Radiological Assessment of the Effects of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion on Distraction of the Posterior Ligamentum Flavum in Patients with Degenerative Cervical Spines

Background@#This study aimed to assess the effects of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) on distraction of the posterior ligamentum flavum (LF) by increasing the intervertebral disc height and positioning a graft in patients with degenerative cervical spine disease. @*Methods@#Sixty-eight patients with degenerative cervical diseases who underwent single-level ACDF were included in the analysis. The intervertebral disc height, Cobb angle, and transverse thickness of the LF were measured, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed both preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively on each patient. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between age, sex, change in intervertebral disc height, Cobb angle, and position of the intervertebral implant according to the postoperative change in LF thickness. The position of the intervertebral implant was categorized as anterior, middle, or posterior. We also evaluated radiological effects according to the implant position. @*Results@#The mean intervertebral disc height increased from 5.88 mm preoperatively to 7.49 mm postoperatively. The Cobb angle was 0.88° preoperatively and 1.43° postoperatively. Age (p = 0.551), sex (p = 0.348), position of cage (p = 0.312), pre- and postoperative intervertebral disc height (p = 0.850, p = 0.900), Cobb angle (p = 0.977, p = 0.460), and LF thickness (p = 0.060, p = 1.00) were not related to changes in postoperative LF thickness. Postoperative increase in disc height was related to Cobb angle (r = 0.351, p = 0.038). No other factors were significantly related. The position of the cage was not related with the change of Cobb angle (p = 0.91), LF thickness (p = 0.31), or disc height (p = 0.54). @*Conclusions@#Change in the intervertebral disc height and the position of the intervertebral implant after ACDF did not affect the thickness of the LF after surgery in patients with degenerative cervical spine disease.

Standard Operating Procedure for Postmortem Inspection in a Focus on Coronavirus Disease-19: The Korean Society for Legal Medicine / 대한법의학회지

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It resulted in a worldwide pandemic, and spread through community transmission in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In the ROK, SARS-CoV-2 is categorized as a first-degree infectious disease of the legal communicable disease present. The Korean Society for Legal Medicine (KSLM) is the sole official academic association of forensic professionals in the ROK. As such, this society has played an important role in forensic medicine and science in the ROK. Therefore, KSLM suggests a standard operating procedure for the postmortem inspection in a focus on COVID-19. This article includes the background of this suggested standard operation procedure, basic principles for postmortem inspections of individuals suggested of having an infectious disease, and specific procedures according to the probability level of SARSCoV- 2 infection.

Secondary Publication Standard Operating Procedure for Post-mortem Inspection in a Focus on Coronavirus Disease-19: the Korean Society for Legal Medicine

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It resulted in a worldwide pandemic, and spread through community transmission in the Republic of Korea (ROK). In the ROK, SARS-CoV-2 is categorized as a first-degree infectious disease of the legal communicable disease present. The Korean Society for Legal Medicine (KSLM) is the sole official academic association of forensic professionals in the ROK. As such, this society has played an important role in forensic medicine and science in the ROK. Therefore, KSLM suggests a standard operating procedure for the postmortem inspection in a focus on COVID-19. This article includes the background of this suggested standard operation procedure, basic principles for postmortem inspections of individuals suggested of having an infectious disease, and specific procedures according to the probability level of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The Statistical Analysis of Legal Autopsies in 2011 (The Headquarters of National Forensic Service) / 대한법의학회지

This is a statistical analysis of the data obtained from legal autopsies performed at the headquarters of the National Forensic Service during 2011. This report aims to analyze 2,723 cases. 1. There were 1,995 (73.3%) cases involving mortalities among men and 707 (26.7%) among women; evidently, the number of deaths that occurred among men were twice as many as that among women. With respect to age, 694 (24.4%) deaths occurred in individuals aged in their forties and 658 (22.8%) among those in their fifties. 2. There were 1,437 (52.8%) cases of unnatural deaths, 1,159 (42.5%) cases of natural deaths, and 127 (4.7%) deaths from unknown causes. Among the 1,437 unnatural deaths, 483 (33.6%) were suicidal, 255 (17.7%) homicidal, 546 (38.0%) accidental, and 153 (10.6%) were of undetermined causes. 3. There were 618 cases of trauma-related death, accounting for 43.0% of the 1,437 unnatural deaths. Blunt trauma was the leading cause of trauma-related deaths, accounting for 174 (28.2%) cases. Deaths due to asphyxiation, among which hanging (187 cases, 64.7%) was the predominant cause, accounted for 289 cases. There were 192 (13.4%) deaths from poisoning, 151 (10.5%) from drowning, 139 (9.7%) from thermal injuries, 31 (2.2%) as a complication of medical procedures, and 14 (1.0%) from electrocutions. 4. Among the 1,159 natural deaths, heart diseases accounted for 600 (51.8%) deaths and vascular diseases accounted for 160 (13.8%) deaths. 5. There were 83 cases of death among children aged under 10; out of 33 unnatural deaths, 20 (24.1%) cases were homicidal.

A Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor in a Patient with Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: A Case Report

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a rare disorder sometimes referred to as male pseudohermaphroditism. This syndrome is characterized by a 46,XY karyotype with internal bilateral testes, female external genitalia, absence or scantiness of pubic and axillary hair and normal breast development. A variety of gonadal tumors can develop in individuals with CAIS. A 57-year-old patient was admitted to urology with intermittent gross hematuria for one month. CT revealed a left ureteric mass, measuring 2.5 x 2 cm. Ureteroscopic biopsy was performed and the result was a diagnosis of high grade urothelial carcinoma. The patient underwent laparotomy which revealed slightly enlarged gonads in the pelvic cavity. However, a uterus and fallopian tubes were not identified. Left nephroureterectomy and bilateral gonadectomy were performed. The right gonad measured 3.9 x 2.5 x 2 cm and the cut surface showed a well circumscribed, firm, brownish gray colored 2 x 1.8 cm sized nodule. Microscopically, this nodule consisted of uniform and solid tubules containing immature Sertoli cells and Leydig cells which were both positive for alpha-inhibin. The left gonad measured 3.5 x 2 x 1.9 cm and showed atrophic testicular tissue.

A Case of Gastric Inverted Hyperplastic Polyp Associated with Gastritis Cystica Profunda and Early Gastric Carcinoma

A gastric inverted hyperplastic polyp is characterized by downward growth of the hyperplastic mucosal components into the submucosa. Lesions are composed of hyperplastic foveolar-type glands, and sometimes coexist with gastritis cystica profunda (GCP). Adenocarcinoma frequen- tly can coexist, but the relationship is not clear. A 71-year-old male was admitted to hospital because of dyspepsia for one month. He underwent a wedge resection of the stomach, after endoscopic biopsies. The gross finding showed a slightly elevated papillary lesion with central depression. Microscopically, the elevated lesion was composed of hyperplastic fundic glands and foveolar cells, and the central depressed lesion showed a nodular inverted proliferation of normal appearing gastric epithelium and glands in the submucosa. An additional proximal gastrectomy specimen exhibited marked GCP and a minute adenocarcinoma at the proximal margin with p53 protein overexpression.

Inverted Papilloma in the Prostatic Urethra / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Inverted papilloma of the urinary tract is a rare finding, and it is almost benign in its histologic morphology and clinical behavior. Despite several published reports, the prognostic significance and potential clinical behavior of this malady remains unclear. The most commonly associated clinical symptoms are hematuria and obstruction of the urinary tract. Most inverted papillomas of urinary tract occur in the bladder and only rarely in the ureter, renal pelvis and urethra. We report here on one case of inverted papilloma in the prostatic urethra. This was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography and confirmed by its histology.

Non-palpable and Asymptomatic Leydig Cell Tumor / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Leydig cell tumors are the most common non-germ cell tumors of the testis, and they account for 1-3% of all testicular tumors. They most commonly present as a testicular mass and/or with endocrine symptoms. This tumor is characterized by its endocrine manifestations, which are due to the tumor's capacity to secrete hormones. We report here on one case of a patient with Leydig cell tumor; the patient was without symptoms and the tumor was not detected on the physical examination.

Utility of Bile Duct Brush Cytology in Pancreaticobiliary Diseases: Prospective Comparative Study of Conventional Smear and MonoPrep2(TM) Liquid Based Cytology / 대한세포병리학회지

Bile duct brush cytology has been employed as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of pancreatic and biliary tract strictures. The specificity of this method is high however, its sensitivity is quite low. A recent study employing liquid based cytology (LBC) reported results comparable to those achieved via conventional cytology. Therefore, we have attempted to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic utility of bile duct brush cytology in pancreaticobiliary diseases. A total of 46 cases with bile duct stricture were enrolled including 11 cases of benign stricture, 29 cases of bile duct carcinoma, 3 cases of gallbladder cancer, and 3 cases of pancreatic cancer. Both conventional smear and LBC using MonoPrep2(TM) system were conducted in each case. The cytological diagnosis of each case was classed into the following categories; benign, suspicious for malignancy, and malignancy. The diagnostic accuracy of both cytologic methods was investigated. LBC evidenced a high rate of material insufficiency (13/46), which was attributed to low cellularity. The kappa index of both cytological methods was 0.508. Cytological and tissue diagnoses were correlated in 25 cases conducted from biopsy or operation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 41.2% (7/17), 100% (8/8), 100% (7/7), and 44.4% (10/18) in conventional smear; 58.8% (10/17), 87.5% (7/8), 90.9% (10/11), and 50.0% (7/14) in LBC; and 94.1% (16/17), 87.5% (7/8), 94.1% (16/17), and 87.5% (7/8) in any one of both cytological methods, respectively. Based on these results, the sensitivity of LBC was found to be superior to that of conventional smear and we were able to obtain higher positive predictive value upto 94.1% by simultaneously conducting both cytologic methods.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Peripheral Lung: A Case Report / 대한세포병리학회지

The mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a rare tumor in the lung for less than 1% of all pulmonary neoplasm. It is mostly presented as a solitary pulmonary nodule at a large bronchial tree on bronchoscope. But more peripheral located tumor that not accessible to the bronchoscope are rarely reported on literature. The cytologic findings of these tumors are discribed as a mixture of squamous cells, mucous cells, and intermediate cells with overlapped cellular clusters. We experienced a case of peripheral mucoepidermoid carcinoma of lung diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The smear showed many cellular clusters on mucoid background. They consisted of many intermediate cells with occasional mucus-secreting cells, but malignant squamous cells were not present.

Breast Metastases from Malignant Melanoma / 한국유방암학회지

Breast metastases from extramammary primary tumors are uncommon, accounting for approximately 1.3~6.6% of all malignant mammary tumors. Apart from hematopoietic neoplasms, malignant melanoma is one of the most common neoplasms with which secondary involvement of the mammary parenchyme is known. Although they are so rare, breast metastases from such neoplasms can mimic primary breast carcinoma clinically and on imaging studies. Approximately 20% of the patients affected by malignant melanoma will develop metastases, the commonest sites being liver, lung, and brain; metastases to the breast from malignant melanoma are rare, and in about 40% of the patients affected the breast lesion is the first manifestation of disease. Correct management of metastatic disease to the breast can prevent unnecessary mutilation; in fact, in the majority of patients so far widespread metastases have appeared rapidly despite various systemic treatments, showing that major surgery gives very poor results in terms of controlling the disease. In this paper, we present the case of a 49-year-old woman with a history of a malignant cutaneous melanoma of nasal cavity that had been surgically excised in 2004. She was admitted to our Breast Division 6 months later because a screening mammogram and anultrasound evaluation had revealed the presence of a nodular opacity in the both breast, without any clinical manifestations. For this reason, in September 2004 the patient underwent a simple mastectomy of both breasts.