Epidemiological study of pathogens in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection in a single center of Shanghai from 2015 to 2019 / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To analyze common respiratory pathogens epidemiology in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in a single center in Shanghai, and to provide the basic data support for clinical diagnosis and treatment of children with LRTI in Shanghai.Methods:Children with LRTI in Children′s Hospital of Fudan University were enrolled from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019, and respiratory samples were collected and tested by direct immunofluorescence assay and real time polymerase chain reaction. The epidemiological characteristics of different respiratory pathogens were analyzed. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 18 716 children were included, the total detection rate of respiratory pathogens was 36.96% (6 918/18 716), and the most frequent detected pathogen was Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) (15.31%(2 866/18 716)), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (10.40%(1 946/18 716)) and parainfluenza virus Ⅲ (PIV-Ⅲ) (4.65%(871/18 716)). The detection rate of pathogens in female was significantly higher than that in male (38.48%(2 936/7 630) vs 35.92%(3 982/11 086), χ2=12.72, P<0.001). RSV and influenza virus A (Flu-A) infections peaked in winter. The detection rates of influenza virus B (Flu-B) and human metapneumovirus (MPV) were higher in winter and spring. PIV-Ⅲ infection peaked in spring and summer. The peak of PIV-Ⅱ infection occurred in summer and autumn. The infections of adenovirus (ADV), MP, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and PIV-Ⅰ were prevalent throughout the year without significant seasonality. The detection rate of RSV declined with age, while the detection rate of MP increased with age. The co-infection rate was 1.65%(309/18 716), and the predominant co-infection type was MP and RSV (0.37%(70/18 716)). Conclusions:A variety of pathogens lead to children′s LRTI in Shanghai from 2015 to 2019, with the common infection of MP, RSV and PIV-Ⅲ. Different pathogens showed different epidemiological characteristics in age and season distributions.

CHINA PH ARMACY Volume 33，Number 10，May 30，2022 Semimonthly Table of Contents Effect evaluation of comprehensive drug cost control in China based on the entropy method-cluster analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To evaluate th e effects of comprehensive drug cost control in China ，and to provide reference for further improving the effects of cost control. METHODS Entropy method was used to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system of the comprehensive drug cost control effect from the respective of drug price control ability ，drug cost control ability and patient affordability. The comprehensively evaluate the effects of drug cost control in 31 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities）during 2016-2020. The k-means cluster method was used to analyze the effects of comprehensive drug cost control in various provinces. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS During the period of 2016-2020，the total score of comprehensive drug cost control effect of 31 provinces were 14.64，16.71，17.58，17.57，17.88，respectively. The results of cluster analysis were similar to the ranking of entropy method. Medical and health system reform policy had entered a stable period after achieving phased results ； the effects of comprehensive drug cost control was characterized by regional steps in 31 provinces；the effects of comprehensive drug cost control were better in developed coastal areas and some provinces and cities of western regions ，followed by provinces and cities in central China ；however，comprehensive drug cost control in 3 provinces of northeast China showed poor effect. The effects of comprehensive drug cost control in pilot cities of comprehensive medical reform were significantly improved. It is suggested that the successful experience of pilot cities of comprehensive medical reform should be promoted nationwide ，and policies such as volume-based drug procurement ，medical insurance drug price negotiation ，and diagnosis-related groups / diagnosis-intervention packet payment method reform should be further deepened.

Epidemiology of classic human astrovirus among infants and young children with acute diarrhea in a hospital outpatient in Shanghai, 2012-2016 / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of classic human astrovirus (HAstV) among children under five years old with acute diarrhea, and to understand the role of HAstV in children acute diarrhea.Methods:A total of 1 010 fecal specimens were collected in 1 010 outpatients under five years old with acute diarrhea admitted to Children′s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai from January 2012 to December 2016. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR was used for screening classic HAstV, group A rotavirus, norovirus and adenovirus. Genotypes of classic HAstV were determined by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis.Results:The overall positive rate of classic HAstV was 2.7%(27/1 010). The detection rates of classic HAstV from 2012 to 2016 were 6.9%(10/144), 3.5%(5/144), 2.1%(3/144), 1.5%(4/265) and 1.6%(5/313), respectively. Almost 96.3%(26/27) of children infected with HAstV were 0 to 36 months of age. The prevalence of classic HAstV infections displayed a typical autumn/winter seasonality except in 2016. All the positive classic HAstV strains were genotyped as HAstV-1 with two lineages of HAstV-1a and HAstV-1b. Among them, the lineage of HAstV-1a was the predominant subtype (63.0%, 17/27). There were 77.8%(21/27) of the children with acute diarrhea only infected with classic HAstV, whereas for the remaining cases a variety of other enteric viruses were detected (three cases co-infected with HAstV and group A rotavirus, two cases co-infected with HAstV and adenovirus, and one case co-infected with HAstV, group A rotavirus and adenovirus).Conclusions:Children infected with HAstV are mainly less than 36 months of age. Although the genotype of classic HAstV detected in this study is single, but the lineages are in a state of dynamic change. Long-time and continuous monitor for the epidemiology of classic HAstV is needed to avoid outbreak of diarrhea in children.

Preliminary exploration on the application of hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue to assist lipofilling / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of hydrogel from acellular porcine adipose tissue (HAPA) on the survival of transplanted adipose tissue. Methods: For in vitro study, adipose tissue and HAPA-adipose tissue complex were cultured in normoxia and hypoxia atmospheres for 24 and 72 hours. TUNEL and Perilipin immunofluorescence staining were performed to observe the effect of HAPA on apoptosis and survival of adipocities. For in vivo study, 42 healthy male nude mice (4-6 weeks old) weighing 15-18 g were randomly divided into adipose group (group A), 10%HAPA group (group B), 20%HAPA group (group C), 30%HAPA group (group D), 40%HAPA group (group E), and 50%HAPA group (group F) according to different HAPA/adipose tissue volume ratio ( n=7). For each group, 1 mL adipose tissue or HAPA-adipose tissue complex was injected subcutaneously into the dorsum of the nude mice. At 4 weeks after transplantation, 7 nude mice in each group were sacrificed and grafts were harvested, gross observation, volume measurement, ultrasound examination, and histologic staining (HE staining, CD31 and Perilipin immunofluorescence stainings) were applied. Results: Hypoxia showed a tendency of promoting adipose tissue necrosis and apoptosis, while HAPA exhibited an obvious effect of inhibiting cell apoptosis in vitro study ( P0.05). With the increase of HAPA's volume ratio, HE staining proved an improved fat integrity while a gradually decreased vacuoles and fibrosis. CD31 immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of neo-vascularisation in groups E and F were significantly higher than those in groups A-D ( P<0.05). Perilipin immunofluorescence staining showed that with the increase of HAPA volume ratio, the number of living adipocytes increased gradually, and more new adipocytes could be seen in the field of vision. Conclusion: As the volume ratio of HAPA gradually increased, the survival of transplanted adipose tissue also increased, but the volume retention rate decreased gradually. 30%HAPA was considered the relative optimal volume ratio for its superior adipose tissue survival and volume retation rate.

Wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis: a new perspective on hair follicles regeneration in adult mammals / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To explore the research progress of the cell sources and related signaling pathways of the wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) in recent years. Methods: The literature related to WIHN in recent years was reviewed, and the cell sources and molecular mechanism were summarized and discussed. Results: Current research shows that WIHN is a rare regeneration phenomenon in the skin of adult mammals, with multiple cell origins, both hair follicle stem cells and epithelial stem cells around the wound. Its molecular mechanism is complicated, which is regulated by many signaling pathways. Besides, the process is closely related to the immune response, the immunocytes and their related cytokines provide suitable conditions for this process. Conclusion: There are still many unsolved problems on the cellular origins and molecular mechanisms of the WIHN. Further study on the mechanisms will enhance the understanding of adult mammals' hair follicle regeneration and may provide new strategy for functional healing of the human skin.

Study on the Medical Insurance Budget Impact Analysis Guideline in Some European Countries and Its Enligh- tenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the m edical insurance budget impact analysis （BIA）guidelines or nomative documents of some European countries ，and to provide the suggestions for the formulation and implementation of medical insurance BIA guidelines in China. METHODS ：Medical insurance BIA guidelines or related documents in European countries such as Ireland ， France，Poland，Belgium and UK were retrieved to summarize and comparatively analyze the general analysis framework and special specification. The formulation of medical insurance BIA guideline in China and the suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The above-mentioned medical insurance BIA guidelines or documents of the five European countries generally study the impact of the cost of health technology on resources within 3-5 years from the perspective of budget holders. The analysis framework of the guidelines or documents is basically the same ，but the guidelines or documents are adjusted according to the characteristics of national health system in terms of the positioning of medical insurance BIA ，the scope of cost data inclusion ， model design ，population subgroup analysis and so on. For example ，Ireland had special requirements on cost data inclusion ， sensitivity analysis and data source ，while France had detailed regulations on medical insurance BIA model ，sensitivity analysis and presentation of medical insurance BIA results. Our country should pay attention to the role of medical insurance BIA in medical and health decision-making ，formulate China ’s medical insurance BIA guidelines to standardize empirical research ，and combine the characteristics of China ’s health system when formulate the guideline. It is suggested that China ’s medical insurance BIA guidelines should at least include research perspective ，research time limit and discount ，reference situation ，target population ， cost，market share ，data source ，uncertainty analysis and other overall framework or basic elements to ensure the smooth operation of medical and health funds.

Comparative Study on the Current Situation of Pharmacovigilance in Pharmaceutical Manufacturers of Different Scales in Jiangsu Province / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the current situation of pharmacovigilance work in large ，medium and small-scale pharmaceutical manufacturers in Jiangsu Province ，and to provide reference for the pharmacovigilance development of drug manufacturers with different scales. METHODS ：The situation of pharmacovigilance work in 108 manufacturers in Jiangsu province was investigated through a questionnaire survey and related websites. The pharmacovigilance work （organization，personnel and training，document，computer system ），drug safety monitoring （case report ，regular safety update report ，post-marketing safety research） and drug risk management （signal management ， risk management plan ， risk control measures ， drug safety communication）of different manufacturers were investigated to put forward the suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：There was no significant difference in the organizational structure （independently established specialized agencies ）among manufacturers of different scales （P＝0.60）. Most of the manufacturers had less than 50％ of the proportion in the independent establishment of specialized institutions for pharmacovigilance. There was significant difference in personnel and training （situation and number of full-time staff in charge ，medical and clinical pharmacy personnel number ），document（formulating training management system ， entrusted management and key monitoring procedures ），computer system （P＜0.05）. There was no difference in the main collection ways of case reports among manufacturers of different scales ；however，the number of independent reports in 2019（P＜ 0.01），the proportion of quality control process for regular safety update reports （P＝0.01），and the proportion of carrying out post-marketing safety research in recent five years （P＜0.01）in large-scale manufacturers were all significantly higher than small- and medium-scale manufacturers. The proportions of large-scale manufacturers （70.00％） and medium-scale manufacturers （84.38％），which considered “lack of technical guidelines ”as an important factor affecting signal management ，were higher than that of small-scale manufacturers （53.57％）（P＝0.01）；the proportions of large-scale manufacturers （60.00％）and medium-scale manufacturers（50.00％），which had carried out risk management plans in the past five years ，were higher than that of small-scale manufacturers（30.36％）（P＝0.04）；the proportion of large-scale manufacturers （50.00％），which adopted the measures in recent 5 year，was higher than medium-scale manufacturers （37.50％）and small-scale manufacturers （25.00％）；the proportions of large-scale manufacturers （70.00％ ） and medium-scale manufacturers （59.38％ ）， which carried out communication for pharmacists，were higher than small-scale manufacturers （32.14％）（P＜0.01）. Large-scale manufacturers outperformed small- and medium-scale manufacturers in terms of pharmacovigilance system ，drug safety monitoring and drug risk management. Large-scale manufacturers had a certain degree of lack of initiative on performing risk management plans ，medium-scale manufacturers on full-time staffs in charge ，and small-scale manufacturers on pharmacovigilance system. So ，it is recommended that large-scale manufacturers take effective control of variety risk as the goal and actively risk management ；medium-scale manufacturers should continuously enhance the awareness of responsibility and improve the investment of resources on pharmacovigilance work ； small-scale manufacturers should pay more attention to improving the pharmacovigilance system and the compliance of specific work.

Construction of the Evaluation System of the Research Quality of Medical Insurance Budget Impact Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To construc t the evaluation system of the research quality of medical insurance budget impact analysis （BIA），and to provide feasible evaluation tool for related departments as medical insurance department. METHODS ：Based on BIA guidance documents and relevant empirical literatures of ISPOR ，Canada，Poland，the United States and other countries ， combined with expert interview ，the relevant elements of medical insurance negotiation BIA material were confirmed （including key elements and adjuctive elements ）. The scale and system was established to calculate total score of BIA research quality evaluation. RESULTS ：Key elements included three data blocks as target population ，market situation and treatment cost ，involving 14 key elements such as total population ，new drug scenario market share ，treatment cost ，etc.. According to the degree of compliance，0-3 points were assigned and the lowest score after normalization was taken as the basic score of BIA research quality. The adjunctive elements included five data blocks as title & abstract ，research background ，analysis framework ，result presentation and other ，including 23 adjunctive elements such as title ，abstract，research angle ，research time limit ，etc.. According to whether there is quality grade difference ，the elements were divided into type A and type B ；the grade score （0-4 points）and 0/1 score（1 point for yes and 0 point for no ）were used respectively ，and the additional score of BIA research quality was obtained after calculation and addition. According to the addition of different weights （0.67 and 0.33）of basic score and additional score ，the total score system of BIA research quality evaluation could be calculated. CONCLUSIONS ：This study successfully constructed a new BIA quality evaluation system ，which can be used for the quality evaluation of BIA research submitted by medical insurance drug negotiation.

The value of space glucose control in ICU stress hyperglycemia management / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effect of space glucose control (SGC) on the quality of blood glucose management in ICU patients with stress hyperglycemia.@*Methods@#A prospective, cross-controlled, quasi-trial was conducted to observe patients with ICU-induced stress hyperglycemia between January 2018 and January 2019. Patients with conventional blood glucose management served as the control group, and SGC blood glucose management was used as the intervention group. The enrolled patients were interchanged between the two groups every 24 h, and the end point was 96 h. The differences in blood glucose management quality indicators between the two groups were compared, including the average blood glucose level, the highest and lowest blood glucose level, the average blood glucose monitoring interval, and the accumulated insulin dosage. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze the data. The paired t test was used for the normal distributed data. Otherwise, two nonparametric correlation sample tests was used. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*Results@#A total of 41 patients enrolled in this study during the study period. The average blood glucose value in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(8.60 ±1.42)mmol/L vs (10.02 ±1.49)mmol/L, P< 0.01]. The frequency of hyperglycemia was lower than that of the control group (16.59 ±8.56 vs 18.73 ±7.91, P=0.023). The frequency of blood glucose value in the target blood glucose range was significantly higher than that of the control group (53.07±19.11 vs 29.44±19.60, P< 0.01). However, the frequency of hypoglycemia, the frequency of blood glucose monitoring and the accumulated insulin dosage in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group [1 (0, 5) vs 0 (0, 2), P< 0 01; 1 36 ±0 23 vs 1 89 ±0 28, P< 0.01; and (139.61 ±77.06)U vs (107.49 ±64.41)U, P<0.01].@*Conclusions@#SGC can optimize the control of blood glucose in the target blood glucose range, but it can easily lead to mild hypoglycemia, and to a certain extent increases the workload of medical staff.

The value of space glucose control in ICU stress hyperglycemia management / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of space glucose control (SGC) on the quality of blood glucose management in ICU patients with stress hyperglycemia.Methods A prospective,cross-controlled,quasi-trial was conducted to observe patients with ICU-induced stress hyperglycemia between January 2018 and January 2019.Patients with conventional blood glucose management served as the control group,and SGC blood glucose management was used as the intervention group.The enrolled patients were interchanged between the two groups every 24 h,and the end point was 96 h.The differences in blood glucose management quality indicators between the two groups were compared,including the average blood glucose level,the highest and lowest blood glucose level,the average blood glucose monitoring interval,and the accumulated insulin dosage.SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze the data.The paired t test was used for the normal distributed data.Otherwise,two nonparametric correlation sample tests was used.A P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results A total of 41 patients enrolled in this study during the study period.The average blood glucose value in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group [(8.60 ±l.42)mmol/L vs (10.02 ±1.49)mmol/L,P＜0.01].The frequency of hyperglycemia was lower than that of the control group (16.59 ±8.56 vs 18.73 ±7.91,P=0.023).The frequency of blood glucose value in the target blood glucose range was significantly higher than that of the control group (53.07±19.11 vs 29.44±19.60,P＜ 0.01).However,the frequency of hypoglycemia,the frequency of blood glucose monitoring and the accumulated insulin dosage in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group [1 (0,5) vs 0 (0,2),P＜ 0 01;1 36 ±0 23 vs 1 89 ±0 28,P＜ 0.01;and (139.61 ±77.06)U vs (107.49 ±64.41)U,P＜0.01].Conclusions SGC can optimize the control of blood glucose in the target blood glucose range,but it can easily lead to mild hypoglycemia,and to a certain extent increases the workload of medical staff.

Quality Evaluation of the Literatures about Medical Insurance Budget Impact Analysis in China and the United States / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide experience and reference for the study of medical insurance budget impact analysis （BIA） in China. METHODS： Retrieved from PubMed， ProQuest， CNKI， Wanfang database and CBM， related literatures about medical insurance BIA research in China and the United States were collected since the establishment of the database. The basic information， analysis results and data sources were summarized and sorted out， and descriptive analysis of the included literature was carried out on basis of seven key elements such as model design， research perspective， treatment cost， reference scenario， target population， research time limit and discount/inflation， sensitivity analysis. RESULTS： A total of 72 literatures were included in this study， involving 24 （33.33％） studies in China， 48 （66.67％） studies in the United States； the indications of 45 studies were chronic diseases （62.50％）， and those of 21 studies were acute diseases （37.50％）. Among the research methods， 49 studies （68.06％） used BIA alone and 23 studies （31.94％） adopted BIA combined with pharmaceutical economics. In terms of model design， 50 studies （69.44％） adopted cost calculation models. In terms of research perspective， 60 studies （81.94％） were based on the perspective of medical insurance department research. In the calculation of treatment cost， 69 studies （95.84％） included drug cost. In terms of reference scenarios， 61 studies （84.72％） compared the economics of different drug-based treatment groups. For target population， only 31  （43.06％） studies used real world data. In terms of research duration and discount/inflation， 14 studies （19.44％） used treatment or length of hospitalization to indicate research duration， and 19 studies （26.39％） used discount rate or inflation rate to adjust costs. As for sensitivity analysis， 62 studies （86.11％） conducted sensitivity analysis， of which 49 （68.06％） used single factor sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS： There are still some limitations in medical insurance BIA research literature in China and the United States， such as unreasonable use of data， incomplete coverage of the cost， and unreasonable setting of sensitivity analysis variables. It is recommended that BIA research should standardize data sources to improve the quality of budget evidence quality， reasonably evaluate market size to improve the authenticity of prediction， scientifically set variables and their scope of change to improve the stability of results， establish BIA research paradigms or evaluating standards so as to guide BIA research scientifically.

Analysis of pulp revascularization of immature permanent teeth with PRP / 中国基层医药

Objective To discuss the clinical effect of different scaffold in pulp vascular regeneration . Methods 22 young permanent teeth with periapical lesions were randomly divided into observation group and control group,11cases in each group .After the disinfection protocol was completed , the apexes of the control group were irritated to initiate bleeding to produce a blood clot to achieve pulp revascularization ,while the observation group used platelet rich plasma as physical scaffold to operate pulp revasculrization .Results In the control group , the two patients showed painful tooth at 1 and 8 months,the three patients showed healed periapical lesions and narrowed apical foramen at 12 and 18 months ,the six patients showed healed periapical lesions and closure of the apical fora -men at 12 and 18 months.In the observation group ,the three patients showed painful tooth at 1,3 and 8 months,the four patients showed healed periapical lesions and narrowed apical foramen at 12 and 18 months,the four patients showed healed periapical lesions and closure of the apical foramen at 12 and 18 months.There was no statistically significant difference between the observation group and control group by Fisher's exact probabilities (P=1.000). Conclusion Platelet rich plasma is potentially an ideal scaffold for pulp revascularization .

Study on International Experience of Medical Insurance Budget Impact Analysis and Its Enlightenment to China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To put forward relevant suggestions for formulating and implementing medical insurance budget impact analysis(BIA)research guideline in China. METHODS:The medical insurance BIA guidelines or relevant documents were retrieved from ISPOR,Canada and the United States. Their similarities and differences were compared. The experiences of them were summarized in respects of research framework,data source and report format of medical insurance BIA. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:ISPOR,Canada,USA and other guidelines or relevant documents have some similarities in normalization requirements of research perspectives,target population calculation based on natural reason and epidemiological data,3-5 years as the research time limit and some other respects. But the calculation of additional costs as drug price addition,distribution fee should be specifically adjusted according to the unique characteristics of the health systems of countries or regions. Based on the actual conditions of our own health care system,our country can draw up the guidelines for medical insurance BIA impact analysis,which contain model design,research perspective,target population,current use of intervention measures,prediction on the effects of new intervention measure introduction on the market,cost,time range,discount and uncertainty analysis of current and new interventions,situational analysis and verification,so as to better play its role in the formulation and adjustment of medical insurance catalogues and in drug price negotiations.

Integration and expression of Xa21 in transgenic rice CX8621 / 生物工程学报

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system has been widely applied. However, the function of target gene is affected by multiple factors. With this system, we obtained a transgenic rice line CX8621 carrying the bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21. In previous work, we have confirmed that it was selectable maker-free and vector backbone-free. And after 16 generations of breeding, it still maintained perfect resistance to bacterial blight disease. On this basis, we analyzed the integration and expression of Xa21 in CX8621 at the present study. First, based on the border sequences of plasmid pBXa21 and Xa21, we designed nested primers and assured the integrity of Xa21 in CX8621. Second, we cloned the flanking sequences and located Xa21 on chromosome 2 using improved Tail-PCR. Then we analyzed the expression pattern of Xa21 in several tissues and at different developmental stages by RT-PCR. The results show that Xa21 can be stably expressed in CX8621, agreeing well with the disease resistance response as reported previously. In addition, we detected the protein levels of XA21 in CX8621 with antibody of natural XA21 protein. Surprisingly, no XA21 protein was detected in the seeds of CX8621. Thus, the integration and expression analysis of Xa21 in CX8621 provided a part of scientific evidences for the safety assessment of genetically modified rice.

Effects of reminiscence therapy on mild to moderate dementia patients:a Meta analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

group was also higher than that in the control group, Z=2.39, P0.05. Conclusions Reminiscence therapy improves cognitive function, the ability of self-care and social communicate of patients with mild to moderate dementia patients,so that it can improve further patients′quality of life.

How to deal with burden of critical illness: a comparison of strategies in different areas of China

This article aims to introduce, compare and analyze the design and development of Critical Illness Insurance systems in different parts of China under different social and economic conditions, to explain their characteristics and similarities. It may provide references to other countries, especially developing countries, to solve the problem of high medical costs. According to the methods in Comparative Economics, 3 areas [Taicang in Jiangsu, Zhanjiang in Guangdong, Xunyi in Shanxi] which are in high, medium and low socio-economic condition respectively were chosen in China. Their critical illness insurance systems were analyzed in the study. Each system shares several common points, including coordinating urban and rural medical insurance fund, financing from the basic medical insurance surplus, and exploring payment reform and so on. But in the way of management, Taicang and Zhanjiang cooperate with commercial insurance agencies, but Xunyi chooses autonomous management by government. In Xunyi, multi-channel financing is relatively more dispersed, while funds of Taicang and Zhanjiang are mainly from the basic medical insurance surplus. The specific method of payment is different among these three areas. Because of the differences in economic development, population structure, and sources of funds, each area took their own mode on health policy orientation, financing, payment, coverage, and fund management to design their Critical Illness Insurance systems. This might provide references to other areas in China and other developing countries in the world

One-stage total knee arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis combined with ipsilateral femoral extra-articular deformity:individual design / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Total knee arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis accompanied with extra-articular deformity is stil chal enging. An individual replacement plan should be designed to obtain good mechanical axis and to recover suitable soft-tissue balance. OBJECTIVE:To observe the safety and feasibility of individual y designed one-stage total knee arthroplasty for knee osteoarthritis combined with ipsilateral femoral extra-articular deformity. METHODS:A total of eight patients with knee osteoarthritis combined with ipsilateral femoral extra-articular deformity were enrol ed in this study. According to preoperative plan, five patients underwent intra-articular compensatory osteotomy, and the remaining three received extra-articular corrective osteotomy. Multi-planar deformities as wel as soft-tissue conditions were recorded. Main outcome measures included the hospital for special surgery score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index score and alignments deviation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The patients were averagely fol owed up for 29 months. The hospital for special surgery score changed from preoperative 32.5 points to postoperative 87.5 points. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index score was increased from preoperative 37.1 points to postoperative 88.8 points (P<0.05). Mean mechanical axis deviation (either varus or valgus) changed from preoperative 17.1° to postoperative 1.4° (P<0.05). Al cases with extra-articular corrective osteotomy healed within 3 months, and none had postoperative infection, loosening or venous thromboembolic events. One patient was with 5° residual knee anti-sheets. Results verified that one-stage total knee arthroplasty procedures are effective in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis accompanied with ipsilateral femoral extra-articular deformity in accordance with individual preoperative plan.

Application of constrained polyethylene insert to primary total knee arthroplasty in older patients / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Valgus-varus constrained polyethylene insert is selected in strict accordance with the principle of“to obtain reliable stability using minimum restriction”. The stability of the prosthesis is elevated, but the restriction is not increased. OBJECTIVE:To retrospectively analyze the application experience of constrained polyethylene insert in valgus and varus instability of primary total knee arthroplasty for older patients and to summarize the indications and clinical effects of this kind of implements. METHODS:From March 2010 to March 2012, a total of 70 patients combined valgus and varus malfomation who accepted primary total knee arthroplasty were enrol ed in this study, including 56 varus patients (averagely 15°-30°) and 14 valgus patients (averagely 10°-20°). Constrained polyethylene insert was performed in 23 patients (25 knees) who stil had remaining unilateral valgus or varus RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Patients were fol owed up for 2 years on average (18-42 mouths). The knee pain symptoms of al cases disappeared. The joint stability was obviously improved. The lower limb power lines were correct. The Knee Society Score scores were improved from an average of 39.4 points preoperation to an average of 88.5 points postoperation. Al cases did not need the protection of knee braces. The maximum degree of flexion was 110°(96°-130°). The satisfaction degree of 36-Item Short Form Health Survey was 98%. No dislocation or infection happened. Results indicated that constrained polyethylene insert could be applied in the cases of less than 6 mm valgus and varus instability when finished operation of standard osteotomy and soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty for older patients. This kind of implements can preserve bone mass, simplify operational process and have good clinical outcome in a short period.

Isolation and Characterization of the mheA (Most Highly Expressed) Gene of Aspergillus oryzae

The amino acid sequence of the mheA gene of Aspergillus oryzae encodes a putative metallothionein-like protein 1. The size of the mheA transcript was 497 nt and the mheA promoter was induced by glucose, consistent with results of analysis by Northern hybridization and with the pdcA promoter, respectively.

A study of arteries of foot by flow sensitive dephasing prepared balanced steady-state free precession MR angiography in diabetes / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To investigate balanced steady-state free precession with flow-sensitive dephasing magnetization preparation (FSD-bSSFP) in the assessment of arteries of foot in diabetic patients.Methods The lower-extremity peripheral arteries of 43 diabetic patients were evaluated by FSD-bSSFP no contrast MRA and contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA)in. Two experienced observers assessed the image quality, degree of venous contaminated and visibility of pedal artery branches by FSD-bSSFP and CE-MRA respectively in consensus. The signal intensity( SI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the source images of both groups were measured and Wilcoxon and t tests were performed. Results The image score of FSD-bSSFP group was 2.7 ± 1.1 and CE-MRA was 2.6 ± 0.8, there was no statistical difference ( Z = 0. 134, P ＞ 0. 05 ). The image score of demonstration of the pedal artery branches and degree of venous contamination on FSD-bSSFP were 3.2 ± 0. 9 and 1.8 ± 0. 4 respectively which were superior to that of CE-MRA (2.5 ± 0.9 and 2.1 ± 0.8 respectively). Significant statistical difference existed between the two groups in demonstration of pedal artery branches ( Z = 5.246, P ＜ 0.05 ) and degree of venous contamination (Z =2.541 ,P ＜0.05). SNR of FSD-bSSFP was 148.6 ±26.7, CNR was 88.3 ± 19.0. SNR of CE-MRA was 148.5 ± 45.6, CNR was 121.0 ± 41.0. No statistical difference existed between SNR between two methods (t = 0.013, P ＞ 0.05 ). But CNR of CE-MRA was superior to that of FSD-bSSFP and significant statistical difference existed between these two methods ( t = 5.113, P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusion FSD-bSSFP without contrast could be used in the evaluation of foot arteries in patients of renal dysfunction and diabetes.