integrity. Herein, we report the first case with anterior migration of Ozurdex® implant that mislocated just behind the intraocular lens (IOL) in an intact capsular bag. It is thought that such implant migrated anteriorly towards into the posterior chamber through weak zonules as the present case had a medical history of uneventful phacoemulsification surgery with the implantation of posterior chamber IOL. However, the migrated implant was well tolerated since there was no sign of the corneal complication, rise in intraocular pressure, and anterior chamber reaction. Close follow‑up was scheduled to find out any signs of anterior segment pathology. Meanwhile dexamethasone implant completely degraded at the 4th month of postoperative follow‑up.

Bilateral foveal retinoschisis accompanying unilateral peripheral retinoschisis.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis is a rare hereditary retinal disease characterized by a tangential splitting of the neurosensory retina which may cause early-onset visual impairment. Existence of the retinal neurosensory layer splitting on cross-sectional images of optical coherance tomography (OCT) and the absence of leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA) help confirming the diagnosis. Such diagnostic tests are also helpful in determining the management of the disease. However, most of the retinoschisis cavities remain stable and rarely extend to the posterior pole, many authors suggest laser prophylaxis to avoid the potential risk of retinal detachment due to holes in the outer retinal layer. Herein, we report a case with bilateral foveal retinoschisis accompanying unilateral peripheral retinoschisis who was evaluated with detailed ophthalmologic examination. Visual acuity, fundoscopy, OCT, and FA remained stable in the second year of follow-up after prophylactic argon laser treatment.