RESUMO
Introducción: la prueba de caminata de seis minutos evalúa la capacidad para hacer ejercicio y es de amplio uso, bajo costo y variabilidad diversa. Objetivo: definir la utilidad de una segunda prueba de caminata de seis minutos realizada a 30 minutos de la primera. Material y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, longitudinal y analítico de sujetos nacidos y habitantes de la Ciudad de México, de ambos géneros, sin enfermedad cardiopulmonar. Se registraron sus variables demográficas. Las diferencias se calcularon con la prueba t para grupos independientes y la variabilidad con el estadístico de BlandAltman; su magnitud, con el coeficiente de correlación intraclase e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Una p < 0.05 se consideró significativa. Resultados: se estudiaron 200 pruebas de 100 sujetos. La edad promedio fue de 36 ± 11 años. La media del índice de masa corporal fue 24.71 ± 3.24 kg/m2. Fueron 43 hombres (43%). La actividad más frecuente fueron las artes y los oficios en 38 (38%). Solo en 55 (55%) incrementaron en 24 los metros caminados en la segunda prueba. Los metros caminados totales de la caminata 1 frente a la 2 fueron 437.65 ± 48.84 frente a 441.62 ± 11.49. La diferencia media (sesgo) fue de −4 (57.9, −65.9) y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0.800 (IC 95% 0.717-0.861). Conclusiones: la prueba de caminata de seis minutos es reproducible con variabilidad amplia. Estos resultados sugieren realizar solo una prueba de caminata de seis minutos
Background: The 6-minute walk test assesses the ability to perform exercise and it is widely used, of low cost, and of diverse variability. Objective: To define the usefulness of a second 6-minute walk test performed 30 minutes from the first. Material and methods: An observational, longitudinal and analytical study was carried out in subjects born and inhabitants from Mexico City, both genders, without cardiopulmonary disease. Their demographic variables were recorded. Differences were calculated with the t test for independent groups and variability with the Bland-Altman statistic; its magnitude, with the intraclass correlation coefficient and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 200 tests from 100 subjects were studied. Average age was 36 ± 11 years. Body mass index average was 24.71 ± 3.24 kg/m2. 43 subjects were male (43%). The most frequent activity was arts and crafts in 38 (38%). Only 55 subjects (55%) increased by 24 the number of meters walked in the second test. Total of meters walked on walk 1 vs. 2 were: 437.65 ± 48.84 vs. 441.62 ± 11.49. Mean difference (bias) was of −4 (57.9, −65.9) and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.800 (95% CI, 0.717-0.861). Conclusions: The 6-minute walk test is reproducible with wide variability. These results suggest to do only one 6-minute walk test
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Biológicos , Teste de Caminhada , Estudos Longitudinais , MéxicoRESUMO
Se presenta un modelo departamental para la atención integral de pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar. Se resume el conocimiento actual de la hipertensión pulmonar, su mortalidad, pronóstico y la estratificación de su severidad que justifican la propuesta de la estructura y la función departamental.
A departmental model for the comprehensive care of patients with pulmonary hypertension is presented. The current knowledge of pulmonary hypertension, its mortality, prognosis and the stratification of its severity that justify the proposal of the departmental structure and function are summarized.
Assuntos
Humanos , Assistência Integral à Saúde/organização & administração , Departamentos Hospitalares/organização & administração , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/terapia , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Medição de Risco , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/mortalidade , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/terapia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: en las grandes altitudes, el intercambio gaseoso suele estar deteriorado; en la altitud moderada de la Ciudad de México esto no está aún plenamente definido. Objetivo: caracterizar el intercambio gaseoso en la altitud moderada de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: mediante un estudio transversal analítico se estudiaron sujetos nacidos y habitantes de la Ciudad de México, de ambos géneros, con edades de 20 a 59 años sin enfermedad cardiopulmonar. Se registraron sus variables demográficas, espirometría simple y de gasometría arterial. Las diferencias en las variables se calcularon con ANOVA de una vía para grupos independientes y ajuste de Bonferroni. Una p < 0.05 se aceptó como significativa. Resultados: se estudiaron 335 sujetos, de los cuales 168 (50.15%) fueron hombres, la edad grupal fue de 45 ± 11 años, con índice de masa corporal 22.97 ± 1.54 Kg/m2. La relación volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo/Capacidad vital forzada (VEF1/CVF) de 91.58 ± 12.86%. La presión arterial de oxígeno fue de 66 ± 5.02 mmHg, el bióxido de carbono: 32.07 ± 2.66 mmHg, la saturación arterial de oxígeno: 93.03 ± 1.80% y la hemoglobina: 14.07 ± 1.52 gr/dL. Conclusiones: la presión arterial de oxígeno y del bióxido de carbono están disminuidos a la altura de la Ciudad de México.
Background: At high altitude the gas exchange is impaired, in the moderate altitude of Mexico City they are not yet defined. Objective: To characterize the gas exchange in the moderate altitude of Mexico City. Material and methods: Through an analytical cross-sectional study, subjects born and inhabitants of Mexico City, both genders, aged 20 to 59 years without cardiopulmonary disease, were studied. Their demographic variables, simple spirometry and arterial blood gas were recorded. Differences in variables were calculated with one-way ANOVA for independent groups and Bonferroni adjustment. p < 0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: 335 subjects were studied, 168 (50.15%) men. Group age 45 ± 11 years old, body mass index 22.97 ± 1.54 Kg/m2. Forced expiratory volume ratio in the first second / Forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) 91.58 ± 12.86%. The arterial oxygen pressure was: 66 ± 5.02 mmHg, carbon dioxide: 32.07 ± 2.66 mmHg, arterial oxygen saturation: 93.0 3 ± 1.80%, and hemoglobin: 14.07 ± 1.52 gr/dL. Conclusions: The arterial oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide are lowered at the Mexico City altitude.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doença Cardiopulmonar , Gasometria , Pressão Arterial , Testes de Função Respiratória , Espirometria , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Circulação Pulmonar , Estudos Transversais , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Circulatórios e RespiratóriosAssuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Endarterectomia/efeitos adversos , Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea/métodos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/complicações , Hipertensão Pulmonar/cirurgia , Embolia Pulmonar/complicações , Embolia Pulmonar/cirurgiaRESUMO
A partir de la presentación del tratamiento antirretroviral altamente efectivo, la esperanza de vida de los pacientes con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha aumentado de manera significativa. En la actualidad, las causas de muerte son las complicaciones no infecciosas. Entre ellas, la hipertensión arterial pulmonar tiene una importancia especial. Es relevante la detección temprana para establecer la terapéutica con el objetivo de prevenir el desenlace fatal a futuro.
From the advent of the highly effective antiretroviral treatment, the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus has increased significantly. At present, the causes of death are non-infectious complications. Between them, the pulmonary arterial hypertension has a special importance. It is important early detection to establish the therapeutic, with the objective of preventing a fatal outcome to future.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
El iloprost inhalado es uno de los fármacos más recientes del grupo de prostanoides en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar. No se ha definido su importancia en la hipertensión pulmonar en el perioperatorio de cirugía cardiovascular. En esta revisión se analizan los grupos con hipertensión pulmonar susceptibles de cirugía cardiaca, la importancia de la hipertensión pulmonar en cirugía cardiaca y, además, la evidencia clínica actual del uso del fármaco en este contexto.
Inhaled iloprost is one of the most recent drugs from prostanoids group's in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. His place in pulmonary hypertension seen in the perioperative cardiovascular surgery has not been defined. In this review we analyze pulmonary hypertension group's susceptibles of cardiac surgery and its importance, besides the current clinical evidence from drug use in this context.
Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Iloprosta/administração & dosagem , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Administração por Inalação , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos CardíacosAssuntos
Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Iloprosta/administração & dosagem , Citrato de Sildenafila/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Administração por Inalação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Objetivo: La concordancia entre los parámetros de la gasometría arterial y venosa central no se ha definido aún, por lo cual estudiamos la concordancia entre ambas en sujetos postoperados de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica en condición estable. Métodos: Se estudiaron sujetos de manera consecutiva con un diseño transversal. Se les determinó la posición del catéter venoso central y al mismo tiempo se obtuvo la muestra arterial y venosa central previa a su egreso de la terapia intensiva. Los datos se expresaron según el método estadístico de Bland-Altman y al coeficiente de correlación intraclase. El resultado estadístico aceptó una p < 0.05. Resultados: Se estudiaron 206 muestras de 103 sujetos postoperados, el pH y el lactato tuvieron una diferencia media (límites de acuerdo) de 0.029 ± 0.048 (−0.018, 0.077) y −0.12 ± 0.22 (−0.57, 0.33) respectivamente; la magnitud del coeficiente de correlación intraclase respectiva fue de 0.904 y 0.943; las relativas a la presión de oxígeno 27.86 ± 6.08 (15.9, 39.8) y la saturación de oxígeno 33.02 ± 6.13 (21, 45), magnitud 0.258 y 0.418. Conclusión: Los parámetros con mejor concordancia arterial y venosa central fueron el pH y el lactato.
Objective: The concordance between the parameters of arterial and central venous blood gases has not been defined yet. We studied the concordance between both parameters in post-surgical myocardial revascularization patients in stable condition. Methods: Consecutive subjects were studied in a cross-sectional design. The position of the central venous catheter was performed and simultaneously we obtained arterial and central venous blood samples prior to discharge from the intensive care unit. Data are expressed according to Bland-Altman statistical method and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Statistical result was accepted at P < .05. Results: Two hundred and six samples were studied of 103 post-surgical patients, pH and lactate had a mean difference (limits of agreement) 0.029 ± 0.048 (−0018, 0.077) and −0.12 ± 0.22 (−0.57, 0.33) respectively. The magnitude of the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.904 and 0.943 respectively. The values related to oxygen pressure were 27.86 ± 6.08 (15.9, 39.8) and oxygen saturation 33.02 ± 6.13 (21, 45), with magnitude of 0.258 and 0.418 respectively. Conclusion: The best matching parameters between arterial and central venous blood samples were pH and lactate.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gasometria , Revascularização Miocárdica , Artérias , Estudos Transversais , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , VeiasRESUMO
El iloprost inhalado es un fármaco del grupo de las prostaciclinas utilizado en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar. La eficacia y seguridad de su administración han permitido su uso como monoterapia y en terapia combinada. En esta revisión se describen las características del medicamento, los grupos susceptibles de tratamiento y la evidencia clínica actualizada del uso del fármaco.
Inhaled iloprost is a drug from the group of prostacyclins used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Its efficacy and safety have allowed its use as monotherapy and combination therapy. This review describes the product characteristics, amenable to treatment groups, and updated clinical evidence of drug use.
Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Iloprosta/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Administração por Inalação , Quimioterapia CombinadaRESUMO
Introduction: Despite the prognostic importance of traditionally derived measurements, the significance of right heart catheterization (RHC) remains controversial. Thus, a continued search for hemodynamic markers that define better responsive patients is required. Since, right ventricular failure is the most fatal pathway, right (RVPO) and left (LVPO) ventricular power output are parameters that could provide input for a better understanding of the hemodynamics involved in idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension (IPAH). Method: We retrospectively analyzed how demographics and outcome correlate with hemodynamics to identify responders among IPAH patients. Results: Ninety patients fulfilled the following criteria for inclusion in this study: (1) complete RHC at baseline; (2) an acute evaluation for vasodilators (AEFV, including a positive response, that is, an increase in CO, a decrease in both mPAP and pulmonary vascular resistance ≥ 20% from baseline, respectively); and (3) a long-term follow-up under accepted IPAH treatments. If RVPO decreased (p < 0.001) and LVPO increased (p < 0.012) during AEFV, it is considered that these findings reinforce our ability to identify responders; that is, patients that remained as responders after 6.4 ± 3 years under nifedipine treatment (37.7% of the studied IPAH population). After multivariate analysis, age, RVPO, and LVPO remained as independent variables (OR = 0.927, 95%CI: 0.87-0.98, p = 0.01; OR = 0.114, 95%CI: 0.00-0.91, p = 0.045; and OR = 171.5, 95% CI: 5.3-549, p = 0.004, respectively) when estimating the probability of being a responder. On this basis, an equation was derived to identify responders among IPAH patients, where the probability of being a responder = 1.0196-0.0631 (age) - 4.7693 (RVPO) + 3.8152 (LVPO), ROC: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.63-0.89; p = 0.001. Conclusion:based on the proposed equation, LVPO and RVPO could be used for the identification of responders among IPAH patients.
Introducción: A pesar de la importancia y del significado pronóstico que tienen las mediciones directas y las derivadas del cateterismo cardiaco derecho, éstas permanecen hasta el día de hoy en el terreno académico de la controversia. Por lo tanto, se requiere la continua búsqueda de marcadores hemodinámicos para estratificar a los enfermos con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. Particularmente, cuando la disfunción contráctil del ventrículo derecho es la vía final más común de esta patología. En esta circunstancia, la determinación del poder del ventrículo derecho y del ventrículo izquierdo representa parámetros que pudieran ser de utilidad para lograr un mejor entendimiento en la hemodinámica de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. Método: De manera retrospectiva, analizamos los aspectos demográficos, los hemodinámicos y la sobrevivencia, y si éstos se vieron asociados a la posibilidad de ser enfermos respondedores entre los portadores de hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. Resultados: Noventa enfermos llenaron los siguientes criterios para ser incluidos en el estudio: 1. Contar con cateterismo cardiaco derecho basal; 2. Tener valoración aguda con adenosina, en donde quedó definida una respuesta "positiva aguda" como: aumento del gasto cardíaco, disminución de la presión arterial pulmonar media y de la resistencia vascular pulmonar calculada (≥ 20% de la basal, respectivamente) y; 3. Contar con un seguimiento a largo plazo bajo la influencia de los tratamientos modernos aceptados para enfermos con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. Sí, el poder del ventrículo derecho disminuyó (p < 0.001) y el poder ventrículo izquierdo aumentó (p < 0.012) durante el reto vasodilatador agudo se consideró que éstos hallazgos reforzaban la habilidad para detectar a los sujetos respondedores con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática; población de enfermos que guardó ese comportamiento hemodinámico durante 6.4 ± 3 años bajo la influencia de nifedipina (37% de la totalidad de la población con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática). Después de efectuar un análisis multivariado, la edad, el poder del ventrículo derecho y del ventrículo izquierdo permanecieron como variables independientes (OR = 0.927, 95%IC: 0.87-0.98, p = 0.01; OR = 0.114, 95%IC: 0.00-0.91, p = 0.045; y OR = 171.5, 95%IC: 5.3-549, p = 0.004, respectivamente) para ser considerados "respondedores". Como resultado, se derivó una ecuación donde la probabilidad de ser respondedor = 1.0196-0.0631 (edad) - 4.7693 (poder del ventrículo derecho) + 3.8152 (poder del ventrículo izquierdo), ROC: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.63 - 0.89; p = 0.001. Conclusión: Con fundamento en los hallazgos de este estudio, la ecuación propuesta, el poder del ventrículo derecho y el ventrículo izquierdo pueden ser utilizados para identificar "respondedores" entre los enfermos con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Débito Cardíaco/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão Pulmonar Primária Familiar/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Pulmonar Primária Familiar/fisiopatologia , Hemodinâmica , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
La mortalidad materna en el mundo es aún alta. La tromboembolia pulmonar como causa de muerte ocupa el segundo lugar en países desarrollados. En Latinoamérica, la frecuencia informada es de 0.6%, lo cual contrasta con la señalada para países desarrollados (14.9%). Esta diferencia puede estar relacionada a sesgos de información. Por tal motivo se revisó la información actual del tema y presentamos un breve caso clínico de una mujer quien presentó evento de tromboembolia pulmonar en la semana 30 del embarazo; el manejo adecuado de la misma, permitió la supervivencia materna y fetal.
Maternal mortality is still high in the world. Pulmonary thromboembolism as a cause of death is the second in developed countries. The frequency of reported events in Latin-American is 0.6%, which contrasts with that reported for developed countries (14.9%). This difference may be related to information bias. A review of the current information about this topic is presented, and we report a short case of a pregnant woman who presented pulmonary thromboembolism event at 30 weeks of pregnancy. Appropriate therapy allowed maternal and fetal survival.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez , Embolia Pulmonar , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/tratamento farmacológico , Embolia Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Embolia Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Objetivo: Conocer más de la relación presión arterial pulmonar media/índice cardiaco y sus perfiles en enfermos con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. Métodos: La presión arterial pulmonar media/índice cardiaco y la presión extrapolada al eje de cero flujo se obtuvo en 40 enfermos respirando aire ambiente, oxígeno 99.5% e hidralazina. Se obtuvieron dos grupos de acuerdo a criterios de "respuesta vasodilatadora aguda", respondedores (n = 20) y no respondedores (n = 20). Se analizó este criterio versus el propuesto por la Task Force de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología en la población respondedora. Resultados: La presión arterial pulmonar media/Índice cardiaco se ubicó de forma anormal en el diagrama de presión-flujo de la cohorte total, (p < 0.01). Sin alteraciones en el intercambio gaseoso o mecánica pulmonar. Para los enfermos respondedores versus no respondedores, la pendiente fue anormal 2.2 (95%IC:1.1-3.3) vs. 5.89 (95%IC:4.69-7.11) mm Hg/L min/m² e incremento de la presión extrapolada al eje de cero flujo (38.2 ± 7.5 a 66.3 ± 7.5 mm Hg, p < 0.01). Sin diferencias con oxígeno al 99.5%. Con vasodilatador, la presión arterial pulmonar media disminuyó (52.1 ± 9.5 a 40 ± 5.5 mm Hg, p < 0.01) vs. no se modificó (96.2 ± 8.5 vs. 90 ± 7.5 mmHg, p = 0.3), pendiente 1.15 (95%IC:0.68-1.62) vs. 1.28 (95%IC:0.78-1.78) mmHg/Lmin/m², la presión extrapolada al eje de cero flujo no cambió vs. incrementó (69.4 ± 7.8 a 85.1 ± 8.5 mm Hg, p < 0.01), en relación al control. En no respondedores con vasodilatador, la presión arterial pulmonar media/índice cardiaco (90 ± 7.5 mmHg, pendiente:1.28; 95%IC: 0.78 - 1.78 mm Hg/L min/m²) fue diferente al comparar respondedores con menor o mayor de 40 mm Hg de presión arterial pulmonar media. Presiones 34 ± 3 vs. 45 ± 4 mm Hg y pendientes 1.14 (95%IC: 0.67 -1.61 vs. 2.22 (95%IC: 1.35 - 3.09 mm Hg/L min/m²), respectivamente p < 0.01. Conclusiones: Las anormalidades de la relación presión arterial pulmonar media/Índice cardiaco reflejan el incremento de las resistencias vasculares pulmonares reales a nivel arteriolar pulmonar en enfermos con hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. Ambos criterios de respuesta vasodilatadora aguda son de utilidad para identificar respondedores y no, en esta población de enfermos.
Objectives: We analyze exercise-derived mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac index relationship to expand the concepts regarding its nature and to better identify "responders" in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Methods: Mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac index relationship and extrapolated pressure to zero flow were obtained in 40 patients' breathing room air, oxygen 99.5% and hydralazine. The hemodynamic characteristics were analyzed for the cohort and separate for responders (n = 20) and non responders (n = 20) according to the acute response to vasodilator. We tested this previous criteria versus the Task Force on diagnosis and treatment prescribed by the European Society of Cardiology. Results: The mean pulmonary arterial pressure/cardiac index was located abnormally in the pressure-flow diagram of the total cohort (p < 0.01). No alterations in gas exchange or lung mechanics. For patients responders versus non-responders, the slope was abnormal 2.2 (95% CI:1.1-3.3) vs. 5.89 (95% CI: 4.69 - 7.11), mm Hg/L min/m² and increased extrapolated pressure to zero flow (38.2 ± 7.5 to 66.3 ± 7.5 mm Hg, p <0.01). Without difference with oxygen 99.5%. With vasodilator effect, mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased (52.1 ± 9.5 to 40 ± 5.5 mm Hg, p <0.01) versus it did not change (96.2 ± 8.5 versus 90 ± 7.5 mm Hg, p=0.3), slope 1.15 (95% CI: 0.68 - 1.62) vs. 1.28 (95% CI: 0.78-1.78) mmHg/L min/m², the extrapolated pressure to zero flow did not change (69.4 ± 7.8 to 85.1 ± 8.5 mm Hg), p <0.01, compared to control. In non-responders with vasodilator, mean pulmonary arterial pressure/cardiac index (90 ± 7.5 mmHg, slope: 1.28, 95% CI :0.78 - 1.78 mm Hg/L min/m²) was different between responders < or > 40 mmHg mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Pressures were 34 ± 3 vs. 45 ± 4 mm Hg and slopes 1.14 (95% CI: 0.67 - 1.61) vs. 2.22(95% CI: 1.35 - 3.09) mm Hg/L min/m², p <0.01, respectively.. Conclusions: Abnormalities of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure/cardiac index relationship exercise-derived seems to reflect "mainly arteriolar" increased lineal pulmonary vascular resistance in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Both acute vasodilator response criteria are useful to identify responders and not responders in this patient population.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Hipertensão Pulmonar Primária Familiar/fisiopatologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Artéria Pulmonar , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We sought to analyze exercise-derived mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP)-cardiac index (CI) relationship to expand the concepts regarding its nature and to better identify pulmonary hemodynamic responders to acute oxygen breathing (AO2B-99.5%) and to hydralazine (H) in extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) and chronic interstitial lung disease (CILD) pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: mPAP/CI and extrapolated pressure (Pext) to zero flow were obtained while breathing room air (BRA) and under AO2B-99.5% in 38 stable (EAA (n = 14) and CILD (n = 24)) patients with resting and exercising PH. Hemodynamic characteristics were analyzed for the entire cohort and separate for EAA and CILD patients. AO2B-99.5% was tested in cohorts, H only in CILD and the effect of long-term corticosteroid treatment in EAA patients. Lung biopsies (LB) were obtained to evaluate the inflammatory-fibrosis stage and the degree of vascular lesion in the entire cohort. RESULTS: LB studies reveal a predominant stage of inflammation associated with grade-I vascular lesion for EAA patients. A predominant stage for fibrosis (although moderate) over inflammation associated with grade-II vascular lesions were documented for CILD patients. mPAP/CI abnormal location were associated with hypoxemia/decreased mixed venous-PO2 and lung mechanics abnormalities for both cohorts. An abnormal slope (Sp: 4.13; 95% CI: 3.42-4.84 mmHg/L/min/m2) and a normal Pext value (7 +/- 1.9 mmHg) were found for EAA patients. On the contrary, a normal slope (Sp: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.47-1.99 mmHg/L/min/m2) and an abnormal Pext value (19.7 +/- 3.5 mmHg) were found for CILD patients. Hemodynamic conditions that did not change for the Sp (4.0; 95% CI: 3.18-4.82 mmHg/L/min/m2); however, were associated with a statistical significant decrease in parallel for mPAP/CI during AO2B-99.5% when compared to BRA (p < 0.01), although not to normal slope values (0.96; 95% CI: 0.41-1.37) or mPAP/CI location. For CILD patients, during AO2B-99.5% no change for the slope, for Pext and mPAP/CI location in relation to BRA were observed. Under the effect of H, no change for the previous mentioned hemodynamic findings were found in relation to the control condition for CILD patients. After long-term corticosteroid treatment, normalization for mPAP/CI location and for the slope value (1.6; 95% CI: 0.91-2.29 mmHg/L/min/m2) were associated with lung mechanics and blood-gas exchange normalization were document...
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Alveolite Alérgica Extrínseca , Alveolite Alérgica Extrínseca , Hemodinâmica , Hipertensão Pulmonar , Hipertensão Pulmonar , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais , Alveolite Alérgica Extrínseca , Hipertensão Pulmonar , Doenças Pulmonares IntersticiaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Capillary blood gas test has had ample use in the infantile population. In the adult population, the information is limited and controversial. The agreement between capillary-arterial gases seems to parallel the pH and the carbon dioxide pressure in different studied populations. In order to know the degree of agreement between these gases, we evaluate them at breathing room air and at 100% of oxygen fractions at 2,240 meters above sea level. METHODS: We obtained capillary-arterial blood gases simultaneously from subjects with stable cardiopulmonary disease in both conditions of inspired oxygen. Demographic, hemodynamic, diagnostic, and laboratory variables were gathered. Statistical analysis: agreement was analyzed with the intraclass correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman procedure. RESULTS: We studied 101 subjects, 48 men and 53 women, whose respective ages were 55 +/- 16 and 56 +/- 16. Mean systemic arterial pressure was 94.96 +/- 10.57 mmHg. Hemoglobin was 15.94 +/- 2.48 g/dl. The agreement between the variables with the inspired oxygen fractions, 21%, 100%, and the mean difference in parenthesis was respectively: potential hydrogen, 0.94 (0.0091), 0.94 (0.0039); oxygen pressure, 0.90 (2.94), 0.84 (74.99); carbon dioxide pressure, 0.97 (0.079), 0.97 (0.179); bicarbonate, 0.93 (-0.067), 0,96 (0.262); total dissolved carbon dioxide, 0.94 (-0.142), 0.93 (0.161); base excess: 0.94, (-0.125), 0.92 (0.235); oxygen saturation, 0.98 (0.764), 0.97(0.202). CONCLUSIONS: Capillary blood gas test could be a useful alternative to the arterial one, nevertheless, it is limited by its low agreement with the oxygen pressure in both oxygen inspired fractions.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Cardiopatias/sangue , Pneumopatias/sangue , Oxigênio , Oxigênio , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar , Altitude , Gasometria , Capilares , Cardiopatias , PneumopatiasRESUMO
Obesity and Eisenmenger's syndrome are entities widely studied. However, its association is unusual and has not been reported. A wide range of gas exchange abnormalities have been describe in both groups. In the severe obese patients this abnormalities are attributed to a ventilation/perfusion mismatch and to an increase pulmonary venous-arterial shunt, that correlates with the lung volume. In severe obese patients with the Eisenmenger's syndrome, this correlation is unknown. METHODS: We studied 28 obese subjects paired by body mass index > 30 kg/m2. Assigned to two groups, obese with Eisenmenger's syndrome and obese without the syndrome. Clinical variables, respiratory function, echocardiography and gas exchange pre and post-deep breathing maneuver were obtained. Statistical analysis: The variables are expressed with mean+/-standard deviation. Student t test for paired groups and Pearson correlation coefficient were gathered for the differences and associations between groups. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULT: Age was 48.57 +/- 10.32 vs 60.86 +/- 10.47 y.o. respectively, p < 0.004. Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure 104.36 +/- 37 vs 50.1 +/- 12 mm Hg, p < 0.001. The arterial oxygen pressure at rest and during the deep breathing maneuver in each group was: 51.64 +/- 6.38 vs 57.14 +/- 11, p < 0.188 and 56.29 +/- 11.15 vs 72 +/- 11.83, p < 0.001; venous-arterial shunt 12.79 +/- 3.66 vs 13.07 +/- 4.84, p < 0.767 and 9.21 +/- 3.77 vs 6.5 +/- 2.28, p < 0.001; alveolar arterial oxygen difference 271.14 +/- 79.92 vs 243.79 +/- 92.07, p < 0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Obese subjects with Eisenmenger's syndrome, did not have significant improvement of gas exchange with the deep breathing maneuver.