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@#Introduction: Traditional galactogogue recipes are still being used, though not widely, and scientific studies on their use are scanty. This research aimed to study commonly used traditional galactogogue-recipes using primary sources, to bring about nutritional enhancement in most popular recipes and compare the standard and nutrified galactogogue-recipes for nutrients, phytochemicals and sensory qualities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 120 mothers (older than 20 years) residing in Indian states of Rajasthan and Uttar-Pradesh in their 0-1 year of lactation period who consented to be a part of the study. Background-information and use of galactogogues was collected with the help of self-designed, pre-tested questionnaires. Nutritive-value (moisture, ash, protein, fat, dietary-fibre, carbohydrate, iron, and calcium) of two of the most popular galactogogues ajwain-laddu and harira were calculated to find out the nutrient(s) lacking in it. Ajwain-laddu was nutrified using whole milk-powder, drumstick leaves powder and additional amount of clarified-butter. Harira was nutrified using poppy-seeds, niger-seeds and carrots. Results: The commonly used galactogogues were ajwain-laddu, harira, Gond-laddu, and Sonth-laddu. There was a significant difference between nutrient content of standard and nutrified-recipes (p<0.05) whereas no statistical difference was observed for hedonic rating-scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Mothers were consuming traditional galactogogues foods in order to increase milk production and strongly believed that regular consumption of galactogogues has enhanced their milk production. To optimize the nutritional value of galactogogues, it is advisable to integrate ingredients abundant in phytochemicals and micronutrients. This can be accomplished while preserving the authentic taste and presentation of these galactogogue-recipes.
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Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has cast a gloom spell on healthcare worldwide, infecting millions of people. Objective The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence and review the contributing comorbidities and the precipitating factors leading to the emergence of the fungal infections in COVID-19-affected patients. To assess the utility of different laboratory techniques for confirmation of fungal infections. To assess the strengths and limitations of the diagnostic methods. Methods We have studied 252 clinical samples obtained from 121 COVID-positive patients. Results Among the 121 patients clinically diagnosed with fungal infections, 88 had diabetes and were given steroids for treatment (p-value = 0.001). Ninety-five patients (78.5%) had a positive laboratory diagnosis (either culture positive, potassium hydroxide [KOH]-positive or positive histopathology report). Fungal culture was positive in 75 (61.9%) patients and histopathology report was positive in 62 (51.2%). Histopathology was positive in 7 (5.8%) patients in whom culture and KOH were negative. Conclusion Aggressive treatment methods, administration of immune suppressants, and antibiotics, with an intention to salvage, have made patients susceptible to the benign fungus, causing it to evade the host immunity, thus leading to invasive infections. Applying different laboratory modalities would not only aid in providing fast and valuable information but also help in understanding the pathology which would assist the clinician in selecting the correct treatment for the patient.
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Introduction:The lumbar vertebrae are affected in conditions such as congenital defects, degenerative diseases, accidents, and cancer metastasis. A thorough knowledge of the morphometry of typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae in adults of South Indian population is needed for lumbar spine surgeries. MaterialsandMethods: Adescriptive study was done on 200 dry lumbar vertebrae, of which 100 were typical and 100 were atypical lumbar vertebrae. The following dimensions of both typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae were measured with digital vernier calipers: anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the body; anterior and posterior body heights; anteroposterior and transverse diameters of vertebral foramen; height, breadth, and width of the laminae; length, height, and width of the pedicles; transverse processes and spinous process; distance between the two superior articular processes; and the distance between the two inferior articular processes. All the measurements were tabulated. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each of the parameters and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the body, the height of the laminae on both sides, the length and height of the spinous process, and the distance between the superior articular facets were significantly longer in atypical lumbar vertebrae than that of typical lumbar vertebrae (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in measurements between both sides. Conclusion: The dimensions of vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous processes, and distance between articular processes were different from the dimensions of previous studies. The morphometric data obtained will be useful for orthopedic procedures on the lumbar vertebrae in South Indian population
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Purpose: To evaluate dry eyes in children with vernal kerato?conjunctivitis (VKC) and correlate it with symptoms, clinical findings, and ocular surface analysis (OSA) parameters. Methods: Children with clinically diagnosed VKC underwent complete ophthalmological examination, Schirmer’s testing, modified ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring, Bonini grading, fluorescein tear?film break?up time (TBUT), VKC – Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) scoring, and OSA. Children with a TBUT of < 10 s were defined to have dry eyes. The above?mentioned parameters were compared between dry eye and non?dry eye VKC children. Results: The mean age of the 87 children included in the study was 9.1 ± 2.9 years. Dry eyes were seen in 60.9% [95% confidence interval (CI); 51% to 71%]. The mean TBUT was 13.4 ± 3.8 and 5.9 ± 1.9 s in non?dry and dry eye groups, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean value of Schirmer’s test was 25.9 ± 9.8 and 20.8 ± 8.6 mm in the non?dry and dry eye groups, respectively (P = 0.01). The two groups did not differ in their OSDI scores, Bonini grading, and CLEK scores. The OSA parameter of non?invasive break?up time (NIBUT) was 8.3 ± 3.2 s in non?dry eye group and 6.4 ± 2.9 s in dry eye group, P = 0.008. The lower lid Meibomian gland (MG) loss was 7.4% in non?dry eye group and 12.2% in dry eye group, P = 0.028. Other OSA parameters did not differ significantly among the two groups. Conclusion: Dry eyes are seen in two?thirds of pediatric VKC. Evaluation of dry eyes should be incorporated in their clinical evaluation. Among OSA parameters, NIBUT and lower lid MG loss are associated with dry eyes in pediatric VKC patients.
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Background- The CNS space occupying lesions cause grave life-threatening outcomes irrespective of their nature as they grow in a confined space and are present close to vital structures Hence, it is of great importance to establish the accurate diagnosis for proper and timely neurosurgical intervention Tumours of central nervous system (CNS) are reported to be less than 2 % of all malignancies. In India, CNS tumours constitute about 1.9 % of all tumours. - AMethod retrospective study carried out in RIMS hospital for all the brain tissue specimen that have come for the histopathological examination, for a duration of one year (February2021 - January2022) among 78 cases of CNS lesions collected from archives of Department of Pathology. Astrocytoma was the most common entity followed by Meningioma whileResults- 2.56% cases were metastatic in this study sample. The present study helps to provide informationConclusion- regarding the disease burden in our area. This study attempts to categorise various CNS neoplasms as per recent WHO classification (2016) which has not only diagnostic implication but also has significant prognosis and predictive value
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People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of developing chronic liver disease (CLD) and its complications. T2DM, obesity, and insulin resistance are all strongly associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Conversely, people suffering from cirrhosis have reduced glucose tolerance in approximately 60% of cases, diabetes in 20% of cases, and insulin-mediated glucose clearance is lowered by 50% as compared with those who do not have cirrhosis. An exploratory review was conducted using existing published evidence from clinical studies on dosing and titrations of individual insulin formulations in people with CLD to optimize insulin dosage titration for minimizing hypoglycemia risk. This article discusses current hyperglycemia treatment techniques for patients with CLD as well as the consensus recommendations on insulin use in special populations with T2DM and hepatic impairment. Based on available evidence and expert diabetologists’ recommendations, careful insulin dose titration, customized glycemic targets, and frequent glucose screening are recommended for optimal glycemic management without hypoglycemia in CLD. Long-acting insulin should be avoided or used when short-acting insulin fails to provide adequate glycemic control with raised fasting blood sugar levels. While the patient’s glucose profile is being evaluated, the prandial insulin dose can be lowered by 25% initially. The dose can be titrated based on the patient’s postprandial glycemic expression and whether their food intake meets the Child–Pugh scores A and B categories. Titrating premixed insulins is difficult for patients in class C since their appetite and overall health are constantly compromised and in flux.
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Heart failure (HF) is a huge global public health task due to morbidity, mortality, disturbed quality of life, and major economic burden. It is an area of active research and newer treatment strategies are evolving. Recently angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), a class of drugs (the first agent in this class, Sacubitril–Valsartan), reduces cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in chronic HF patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Positive therapeutic effects have led to a decrease in cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalizations (HFH), with a favorable safety profile, and have been documented in several clinical studies with an unquestionable survival benefit with ARNI, Sacubitril–Valsartan. This consensus statement of the Indian group of experts in cardiology, nephrology, and diabetes provides a comprehensive review of the power and promise of ARNI in HF management and an evidence-based appraisal of the use of ARNI as an essential treatment strategy for HF patients in clinical practice. Consensus in this review favors an early utility of Sacubitril–Valsartan in patients with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), regardless of the previous therapy being given. A lower rate of hospitalizations for HF with Sacubitril–Valsartan in HF patients with preserved EF who are phenotypically heterogeneous suggests possible benefits of ARNI in patients having 40–50% of LVEF, frequent subtle systolic dysfunction, and higher hospitalization risk.
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Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem affecting 400 million people worldwide, and is a common cause of chronic liver failure (cirrhosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Sixty-eight percent of infected people are from the African and Pacific regions. Vertical transmission from mother to newborn baby is one of the mechanisms by which chronic hepatitis virus infection spreads, besides infections from contaminated needles and syringes and sexual contact. Hepatitis B chronic infection is endemic in many poor countries, especially in Africa. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and August 2021. Pregnant women attending the antenatal care (ANC) in Bor State referral hospital, South Sudan, were interviewed to collect information on their socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for hepatitis B infection. The objective was to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B chronic infection through blood testing. Prevalence ratios for certain risk factors were calculated. Results: Two hundred pregnant women were enrolled. The Prevalence Rate for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, diagnosed using the rapid immune-chromatographic assay for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was 8.5%. (95% CI; 4.7% - 12.3%). None of the suspected risk factors studied were found to be significantly associated with testing positive for HBV, except for a history of previous jaundice. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV chronic infection among pregnant women in Bor, Jonglei State, is high hence there is a need for established public health interventions that can lead to a reduction of HBV vertical transmission. Treatment of pregnant women with HBV chronic infection using anti-viral medications during pregnancy might curb the vertical transmission rates.
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Vírus da Hepatite B , Fatores de Risco , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Gestantes , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B , Vacinas contra Hepatite B , Hepatite B CrônicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE@#To extract and isolate berberine from Berberis aristata (Berberidaceae). Isolated berberine was characterised using spectroscopy and its antioxidant and antiarthritic activity was analyzed.@*METHODS@#The berberine was isolated from B. aristata using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and characterised by a spectroscopic technique. The isolated berberine was evaluated for its antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide scavenging assays, while antiarthritic activity was evaluated in the complete freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis rat model.@*RESULTS@#The antioxidant activity of berberine revealed potent antioxidant activity in DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide scavenging assays. The in vivo antiarthritic activity of berberine in the CFA-induced arthritis rat model showed a significant reduction in paw diameter, arthritic score, and an increase in body weight. Furthermore, a concentration-dependent ameliorating action of berberine on haematological parameters was noticed. Proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-b in serum were reported, and histopathology examination revealed that berberine decreased pannus formation, synovial hyperplasia, and bone erosion. Radiographic investigation showed soft tissue inflammation, bone resorption and erosion, joint gap reduction, and substantial connective tissue expansion after treatment with berberine.@*CONCLUSION@#The ameliorating action on haematological parameters and proinflammatory biomarkers of berberine makes them a suitable remedy for the treatment of arthritis.
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@#Gestational trophoblastic diseases are histologically different types of tumors originating from the placenta with an incidence of 0.2–5.8/1000 pregnancies. Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity, and a 0.64% incidence is reported. Ectopic cornual pregnancy and molar pregnancy are rare cases, and a combination of these two rare entities occurring simultaneously is even rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. A cornual pregnancy refers to the implantation and development of a gestational sac in one of the upper and lateral portions of the uterus, whereas an interstitial pregnancy is a gestational sac that implants within the proximal, intramural portion of the fallopian tube that is enveloped by the myometrium. We present one of the rare combinations of molar pregnancy and cornual/interstitial ectopic pregnancy in a 30‑year‑old G3 P1 who presented with a triad of amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, and abdominal pain. Laparotomy was done in view of an ultrasound which was suggestive of a well‑defined complex thick‑walled lesion of size 3.2 × 3.3 with a gestational sac and no cardiac activity in the right fallopian tube/adnexa suggesting tubal ectopic pregnancy. Beta‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG) levels were done and noted to be as high as 9998 mIU/mL. Intraoperatively, a cornual ectopic pregnancy was found with no hemoperitoneum which was excised. Histopathology showed chorionic villi with variable size and hydropic change, myxoid stromal changes, and cistern formation with polar trophoblastic proliferation, based on which a diagnosis of molar pregnancy was made. Although ultrasonography and higher than usual serum β‑hCG levels are diagnostic of uterine molar pregnancy, they do not yield a proper diagnosis in ectopic molar pregnancy, hence, making it difficult to distinguish between an early ectopic molar pregnancy from a nontrophoblastic tubal pregnancy. The final diagnosis is usually made only after histopathology. A high degree of clinical suspicion of cornual pregnancy followed by histopathological examination of the products of conception is the standard for arriving at an appropriate diagnosis. Serial serum β‑hCG level follow‑up is recommended to rule out its malignant potential.
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Gravidez Cornual , Gravidez Ectópica , Mola HidatiformeRESUMO
Introduction: Histopathological characterisation of benign and malignant lesions of the head and neck in a systematic and coherent way is an essential part of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine. Objective: To describe the frequency and histopathological profile of connective tissue tumours in the head and neck region reported in an Indian institute. Methods: A retrospective analysis was made of the 10-year records of reports of biopsy samples of patients maintained by the department of oral pathology showing histopathological diagnosis of connective tissue neoplasms. The data obtained was compiled for age, gender, site and histopathology of the lesions. Results: Majority of the tumours were benign and patients were found to be in the 2nd or 4th decade of life with female preponderance. The most common benign tumour was fibroma where buccal mucosa was the commonest location and malignant tumour was osteosarcoma where mandible was the commonest site. While fibromas were seen among general adult population, osteosarcomas were more in the males (7.2 percent) and in the younger population (< 20 years). The uncommon tumours among benign variety were leiomyoma and teratoma while in malignant category 1 case of undifferentiated sarcoma was reported. Conclusion: The findings in this study may be of help to oral and maxillofacial surgeons and general dentists in formulating diagnosis and rendering patient care in the existing local population(AU)
Introducción: La caracterización histopatológica de las lesiones benignas y malignas de cabeza y cuello de forma sistemática y coherente es una parte esencial de la Patología Oral y la Medicina Oral. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y el perfil histopatológico de los tumores del tejido conjuntivo de la región de cabeza y cuello notificados en un instituto indio. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los registros de 10 años de informes de muestras de biopsia de pacientes mantenidos por el departamento de patología oral que mostraban diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasias del tejido conectivo. Se recopilaron los datos obtenidos en cuanto a edad, sexo, localización e histopatología de las lesiones. Resultados: La mayoría de los tumores eran benignos y los pacientes se encontraban en la 2ª o 4ª década de la vida, con preponderancia del sexo femenino. El tumor benigno más frecuente fue el fibroma, cuya localización más frecuente fue la mucosa bucal, y el tumor maligno fue el osteosarcoma, cuya localización más frecuente fue la mandíbula. Mientras que los fibromas se observaron entre la población adulta general, los osteosarcomas fueron más frecuentes en los varones (7,2 por ciento) y en la población más joven (< 20 años). Los tumores menos frecuentes en la variedad benigna fueron el leiomioma y el teratoma, mientras que en la categoría maligna se registró un caso de sarcoma indiferenciado. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este estudio pueden ser de ayuda para los cirujanos orales y maxilofaciales y los odontólogos generales en la formulación de diagnósticos y la prestación de atención al paciente en la población local existente (AU)
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Humanos , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias de Tecido Conjuntivo , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Objectives@#Insulin degludec (IDeg)/insulin aspart (IAsp; IDegAsp) is a co-formulation of 70% IDeg and 30% IAsp. According to several randomized controlled trials, IDegAsp is effective and safe for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A subgroup analysis of the ARISE study was conducted to explore the safety and efficacy of IDegAsp among Malaysian patients with T2DM in real-world settings.@*Methodology@#ARISE, an open-label, multicenter, non-interventional, prospective study was conducted between August 2019 and December 2020. Adult Malaysian patients with T2DM who were enrolled from 14 sites received IDegAsp as per the local label for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from baseline to end of study (EOS).@*Results@#Of the 182 patients included in the full analysis set, 159 (87.4%) completed the study. From baseline to EOS, HbA1c (estimated difference [ED]: –1.3% [95% CI: –1.61 to –0.90]) and fasting plasma glucose levels (ED: –1.8 mmol/L [95% CI: –2.49 to –1.13]) were significantly reduced (p<0.0001). The patient-reported reduced hypoglycemic episodes (overall and nocturnal) during treatment. Overall, 37 adverse events were observed in 23 (12.6%) patients.@*Conclusion@#Switching or initiating IDegAsp treatment resulted in significant improvements in glycemic control and a reduction in hypoglycemic episodes.
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Background: COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk of mortality among patients with noncommunicable diseases. Maintaining a good metabolic control, lifestyle modification along with improved self?care practices are not only associated with less severe COVID?19 infections but also with a high recovery rate. Objectives: This research article explores the changes in lifestyle habits, self-care practices, and metabolic control among patients enrolled in the HealthRise program. The study compares behavioral changes, before COVID-19 pandemic and during COVID-19 pandemic, between intervention and control arms in Shimla and Udaipur. Methods: A quasi-experimental study design was employed for program implementation in select villages of Shimla district, and Udaipur district. A total of 459 patients from Shimla and 309 patients from Udaipur with diabetes mellitus or hypertension or with both were enrolled and followed for 1 year. Results: Metabolic control in Shimla intervention arm was 2.6 times higher than in control arm (P = 0.001) before COVID?19 pandemic. During COVID?19 pandemic, Odds of metabolic control in Shimla intervention was 1.5 times higher when compared with control arm (P = 0.03). In Udaipur, metabolic control before COVID-19 pandemic was comparable between control and intervention arms. During the pandemic, metabolic control in intervention arm of Udaipur was 5 times higher when compared to the control arm ((P = 0.001). Conclusion: Participants exposed to support, appreciate, learn, and transfer-community life competence process (SALT-CLCP) intervention maintained metabolic control during the COVID-19 pandemic with improved behavioral and self-care practices. Community-based interventions such as SALT-CLCP method bring ownership and empower community in achieving the better health outcomes.
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Background: Health care related expenditure is increasing with a rapid pace in which much proportion of expenses is on medicines. The expenditure can be reduced by prescribing generic medicines (Janaushadi). In India less prescription of generic medicines can be correlated to less knowledge. Hence this study was carried out among Interns who will be future practitioners to know their perception and practice about generic medicines. Objectives: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and practice of Interns regarding generic medicines. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among Interns using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire containing questions related to their Knowledge, Attitude and their practice regarding generic medicines. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Among the study participants, majority (90%) knew the correct meaning of the generic medicine. 97% of them felt that generic medicines can be prescribed instead of branded medicines. Majority (92%) of the study subjects felt that there should be one Janaushadi (generic medicines) store at every government hospital. Not many (19%) were aware of the law in India for prescribing generic medicines but majority (87%) knew about the Janaushadi Scheme of Government of India. 87% of the Interns had prescribed generic medicines to patients and among them they (85%) felt that generic medicines are easy to prescribe than branded medicines. Conclusion: This study showed that the Interns have good perception regarding generic medicines. Minor proportion of the study participants knew about the law in India for prescribing generic medicines. Majority of the participants have prescribed generic medicines to patients and felt that it is easy to prescribe generic medicines.
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Any disease pertaining to skin causes adverse impact on psychological and social well-being results in depression, social isolation, loneliness and reduce quality of life. WHO has classified skin diseases a psycho-cutaneous disease which emphasizes the relation between skin and psyche. Hence skin ailments are given high priority by the patients. Skin diseases are commonly observed thanks to altered lifestyle including improper and altered food habits, mental stress, improper sleeping habits and poor hygiene. In Ayurveda, the majority the skin diseases are incorporated under Kustharoga and are classified as Mahakustha (major skin disorders) and Kshudra kustha (minor skin disorders). Kitibha kustha is explained under Kshudra kustha in Ayurvedic Samhitas. The signs and symptoms of Kitibha kustha are same as that of psoriasis explained in modern science. Aim: The aim was to gauge the importance of Vamana karma (bio-purificatory measures) in Kustha. Materials and Methods: A male patient aged 18 years presented with the signs and symptoms of slightly raised well-defined brownish patches over upper middle back, behind both ears and around both alar nasal sulcus associated with itching diagnosed it as Kitibha kustha and was treated with Vamana karma (emesis) followed by prior Deepan karma and Bahya & Abhyantar snehan (internal & external oiling) followed by Swedan (fomentation). Results: At the conclusion of Vaman, Pittantik vamana was achieved. Patient had significant relief from Kandu (itching), scaling and reduction of erythema after the procedure. Photographic changes were kept for comparison. Conclusion: This present case study revealed the importance of Vamana karma in Kitibha kustha (Psoriasis).
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Gallbladder tuberculosis (TB) is a rare disease, and it might be challenging to distinguish it from gallbladder cancer on clinical history and radiology. It frequently mimics carcinoma in patients who initially appear with a gallbladder mass. Gallbladder TB is only identified after histology of the resected specimen since radiography lacks pathognomic characteristics. Here, we describe a unique case of gallbladder TB that was incidentally identified when a 49-year-old lady was being evaluated for suspected gallbladder cancer. Histology of the gallbladder exhibits necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with the presence of numerous pink-colored, curved, and beaded acid-fast bacilli that were recognized on the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
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Aim- To review comprehensive literature on Bhurjah (Betula utilis D. Don) w.s.r. to its therapeutic activity. Background- Bhurjah (Betula utilis D. Don) is a very ancient traditional medicine, commonly known as Bhojpatra in Hindi and Himalayan birch in English. Bark of Betula utilis was used in ancient times for writing Sanskrit literature and texts. Ancient sages used Bhojpatra to write down manuscripts and those literature remains unaffected by microbes, environmental and biological factors. From immemorial time Bhurjah has been used in Yagya karma by the sages. Material And Methods- The literature review was compiled from distinctive available Ayurvedic literatures and various published literature relevant to Bhurjah. Conclusion- Bhurjah widely used in Ayurvedic system of medicine in the treatment of various diseases like Kustha (various skin diseases), Karnashoola (otalgia), Visarpa (erysipelas), Medovishahara (anti-obesity and anti-toxic), Vranashodhana (wound purification) and Tridoshashamana (Vata, Pitta, Kapha alleviation). It has studied for various therapeutic activities like, anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, mild anti hyperglycemic activity, anticancer activity, anti-HIV activity. An effort has been done to explore the evidence based pharmacological activities of Bhurjah.
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Background & objectives: Lack of awareness is one of the major reasons for the high morbidity and mortality associated with cancers. The present study was aimed to evaluate the awareness of prevalent cancers among the rural population in a district of north India and its association specifically with mobile phone usage. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling technique, households in three villages of Gautam Buddh Nagar district of India were selected. A house-to-house survey on cancer awareness was conducted among adults in selected households and data were analyzed to check for the association of such an awareness with sociodemographic factors and internet usage. Results: The study included 59 males and 145 females, with majority (115) being in the age group of 18-30 yr. Although most (96.5%) of the participants were aware of cancer, the common risk factors and warning signs of cancer were known to only a few. Specific risk factors for cervical and breast cancers were, however, not known to a majority (79.9% and 72.2%). A significant association between the awareness of general risk factors and warning signs as well as specific aspects including risk factors for breast, cervical and oral cancer, HPV vaccine and the education level of the participants (P<0.05 for all). Knowledge of risk factors, warning signs and cancer prevention modalities was higher among mobile phone users who accessed internet for health information. There was no significant association between age group and cancer risk factor awareness, though females were more aware of the risk factors for breast cancer (P=0.002). Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the existing low level of awareness of cervical and breast cancers among the rural population. The association of cancer awareness with education level and mobile phone-based internet usage suggests the potential utility of internet-based platforms such as m-health programmes for cancer prevention activities
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Takra is the very common food item of Indians and used as a liquid food item from Vedic period. In Ayurveda their qualities, types, indications are mentioned. It is very important “Anupanhisa” of many ayurvedic formulations. Also, it is used both as food and medicine or Pathya in various disorders because of lots of medical properties. Takra is fundamentally a milk product prepared by fermentation process. In Ayurveda the usefulness of Takra is mentioned in many topics like Arsha, Grahani, Udara etc. along with this also mentioned the Takra in the disturbed condition of Agni. Due to advancement of biotechnology, microbiology and pharmaceutical sciences, numbers of pharmaceutical products are prepared which having same role as Takra in diarrhea, steatorrhea, IBS(irritable bowel syndrome), IBD(Infiammatory Bowel Disease), CD(Crohn's disease) and various intestinal diseases. Takra is natural probiotic diet because of friendly bacteria lactobacillus acidophilus for the intestine and the body are found abundance in these remedies. This article signifies that the role of Takra in widespread intestinal disorders as probiotics.