Study of Cervical PAP Smear in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Sepsis in elderly patients is a critical clinicalissue due to high rates of morbidity and mortality. The modernage cell counters precisely measure volume, size and internalstructure of the cell thereby assessing increase in volumeand cytoplasmic granularity of leukocytes as seen in casesof sepsis. The present study was done to evaluate the useof Volume Conductivity Scatter (VCS) parameters as earlyindicators of sepsis in elderly patients and to overcome theshortcomings of blood culture by using a more precise VCStechnology to assess morphologic changes in cell populationsin sepsis.Material and Method: The study included 51 patients abovethe age of 50 years which were divided into 2 groups Group1, patients with localised infection (n= 39) and Group 2 withsystemic infection (n=12). Group 3 included 30 controlswithout any signs of infection and with total leucocyte countand differential counts within normal limits. Coulter LH 750cellular analysis system was used.Result: Significant increase in both mean neutrophil volume(MNV) and mean monocyte volume (MMV) was reportedamong the patients with sepsis as compared to localizedinfections or control. With a cut off of 145 and 170 for MNVand MMV respectively, a sensitivity of 96% and 91.4% wasobtained in predicting sepsis.Conclusion: Both MNV and MMV have the potential to beused as early indicators of acute bacterial infections.

Quality Control of Fresh Frozen Plasma using Factor VIII and Fibrinogen Levels as Measure: One Year Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Quality control of blood and its componentsensures the availability of high quality product with maximumefficacy and minimal risk to recipients. As per standardguidelines, for quality assurance of FFP, 1% of all the unitsprepared or 4 units per month are tested for stable coagulationfactors: Factor VIII and Fibrinogen levels.Material and methods: The retrospective data was collectedfrom archives of blood bank from the period of 1st January2017 to 31st December 2017 in AIMSR, Bathinda. Out oftotal 3476 units collected, 2155 were processed for componentseparation. 1.9% of Fresh Frozen plasma (41/2155) were testedfor total volume, fibrinogen content and factor VIII levels forquality control with the help of semi-automated coagulometer.Results: 97.5% of FFP samples tested had factor VIII levelsabove 0.7 IU/mL and 100% of samples had fibrinogen content>200mg/dl.Conclusion: It is concluded that quality of FFP being preparedat our blood bank meets the international standards. Regularquality evaluation and maintenance of records helps to keepup the working standards and any deficiency can be checkedand curtailed.

Study of expression of PTEN and Cyclin D1 in endometrium at a tertiary care centre

Background: To study the expression of PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin homologue) and Cyclin D1 in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium by immunohistochemistry and to corroborate the interrelationship between PTEN and Cyclin D1 in normal to neoplastic endometrial disorders including endometrial carcinoma.Methods: Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections of spectrum of endometrium in fifty different cases were taken from secretory phase to endometrial carcinoma and subjected to Immunohistochemistry using PTEN and Cyclin D1 .Results: Immunoreactivity was regarded as positive when brown staining was localized in the nuclei or cytoplasm. The intensity of nuclear staining was graded from 0 to 3+ and the extent was semi quantitatively estimated. If less than 10% of cells were positive a score of 0 was given, 11 % to 30% cell positivity was scored as 1+, 31% to 60 % positivity was scored as 2+ and more than 60% positive cells was labelled as 3+. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-Square test and significant differences were noted between these 3 groups (p value < 0.05).Conclusions: The present study supports that an inverse correlation exists in the expression of PTEN and Cyclin D1 in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium. The decreased PTEN expression is a marker of the earliest endometrial premalignant lesions, and we propose that use of PTEN immunostaining may be informative in identifying premalignant lesions that are likely to progress to carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expression in endometrial glands increases progressively in intensity and extent from normal endometrium to hyperplasia to carcinoma.

role of needle biopsy in the diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodules

The diagnostic value of needle biopsy as compared with the subsequent paraffin sections was carried out on 20 patients suffering from solitary thyroid nodule. The diagnostic accuracy was 85 percent and the histopathologic examination of the nodules proved that; 65 percent of them were simple metabolic nodules, 15 percent were malignant ones and 10 percent were adenomas. One nodule was proved to be toxic and another one was Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The technique proved to be simple, rapid and safe