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【Objective】 To analyze the effect of sample hemolysis on ELISA test results in blood screening laboratory, so as to determine the acceptable tolerance of hemolysis specific to laboratory test items and detection system, and provide reference for the formulation of tolerance standard of sample hemolysis. 【Methods】 Negative and weakly positive (S/CO was about 2) samples with different hemolysis degrees were tested by several commonly used domestic reagents for HBsAg, HIV Ag/Ab, anti-HCV and anti-TP, respectively. The effects of various degrees of hemolysis on the test results of negative and weakly positive samples for each item were analyzed. 【Results】 1) Hemolysis had no effect on the test results (reactive/non-reactive) of negative and weakly positive samples for HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-TP ELISA items; 2) Hemolysis affected the test results (reactive/non-reactive) of negative and weakly positive samples for HIV Ag/Ab ELISA item. A tolerance of Hb 2 g/L was taken as the acceptable hemolysis degree for HIV Ag/Ab ELISA item. 【Conclusion】 In this study, the acceptable tolerance of hemolytic samples for corresponding test items and detection system in our laboratory were determined. The influence of hemolysis on ELISA test result is related to the reagent, equipment, environment and other factors, therefore the acceptable tolerance of hemolysis should be determined scientifically and reasonably based on the specific evaluation of each laboratory.
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Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the main therapy for epilepsy.There are many kinds of ASMs with complex mechanism of action, so it is difficult for pharmacists to examine prescriptions.This paper put forward some suggestions on the indications, dosage forms/routes of administration, appropriateness of usage and dosage, combined medication and drug interaction, long-term prescription review, individual differences in pathophysiology of children, and drug selection when complicated with common epilepsy, for the reference of doctors and pharmacists.
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Objective: To identify the spatial clustering and its temporal trends among newly detected female HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older, in China from 2010 to 2016. Methods: Newly detected HIV/AIDS cases among aged 15 years or older women in China during 2010-2016 were collected, to describe their demographic characteristics, changing trends and spatial autocorrelation. This program was conducted at county level, using the ArcGIS 10.3. Results: The number of newly detected HIV/AIDS cases among aged 15 years or older women was increasing annually from 16 603 to 26 196 in 2010 and in 2016. As the main route proportion of heterosexual transmission increased from 84.25% (13 988/16 603) in 2010 to 96.29%(25 224/26 196) in 2016. Both the number and proportion of HIV/AIDS cases among elderly women ≥50 years of age increased significantly from 17.82%(2 959/16 603) to 38.10%(9 981/26 196) in 2016. Results from spatial analysis demonstrated a county-level clustered distribution of HIV/AIDS cases across the country with a rising global Moran's I value=0.55 over the years (Z=51.46, P<0.001), which was concentrating on western and southern China, covering 9 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities (Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Guangdong, Chongqing, Henan and Hunan). The temporal trends of hot spots differed by age groups, with the trend of epidemic shifting towards western border and southern coastal regions among women aged 15-49 years old, while the elderly women aged ≥50 years old were spreading northward from the southwestern regions. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that an increasing trend of clusters appeared on HIV epidemic among newly detected female HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older in China, particularly in the western and southern regions. Prevention and intervention strategies should target on women according to their age distribution, particularly in regions with increasing trend of HIV epidemics.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Distribuição por Idade , China/epidemiologia , Epidemias , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Análise EspacialRESUMO
Objective To identify the spatial clustering and its temporal trends among newly detected female HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older,in China from 2010 to 2016.Methods Newly detected HIV/AIDS cases among aged 15 years or older women in China during 2010-2016 were collected,to describe their demographic characteristics,changing trends and spatial autocorrelation.This program was conducted at county level,using the ArcGIS 10.3.Results The number of newly detected HIV/AIDS cases among aged 15 years or older women was increasing annually from 16 603 to 26 196 in 2010 and in 2016.As the main route proportion of heterosexual transmission increased from 84.25％ (13 988/16 603) in 2010 to 96.29％ (25 224/26 196) in 2016.Both the number and proportion of HIV/AIDS cases among elderly women ≥50 years of age increased significantly from 17.82％(2 959/16 603) to 38.10％(9 981/26 196) in 2016.Results from spatial analysis demonstrated a county-level clustered distribution of HIV/AIDS cases across the country with a rising global Moran's I value=0.55 over the years (Z=51.46,P＜0.001),which was concentrating on western and southern China,covering 9 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities (Yunnan,Guangxi,Sichuan,Xinjiang,Guizhou,Guangdong,Chongqing,Henan and Hunan).The temporal trends of hot spots differed by age groups,with the trend of epidemic shifting towards western border and southern coastal regions among women aged 15-49 years old,while the elderly women aged ≥50 years old were spreading northward from the southwestern regions.Conclusion Our findings indicated that an increasing trend of clusters appeared on HIV epidemic among newly detected female HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older in China,particularly in the western and southern regions.Prevention and intervention strategies should target on women according to their age distribution,particularly in regions with increasing trend of HIV epidemics.
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Objective@#To analyze the spatial clustering characteristics of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chongqing from January 2004 to December 2015 and understand the HIV/AIDS related behaviors among MSM by interview.@*Methods@#Data related to MSM who were infected with HIV and whose present address were in Chongqing, were collected from Information System on the HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control. Information included the age when the information was inputted, address, occupation, education level, and marital status. The total number of MSM who were infected with HIV and reported was 6 604 in Chongqing. Those with unknown address were ruled out. The spatial autocorrelation analysis and the local spatial autocorrelation analysis were carried out by using ArcGIS 10.3. In addition, in November 2015 and May 2016, using a convenience sampling, we conducted one-on-one interviews among 23 MSM in the Chongqing Center for Disease Control and prevention. Inclusion criteria: Receiving voluntary counseling and testing in the urban area of Chongqing and willing to participate in the interview by oral informed consent; male and self-described as MSM. The content of the interview included basic information, sexual orientation, sexual role, the main place of making friends, the main place of sexual behavior, a long-term experience in other provinces and drug abuse.@*Results@#The HIV/AIDS reported number in Chongqing from 2004 to 2015 showed an uptrend, except in 2010. The age distribution of 6 604 cases of HIV positive patients was mainly concentrated in the 15-34 years old, about 68.5% (4 522 cases). There was a positive spatial autocorrelation in MSM, except 2005 (Moran's I=-0.046, P=0.823), form 2004 to 2015, Global Moran's I values were 0.308, 0.254, 0.335, 0.683, 0.673, 0.558, 0.620, 0.673, 0.685, 0.654 and 0.649, respectively; all P values were <0.01. The result of local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that high-high accumulation area development in Chongqing city was divided into two stages in 2004-2015, which were Yuzhong, Jiangbei, and Shapingba district in 2004-2007 and the expanded Jiulongpo, Nan'an, and Yubei district in 2008-2015. Qualitative interviews results revealed that the age of the respondents was 20-44, and the mainly way of making friends were using mobile phone App and internet (17 participants). Most of the participants (11 participants) were making friends in the bar. The majority of respondents would ask the friends or themselves to use condoms when meeting with them the first time (19 participants), and 8 of respondents reported that they would not use condoms when their old friends refused to use condoms.@*Conclusion@#The HIV infected MSM mainly aged between 15-34 years old and the spatial distribution of HIV/AIDS among MSM was clustered in economically developed main area in Chongqing. MSM began to make friends on the Internet, and could not adhere to using condom, which indicated that we should focus on internet intervention to find more efficacious interventions.
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Objective To analyze the characteristics on demographical,spatial distribution and transmission mode of HIV infections among 50-year-old population.Methods Related information on demography,spatial distribution,high risk behavioral and history of HIV infections among 50-year-old population were collected and analyzed.Possible time of infection based on their first CD4 testing results right after the HIV diagnoses,was estimated.Results Since 2008,the number of new HIV/AIDS cases among the over-50-year-olds was reported increasing annually.The number of aged 50 and above in 2014 was 4.2 times than the number in 2008.50-year-old or older population were infected mainly through heterosexual behavior (88.0％).Among these cases,83.9％ self-reported as having histories on extramarital sex intercourse and the number was increasing yearly.Among male cases who admitted as having heterosexual experience,95.1％ of them reported as having histories of extramarital sex intercourse while 53.4％ of the female cases reported as having the same experiences.46.6％ of spouses of the females or with fixed partners were HIV positive.Through estimating the time of infection and the time interval between infection and diagnosis,we found that the proportion was 15.5％,from infection to diagnosis as 3 years among the 50 and older age groups,but the proportion of 8 years from infection to diagnosis was 43.6％.We estimated that 66.5％ of the new HIV cases who were at age 50 and over,were infected when they were at that age span.The average time from infection and being tested was (6.8 ± 2.7) years.Conclusion The increasing number of being diagnosed on HIV among the 50-year-olds population might be related to both high risk exposure and belated diagnoses among this population,calling for the necessity of deriving the sources of HIV infection and tailoring the HIV prevention strategies in this population.
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Objective To analyze the characteristics on demographical,spatial distribution and transmission mode of HIV infections among 50-year-old population.Methods Related information on demography,spatial distribution,high risk behavioral and history of HIV infections among 50-year-old population were collected and analyzed.Possible time of infection based on their first CD4 testing results right after the HIV diagnoses,was estimated.Results Since 2008,the number of new HIV/AIDS cases among the over-50-year-olds was reported increasing annually.The number of aged 50 and above in 2014 was 4.2 times than the number in 2008.50-year-old or older population were infected mainly through heterosexual behavior (88.0％).Among these cases,83.9％ self-reported as having histories on extramarital sex intercourse and the number was increasing yearly.Among male cases who admitted as having heterosexual experience,95.1％ of them reported as having histories of extramarital sex intercourse while 53.4％ of the female cases reported as having the same experiences.46.6％ of spouses of the females or with fixed partners were HIV positive.Through estimating the time of infection and the time interval between infection and diagnosis,we found that the proportion was 15.5％,from infection to diagnosis as 3 years among the 50 and older age groups,but the proportion of 8 years from infection to diagnosis was 43.6％.We estimated that 66.5％ of the new HIV cases who were at age 50 and over,were infected when they were at that age span.The average time from infection and being tested was (6.8 ± 2.7) years.Conclusion The increasing number of being diagnosed on HIV among the 50-year-olds population might be related to both high risk exposure and belated diagnoses among this population,calling for the necessity of deriving the sources of HIV infection and tailoring the HIV prevention strategies in this population.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and changing patterns of HIV transmission through heterosexual contact since 2008,and to project the influences of heterosexual transmission mode on the HIV epidemic in China.Methods Demographic data and history of exposure in newly identified HIV/AIDS cases aged 15 years or older,through heterosexual transmission mode from 2008 to 2014,were collected and analyzed.Results The number of HIV/AIDS cases caused by heterosexual transmission increased from 23 402 in 2008,to 68 671 in 2014.The proportion of heterosexual transmission mode increased from 8.7％ in 2008 to 66.4％ in 2014.Among these cases,the proportion of males increased from 55.3％ in 2008 to 68.2％ in 2014.Among those who reported acquiring HIV through heterosexual contact,the proportion of cases through extra-marital sexual acts out of all the newly report ones,increased from 78.2％ in 2008 to 88.2％ in 2014.This mode of infection accounted for 85.2％ in the age 15 to 49 years group,comparing to 84.2％ in the age group of 50 years old or above.The proportion of reported HIV infections through extra-marital sexual acts appeared 93.8％ on males while 69.0％ on females,with statistically significant difference (x2=36 000.000,P＜0.001).Conclusion As the predominant factor of HIV/AIDS epidemic,currently in China,heterosexual transmission showed diversities in different sub-epidemic areas,gender or age groups.Tailored strategies were urgently needed for health education and high-risk behavioral intervention,according to the local epidemic driven factors,respectively.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the factors of people living with HIV/AIDS and mobility in 2013 who were reported before 2012 in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were collected through China HIV/AIDS case reporting information system in 2012 and 2013. A total of 300 349 HIV/AIDS cases reported before 2012 have been included in this study and have been visited in 2013.SPSS software was used to conduct multivariate logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 300 349 HIV/AIDS cases have been included in the study and 5.4% (16 088/300 349) objects have changed their residential locations in 2013. The movements mostly happened inside local province, which accounted for 69.1% (11 114/16 088).In Yunnan,Guangdong, and Guangxi province, the mobile percentage were 85.8% (2 377/2 771), 58.5% (1 534/2 621) and 78.1% (1 470/1 883) that movements happened inside local province. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male (12 478 cases,OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.03-1.12), HIV infection (12 125 cases,OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.92-2.0), 15-49 age group (15 144 cases,OR = 2.16, 95%CI: 2.00-2.32) were more mobile.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The movements mostly happened inside local province in 2013 in China and population movements tends to happen in young men infected with HIV.</p>
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Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , China , Epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis , Infecções por HIV , Migração Humana , Modelos Logísticos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The migrant population is a vulnerable group for HIV infection in China. Understanding potential epidemic trends among migrants is critical for developing HIV preventative measures in this population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) model was used to process prefecture and county-level surveillance data to generate HIV prevalence and epidemic trends for migrant populations in China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of HIV among migrants in 2009 was estimated at 0.075% (95% CI: 0.042%, 0.108%) in China. The HIV epidemic among migrants is likely to increase over the next 5 years, with the prevalence expected to reach 0.110% (95% CI: 0.070%, 0.150%) by 2015.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Although the 2009 estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China indicate a slower rate of increase compared with the national HIV/AIDS epidemic, it is estimated to persistently increase among migrants over the next 5 years. Migrants will have a strong impact on the overall future of the HIV epidemic trend in China and evidence-based prevention and monitoring efforts should be expanded for this vulnerable population.</p>