QUALITATIVE STUDY: DERMATOGLYPHIC PATTERN IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS

Aims and objectives: To study the dermatoglyphic patterns in healthy and Type II diabetes mellitus subjects. To study the arches, Ulnar loop, Radial loop and Whorl patterns The present study was conducted i Methods: n the Department of Anatomy, Index Medical College, Indore (M.P.), India. Subjects of the age group 35-65 years was chosen from North Indian Population. Patients and controls were selected randomly from Index Medical College and Hospital, Indore (M.P.) India. The bilateral rolled finger and palm prints of 100 Diabetes Mellitus II patients were compared to 100 controls. Results: Shows that the comparison of right ulnar loop, right whorl, left ulnar loop, left radial loop, and left whorl in male between healthy subjects and type II diabetes mellitus patients, which are statistically significant. (p <0.001). whereas right arch, right radial loop, and left arch is not statistically significant. Fingertip ridge count of right ulnar loop, Conclusions: right radial loop and left ulnar loop, is increased in healthy male subjects as compared to type II diabetes mellitus. While right arch, right whorl, left arch, left radial loop, and left whorl is decreased.

Geographic information system-based mapping of air pollution & emergency room visits of patients for acute respiratory symptoms in Delhi, India (March 2018-February 2019)

Background & objectives: Studies assessing the spatial and temporal association of ambient air pollution with emergency room visits of patients having acute respiratory symptoms in Delhi are lacking. Therefore, the present study explored the relationship between spatio-temporal variation of particulate matter (PM)2.5 concentrations and air quality index (AQI) with emergency room (ER) visits of patients having acute respiratory symptoms in Delhi using the geographic information system (GIS) approach. Methods: The daily number of ER visits of patients having acute respiratory symptoms (less than or equal to two weeks) was recorded from the ER of four hospitals of Delhi from March 2018 to February 2019. Daily outdoor PM2.5 concentrations and air quality index (AQI) were obtained from the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. Spatial distribution of patients with acute respiratory symptoms visiting ER, PM2.5 concentrations and AQI were mapped for three seasons of Delhi using ArcGIS software. Results: Of the 70,594 patients screened from ER, 18,063 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. Winter days had poor AQI compared to moderate and satisfactory AQI during summer and monsoon days, respectively. None of the days reported good AQI (<50). During winters, an increase in acute respiratory ER visits of patients was associated with higher PM2.5 concentrations in the highly polluted northwest region of Delhi. In contrast, a lower number of acute respiratory ER visits of patients were seen from the ‘moderately polluted’ south-west region of Delhi with relatively lower PM2.5 concentrations. Interpretation & conclusions: Acute respiratory ER visits of patients were related to regional PM2.5 concentrations and AQI that differed during the three seasons of Delhi. The present study providessupport for identifying the hotspots and implementation of focused, intensive decentralized strategies to control ambient air pollution in worst-affected areas, in addition to the general city-wise strategies.

Pulmonary Dysfunction in Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia and Response to Intensive Chelation Therapy

Objectives: To evaluate pulmonary functions in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia, and its reversal (lung dysfunction) using intensive intravenous chelation with desferrioxamine (DFO) (4 weeks). Methods: This descriptive study enrolled 77 children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Pulmonary function test (PFT) and iron load (serum ferritin (SF) & T2* MRI of heart and liver) were done. PFT included spirometry, total lung capacity (TLC) by helium dilution test and diffusion capacity by carbon monoxide (DLCO). Follow-up PFT was available for 13 children with moderate to severe lung dysfunction given intravenous DFO. Results: 50 (68.8%) patients had lung dysfunction, most commonly diffusional impairment (48; 96%), and reduced TLC (11; 22%); and none had obstructive pattern. 9 (81.8%) patients with restrictive defect had moderate to severely deranged DLCO. PFT and T2* MRI values were inversely correlated with serum ferritin. Among 13 patients receiving intensive chelation for 4 weeks, significant improvement was noticed in forced expiratory volume in one minute/ forced vital capacity ratio (?FEV1/FVC) (P=0.009), ?DLCO (P=0.006) and ?SF (P=0.01). Conclusions: Pulmonary dysfunction is common in children with multi-transfused thalassemia, and routine screening by PFT needs to be part of the management guidelines.

WIND ENERGY IN INDIA 2022

This article first deal with the current scenario of the wind energy in India. Wind energy is available at no cost and it does not emit no greenhouse gases. Harnessing the energy of wind to obtain some useful work like pumping water, sailing boats and grinding grains has been therefore a very long time. In modern time wind energy is used to generate electricity. Wind energy is a clean sources of energy and India has a huge potential for wind energy (302 GW in the country at 100 m height and 695.50 GW at 120 m above the ground level). This vast potential has remained unexplored which can be achieved through well framed policies initiated by government of India. Wind power has emerged as a biggest source of Renewable energy in the world

Prevalence and Profile of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Interstitial Lung Diseases of North India

Result: Mean age of the subjects was 57 ± 13 years of 56.25% were male and 43.75% were female. 69 patients completed the study. The Empirical Distribution Function (EDF) of NP group was dominant over control and NT group indicating a positive effect of NT on non-diabetic CKD at 10% level of significance. In the subgroup analysis a significant effect was observed in the cases of patients receiving NP with baseline eGFR more than 45 ml/min. The mean increase in eGFR readings over six months was 8.15 units higher in the NP group than in the control group. The two-sided p-values of the t-test, the Wilcoxon test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were 0.0496, 0.0316 and 0.0354, respectively. Thus, all the three tests reject the hypothesis of identical changes in eGFR at the 5% level. In subjects with bicarbonate more than 22 mg/dl, the mean increase in eGFR over six months was 10.86 units higher in the NP group than in the control group indicating NP has a positive effect on increasing eGFR over 6 months, in patients without the presence of any metabolic acidosis. The two-sided p-vales of the t-test, the Wilcoxon test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were 0.0325, 0.0205 and 0.1495, respectively. Thus, two of the three tests reject the hypothesis of identical changes in eGFR at the 5% level which clearly indicates that NP had better efficacy than other groups. Conclusion: N-acetyl cysteine along with pyridoxine may be a useful intervention along with a low protein diet in retarding progression of CKD in the nondiabetic population in early CKD.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a potential therapeutic target for COVID-19:A review / 药物分析学报

As of August 16,2021,there have been 207,173,086 confirmed cases and 4,361,996 deaths due to the coronavirus disease(COVID-19),and the pandemic remains a global challenge.To date,no effective and approved drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19.Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)plays a crucial role in the invasion into host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),the etiological agent of COVID-19.Notably,ACE2 density is influenced by medical con-ditions,such as hypertension,or by drugs,including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEIs)and angiotensin receptor blockers(ARBs),which can change the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.ACE2 is a target for these drugs and can be manipulated to limit the viral entry and replication within the cells.Different strategies aimed at blocking ACE2 with small molecules,peptides,and antibodies,or by neutralizing the virus through its competitive binding with human recombinant soluble ACE2(hrsACE2)are currently under investigation.In this article,we review the current state of knowledge that em-phasizes the need to find effective therapeutic agents against COVID-19 by exploiting ACE2 as a potential target.The increased soluble ACE2 levels and the application of hrsACE2 in patients with COVID-19 can be implemented to control the disease.It has not yet been established whether hypertension and other comorbidities,independent of age,have a direct role in COVID-19.Therefore,the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors,ACEls and ARBs,should not be discontinued during COVID-19 treatment.

Indian scenario and an institutional experience of fatalities in COVID-19: a narrative review

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing global pandemic that has devastated our globalized economic system. Apart from infecting 12,102,328 human beings and taking a toll of over 551,046 lives globally by the 11th of July 2020, it has fundamentally affected the way we live, work, travel, and relate to each other. Despite imposing early preventive measures, India has crossed a total caseload of 820,916 with a total death of 22,123 till-date, ranking third in the descending list of worst-affected nations. Although comparatively lower, the case fatality rate in India is 2.72% against the global fatality of 4.53%. It is an empirical fact that every process and institution must evolve to meet the needs of its time. A model for categorization of fatality among real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive COVID-19 patients has been developed at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences (UPUMS), to address the issue of patients being transferred very late in the course of the disease to level-3 facilities. The UPUMS model of categorization of fatalities of COVID-19 patients at level-3 center comprises of category-1 as ‘Institutional COVID-19 fatalities’, category-2 as ‘Imported COVID-19 fatalities’ and category-3 being ‘Imminent with Incidental COVID-19’ fatalities. This endeavor of categorizing COVID-19 fatalities is an opportunity to analyze facts and contemporary science to assess our response to this pandemic and thereby take lessons to prepare better for the future. Following proper analysis, we noted that most of these fatalities (64%) at the higher center are because of delayed referrals hence termed as imported fatalities, which need a modality of early attention and referral. However, there are fatalities which occur because of severe systemic illness like liver failure, cardiovascular accident (CVA), myocardial infarction (MI), etc. They need due treatment at a regional center. These constitute up to 18%. Authors found that actual COVID-19 deaths constitute only 18% of the total projected fatalities.

Diagnostic efficacy of FNAC by liquid based technique versus conventional smear in lung and mediastinal masses

Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) has proven to be less costly and less invasive procedure than biopsy for diagnosing benign and malignant lesions. Of the two methods liquid based cytology (LBC) and conventional cytology (CC), LBC has been standardized as more efficacious in reporting in Gynaecological cases. But, this is still lacking in non-gynaecological cases and many studies are now focusing on studying LBC due to its proven advantages in Pap smear evaluation.Methods: An observational study of 72 patients with lung mass and 11 with mediastinal mass was done for a period of six months in a tertiary care hospital in Gurugram to compare the diagnostic efficacy of LBC and CC in fine needle aspirates from lung/mediastinal mass.Results: Of the 83 cases, reporting of LBC was adequate in 75 cases and CC in only 53 cases. LBC was better when differentiating malignant and benign lesions than CC. CC smears had better cellularity in comparison to LBC smears (36%), but rest cytological features of cytoplasmic detailing, cell architecture, less background debris and blood were all more appreciable in LBC smears than CC preparations.Conclusions: LBC is a better method than conventional smear for smear preparation and processing of aspirates obtained from lung and mediastinal mass.

Evaluation of procalcitonin as a predictor of severity of acute appendicitis

Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency worldwide. The treatment of choice is emergency appendectomy. A delayed diagnosis and hence a delayed treatment increases the complication rate. Despite the best efforts negative appendectomy rate is still high since there is no single best test available to reach the diagnosis.Methods: This was an institutional study conducted at DRPGMC Tanda, comprising of 28 patients and 7 healthy controls. The patients with clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis were subjected to appendectomy after taking a blood sample for serum procalcitonin and performing an ultrasonogram of abdomen.Results: We observed that mean levels of procalcitonin (PCT) were significantly higher in patients of acute appendicitis in comparison to healthy controls. The range of PCT levels in group 2 i.e., patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis were from 0.54 to 0.74 ng/ml with mean value of 0.61 ng/ml, whereas in group 3 i.e. patients with complicated acute appendicitis, the range were from 1.14 to 2.56 ng/ml with mean value of 1.62 ng/ml. PCT levels were significantly higher in group 3 as compared to group 1 and group 2 (p<0.0001). In group 2, mean PCT levels were significantly higher in comparison to group 1 (p<0.0001). Statistical analysis of our data shows a cut-off value of procalcitonin to be 0.203 ng/ml. We observed sensitivity and specificity of PCT to be 96% and 100% respectively.Conclusions: This study concludes that levels of serum PCT can be used as a laboratory marker for making a diagnosis of acute appendicitis and also for predicting its severity.

Role of subcutaneous vacuum suction drain in prevention of abdominal wound complication in emergency laparotomy

Background: Some of the most common wound complications following laparotomy include hematoma formation, seroma formation, wound infection, burst abdomen and wound dehiscence. Closed-suction drains (CSDs) help to drain any wound collection and also reduce any dead space in the wound thereby promoting healing and preventing complication.Methods: We conducted a prospective study and included patients presenting with acute abdomen in emergency department. Patients were selected as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two groups (group A and B) with equal number of patients were created based on closed envelope technique. CSD was placed in the wound of patients in group A. Wound healing and complications were compared between the two groups.Results: 50 patients were included in the study with 25 in each group. Hematoma formation was found to be significantly more among group B (24.0%) compared to group A (4.0%). Seroma formation (p value =0.03917), SSI rate (p value =0.039) and wound dehiscence/burst abdomen (p value =0.0415) was more in group B than group A. The mean wound healing time (days) and mean hospital stay (days) was significantly more in group B.Conclusions: Placing a subcutaneous vacuum suction drain at the time of abdominal wall closure during emergency laparotomy results in better wound healing and reduces postoperative wound complication, hospital stay time, morbidity and also decreases overall healthcare cost.

Evaluation of changes in serum lipid profile and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with gall stone disease before and after cholecystectomy

Background: There is paucity of information regarding the effects of cholecystectomy on serum lipid profile parameters and blood glucose levels in the patients of cholelithiasis. Therefore, this study was undertaken to compare some serum lipid parameters and blood glucose levels in patients of cholelithiasis and effect of cholecystectomy on the same.Methods: The study was conducted on 50 patients of cholelithiasis who were admitted in Surgery department, MLN Medical College over a period of one year and were planned for cholecystectomy. Complete lipid profile (which included total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and atherogenic index) and fasting blood glucose was evaluated pre-operatively and post-operatively on the 3rd, 7th and further after 1 month of cholecystectomy. Results: Out of 50 patients, maximum of 38% were in their 4th decade with females constituting 82% of total. There was significant elevation in fasting blood glucose and HDL cholesterol on 3rd, 7th and 30th day post-cholecystectomy as compared to pre-operative values (p value<0.0001). Triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol elevated on 3rd and 7th day but it significantly decreased one-month post-cholecystectomy as compared to pre-operative levels (p value<0.0001). However, LDL, total cholesterol and atherogenic index significantly decreased on 3rd ,7th and 30th day post-cholecystectomy.Conclusions: Cholelithiasis is an important cause associated with significant pathological changes in many lipid profile parameters, which will return towards normal after cholecystectomy. This normalization will be a time dependent phenomenon with long term beneficial effects.

Comparative study of intravenous hydralazine and labetalol in severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are among the most common medical complications of pregnancy and major cause of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous hydralazine and labetalol for management of severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Methods: This prospective study was conducted among 100 women admitted with SBP ≥ 160 or DBP ≥ 110 mmHg or both. Patients were divided into 2 groups randomly: labetalol and hydralazine group.Results: Majority of patients (38%) were in the age group of 21-25 years and primigravida (52%). There was more significant decrease in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure at the end of 15 and 30 minutes in labetalol group. Labetalol required fewer doses as compared to hydralazine to achieve the target blood pressure (average 1.95 versus 3.1). Total numbers of term deliveries were 19 (38%) in hydralazine group and 16 (32%) in labetalol group. Pre-term deliveries in hydralazine and labetalol group were 14 (28%) and 15 (30%) respectively. Headache was significantly more common in hydralazine treated patients than labetalol group.Conclusions: Both hydralazine and labetalol were effective and well-tolerated in the treatment of severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Labetalol may be preferred because it was more effective in lowering the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure to achieve target levels with less number of doses.

Organization and workflow management of central sterile supply department of a tertiary care hospital of Haryana

Background: Nosocomial infection cause significant health issues and economic loss to the patients as well as the health care facilities. To combat hospital acquired infections, hospitals need an effective method of disinfection and sterilization which can be taken care by the central sterile supply department (CSSD). The objective of establishing a CSSD is to make reliably sterilized articles available at the required time and place. Aim and objectives were to study the organization and workflow management of CSSD of a tertiary care institution.Methods: This observational study was carried out from February 2018 to April 2018. An observation checklist was used for the purpose of study after obtaining permission from appropriate authorities.Results: CSSD of the institution is centrally located within the hospital premises and has 11 staff members. Linen, cotton, dressings, instruments and trays are sterilized in the CSSD. Sterilization is done by steam sterilization and gas sterilization with a total of seven autoclaves and two ETO machines. Physical, chemical and biological indicators are regularly used during the process of sterilization.Conclusions: CSSD of the institution is contributing its part towards reduction of nosocomial infections. Quality of standards for sterilization and disinfection is maintained.

A survey on the knowledge and perception of computer assisted learning among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care teaching institute of North India

Background: Computer assisted learning (CAL) in the classroom as well as laboratory in the medical profession has been rising in the present scenario worldwide. CAL can replace laboratory based animal experiments to a large extent and prevent the unnecessary harm or killing of animals. In India, only few studies have been conducted on CAL till date. Aims and objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and perception on CAL among undergraduate medical students.Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out on the medical students (MBBS-Second Professional) in the department of pharmacology at Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India. Feedback was obtained from 105 students who had already performed animal experiments in CAL laboratory.Results: It was seen that Computer simulated models (CSMs) are useful for undergraduate teaching (by 98.1%), CAL enrich learning experience about drug effects (by 97.1%), CSMs in CAL is user friendly (by 97.1%) and use of CSMs in teaching is ethical (by 97.1%).Conclusions: CAL is an innovative teaching and learning technique for the medical students. This is an effective mode of teaching pharmacology to the students and it also helps the students to apply their theoretical knowledge of drugs to the practical aspects (without use of animal) on computer simulated models.

Femoral Hernia – A Diagnostic Dilemma

Femoral hernias are less common than inguinal hernias, but more prone to strangulation. Accurate diagnosis and prompt surgical correction are extremely important to prevent bowel ischemia and necrosis in an incarcerated femoral hernia. Clinical presentation is generally a mildly painful, irreducible groin bulge below the inguinal ligament. However, differentiation from an inguinal hernia on physical exam is not entirely reliable, regardless of the examining surgeon’s experience. Even Ultrasonography and CT findings may be equivocal and sometimes femoral hernia presents a diagnostic dilemma.

Primary Breast Reconstruction in a Young Patient with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC).

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed worldwide. Breast cancer management represents an exemplary model of multidisciplinary management. The combined modality approach to treatment of breast cancer that includes primary surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy needs careful integration of these modalities with new methods of reconstructive breast surgery. The multidisciplinary approach has been associated with a reduction in breast cancer mortality. We present an interesting case of infiltrating ductal carcinoma, who presented as a locally advanced breast cancer in a very young patient who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by modified radical mastectomy and primary breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsii flap. Our patient has recovered without any complications and is being prepared for adjuvant chemotherapy. All patients should undergo receptor testing which helps us in individualizing the treatment. The choice between breast conservation and mastectomy after neoadjuvant treatment is dependent on the treatment response and patient characteristics.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals about adverse drug reaction in major tertiary care teaching hospital in Punjab.

Background: Adverse drug reaction (ADR) has a severe morbidity and mortality associated with it. The safe use of medicines is a critical issue for all healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses as well as the public. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of healthcare professionals about ADRs in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among the health care professionals in India using a pre-tested questionnaire with 30 questions (18 questions on knowledge, 6 on attitude, 5 on practice, and 1 on training about reporting of ADR). The study was conducted, over a period of 6 months. Results: The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents (n=200). The response rate of 85% was recorded. Among these, only 82 questionnaires were filled in pre-test and 88 questionnaires were filled in post-test after improving awareness through pamphlets. Of the total completed questionnaire (88), 34.88% were filled by physicians, 8.53% by pharmacists, 27.9% by nurses, and 31.3% by medical and paramedical interns. Conclusions: The health care professionals have little KAP toward ADR reporting. Healthcare professionals with higher experience such as (>10 years experience) have better KAP. With additional training on pharmacovigilance, the Indian healthcare professionals working in different sectors can become part of ADR reporting system.

A 54-Year-Old Man with Tracheomegaly, Tracheal Diverticulas and Bronchiectasis — Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome.

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is a rare idiopathic clinical, radiological and bronchoscopic disorder characterised by abnormal dilatation of the tracheo-bronchial tree. The usual presentation is with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Herein, we report the case of an adult male who was diagnosed to have Mounier-Kuhn syndrome based on radiographic finding of a tracheal diameter of 45.5 mm on computed tomography and dynamic complete collapse of the tracheo-bronchial tree on forced expiration, observed during ronchoscopy.

A Comparative Study of Skin Prick Test versus Serum-Specific IgE Measurement in Indian Patients with Bronchial Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis.

Background. Skin prick testing (SPT) is the ‘gold standard’ in the assessment of allergic sensitivity to inhalant allergens. Serum-specific immunoglobulin E (SSIgE) measurement is a complementary test. SPT is performed with antigen extracts from India while SSIgE utilises extracts derived from European antigens. Objective. To evaluate the performance of allergic assessment by SSIgE against cockroach, housefly and mosquito aeroallergens which are frequently implicated in driving respiratory allergies in India considering SPT as the ‘gold standard’. Methods. Twenty patients (mean age 28.5 years; range 15-50 years) diagnosed to have bronchial asthma and/or rhinitis underwent SPT. The SSIgE levels were obtained at the same visit. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of SSIgE testing were calculated using SPT as the ‘gold standard’. The correlation between SPT grading and SSIgE levels was also evaluated. Results. The sensitivity of SSIgE testing to each of the 3 aero-allergens was >85%. The PPV of cockroach and mosquito SSIgE was >85%; housefly SSIgE had PPV of 68.7%. The two tests were in agreement in 85% (cockroach), 90% (mosquito) and 55% (housefly). There was a significant correlation between the grades of SPT reactions and SSIgE levels. Conclusions. The SSIgE has higher sensitivity and PPV, but lacks specificity. Higher sensitivity with low specificity leads to increased false positive diagnosis of allergic disease. Unlike allergenic pollens, however, insect antigen extracts from different regions seem to give comparable results, and can thus, reliably be used in the evaluation of allergy.

Demand–supply gaps in human resources to combat vector-borne disease in India: capacity-building measures in medical entomology.

Vector-borne diseases account for a significant proportion of the global burden of infectious disease. They are one of the greatest contributors to human mortality and morbidity in tropical settings, including India. The World Health Organization declared vector-borne diseases as theme for the year 2014, and thus called for renewed commitment to their prevention and control. Human resources are critical to support public health systems, and medical entomologists play a crucial role in public health efforts to combat vector-borne diseases. This paper aims to review the capacity-building initiatives in medical entomology in India, to understand the demand and supply of medical entomologists, and to give future direction for the initiation of need-based training in the country. A systematic, predefined approach, with three parallel strategies, was used to collect and assemble the data regarding medical entomology training in India and assess the demand-supply gap in medical entomologists in the country. The findings suggest that, considering the high burden of vector-borne diseases in the country and the growing need of health manpower specialized in medical entomology, the availability of specialized training in medical entomology is insufficient in terms of number and intake capacity. The demand analysis of medical entomologists in India suggests a wide gap in demand and supply, which needs to be addressed to cater for the burden of vector-borne diseases in the country.