Second Malignant Neoplasms in Childhood Cancer Survivors Treated in a Tertiary Paediatric Oncology Centre

: One of the most feared complications of childhood cancer treatment is second malignant neoplasms (SMNs). This study evaluates the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of SMNs in a tertiary paediatric oncology centre in Singapore.: A retrospective review was conducted on patients diagnosed with childhood cancer under age 21 and treated at the National University Hospital, Singapore, from January 1990 to 15 April 2012. Case records of patients with SMNs were reviewed.: We identified 1124 cases of childhood cancers with a median follow-up of 3.49 (0 to 24.06) years. The most common primary malignancies were leukaemia (47.1%), central nervous system tumours (11.7%) and lymphoma (9.8%). Fifteen cases developed SMNs, most commonly acute myeloid leukaemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (n = 7). Median interval between the first and second malignancy was 3.41 (0.24 to 18.30) years. Overall 20-year cumulative incidence of SMNs was 5.3% (95% CI, 0.2% to 10.4%). The 15-year cumulative incidence of SMNs following acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was 4.4% (95% CI, 0% to 8.9%), significantly lower than the risk after osteosarcoma of 14.2% (95% CI, 0.7% to 27.7%) within 5 years (<0.0005). Overall 5-year survival for SMNs was lower than that of primary malignancies.: This study identified factors explaining the epidemiology of SMNs described, and found topoisomerase II inhibitor use to be a likely risk factor in our cohort. Modifications have already been made to our existing therapeutic protocols in osteosarcoma treatment. We also recognised the importance of other risk management strategies, including regular long-term surveillance and early intervention for detected SMNs, to improve outcomes of high risk patients.

Risk Factors for Mortality in Asian Children Admitted to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit after Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with mortality in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients admitted to our paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) over an 8-year period.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A retrospective chart review was conducted of all HSCT patients requiring PICU admission at our centre (a tertiary care university hospital in Singapore) from January 2002 to December 2010. Chief outcome measures were survival at the time of PICU discharge and survival at 6 months after initial PICU admission.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ninety-eight patients underwent HSCT during this period; 18 patients (18%) required 24 PICU admissions post-HSCT. The overall survival to PICU discharge was 62.5%. Of those who survived discharge from the PICU, 33% died within 6 months of discharge. Non-survivors to PICU discharge had a higher incidence of sepsis (89% vs 33%,= 0.013) and organ failure as compared to survivors (cardiovascular failure 100% vs 20%,= 0.0003; respiratory failure 89% vs 20%,= 0.002; and renal failure 44% vs 7%,= 0.047). Mortality rates were higher in patients requiring mechanical ventilation (70% vs 14%,= 0.010) and inotropic support (70% vs 14%,= 0.010). Mortality in all patients with renal failure requiring haemodialysis (n = 4) was 100%. Presence of 3 or more organ failures was associated with 80% mortality (= 0.003).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sepsis, multiple organ failure and the need for mechanical ventilation, inotropes and especially haemodialysis were associated with increased risk of mortality in our cohort of HSCT patients.</p>

Health-related quality of life in children with cancer undergoing treatment: a first look at the Singapore experience

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>With intensive chemotherapy and increased survival, quality of life in our paediatric population is of increasing concern. The aim of this study was to assess the children's quality of life during the treatment process.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Patients between the ages of 7 and 18 years old who are undergoing cancer treatment in the Division of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, National University Health System, were identified. The child self-reported his/her health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using the PedsQL Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Cancer module as a validated assessment tool.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty-two patients were enrolled over a 3-week period in November 2007. The median age was 11 years (range, 7 to 17). There was 1 non-responder (3%). Fourteen (45%) boys and 17 (55%) girls were interviewed. There were 8 (26%) and 23 (74%) patients with solid and haematologic malignancies, respectively. For the Cognitive Problem Dimension score, 86% of patients with haematologic malignancy and 50% of those with solid malignancy scored below the 75th percentile (82), [OR 0.72 (0.01-0.8), P = 0.03]. For the Physical Health Summary score, patients with solid malignancy scored worse, 25% below the 10th percentile, as compared to 4.3% of patients with haematologic malignancy. This is reflected by a worse Pain and Hurt Dimension score for patients with solid malignancy. For the Perceived Appearance Dimension score, patients with solid malignancy (75%) scored lower than the median score (67) compared to those with haematologic malignancy (44%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The domains of HRQOL are affected to different extents for the patients with solid and those with haematologic malignancy. This is most likely to be due to the differences in treatment strategies and clinical course. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the effects of treatment on HRQOL and take practical steps to address these issues.</p>

Retinoblastoma: a recent experience at the National University Hospital, Singapore

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Retinoblastoma is a very rare disease. There were 30 cases of retinoblastoma diagnosed and treated at National University Hospital (NUH).</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A retrospective chart review was performed on the medical records of 30 patients who were diagnosed with retinoblastoma between 1995 and 2008 at the Department of Paediatrics, National University Hospital, Singapore.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The median age at diagnosis was 1.6 years (range, 0-5.9) with a median follow-up of 1.8 years (range, 0.1 to 11.6). The median time from presenting signs to the time of diagnosis was 5.2 months (range, 0-25.2). Common presenting signs of retinoblastoma were identified; the most common of which were leukocoria (50.0%), squinting (13.3%), poor vision (10.0%), strabismus (6.6%) and unknown (33.3%). Of the 30 patients, 10 were from Singapore whilst the other 20 patients were from the surrounding countries. Twelve patients had bilateral disease at the time of diagnosis, while 18 had unilateral disease. Staging information was available in 27 patients. Enucleation was performed in 25 of 30 patients. Radiation therapy was given in 3 patients in 1995 (bilateral disease), 2001 (bilateral disease) and 2003 (unilateral disease). At the time of analysis, 19 patients were alive with no evidence of disease. Overall 5-year survival for the cohort was 88.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), 88.0-100] and event-free survival for the whole cohort was 74.2% (95% CI, 55.8-92.6).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In our limited experience, the importance of collaboration and standardisation of the staging system, raising awareness and education of primary healthcare providers and parents are strongly stressed.</p>