RESUMO
Old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is one of the serious pests of agricultural crops with more than 184 recorded hosts including cotton. In cotton, H. armigera usually causes yield losses up to 40% with 20-80% damage intensity. In the Indian context it has already developed resistance to most conventional classes of insecticide and its survival on Bt cotton also has been reported in some isolated places. Under such situation, application of semiochemicals can serve as an alternative management option. Among the semiochemicals, oviposition deterrent ones are known to be the most effective as they minimize the infestation at first line of attack by deterring the female moths and protecting the host from oviposition. However, before applying at field level, it is important to develop and standardize a bioassay method for evaluation of oviposition deterrent compounds under laboratory condition. Here, we report a suitable improved bioassay method for evaluation of effect of oviposition deterrents against H. armigera. The five days duration of bioassay method was finalized according to the peak activity of adult moth in terms of mating and fecundity. This investigation presents a method, for finding promising oviposition deterrent compound which will be helpful for researchers to identify the most potent molecule/compounds against H. Armigera
RESUMO
Functional dyspepsia (FD) refers to upper abdominal symptoms like upper abdominal or retrosternal pain or discomfort; heart burn; nausea; etc. The symptoms are common; but often poorly understood and mistaken for conditions like chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Worldwide; the prevalence of dyspepsia is about 20-30 [1]. In the department of internal medicine at the Ruhengeri hospital; there have been 16.4 outpatient cases and 16.1 cases of admissions (Jan-June-2014). A high number of cases would be in other hospitals as well. The causes postulated are the increased production of acid; visceral hypersensitivity; H. pylori infection; emotional stress; reduced immunity; etc. The diagnosis is based on exclusion of organic causes for similar symptoms. The treatment is mainly with lifestyle modifications; and the pharmacological therapy consists of antacids; antiflatulents; prokinetic drugs; cytoprotective drugs; and proton pump inhibitors. It can be recommended that greater awareness needs to be generated among physicians regarding FD. They in turn can counsel patients and lay stress on lifestyle and preventive factors to improve this described condition