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Objective To study the effect of intestinal bacteria on motor ability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice models and its mechanism. Methods Twenty wild type C57BL/6J mice (WT group) and 20 SOD1-G93A transgenic ALS mice (ALS group) were selected as the research subjects. (1) Ten mice in both WT group and ALS group were selected, respectively; 5 mice in each group were fed in SPF environment, and the remaining 5 mice were fed in aseptic environment; they were defined as WT+SPF group, WT+aseptic group, ALS+SPF group and ALS+aseptic group. (2) Ten mice in WT group and ALS group were fed in sterile environment; 5 mice in each group were transplanted with fecal bacteria, and the remaining 5 mice were not interfered; they were defined as WT+transplantation group, WT+non-transplantation group, ALS+transplantation group and ALS+non transplantation group. The grip strength of mice was measured by grip force meter, the motor coordination ability of mice was tested by roller treadmill and rotating rod test, the number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord was measured by Nissl staining, the expression of microglia activation marker ionic calcium junction protein (IBA-1) in spinal cord tissues was detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in spinal cord tissues were detected by Western blotting; the β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) expression was detected by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results (1) The grip strength, drop latency and drop time of ALS+aseptic mice were significantly higher than those of ALS+SPF mice, the number of Nissl-stained positive cells was significantly larger than that of ALS+SPF mice, the number of IBA-1 positive cells was significantly smaller than that of ALS+SPF mice, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 protein expressions and BMAA concentration were statistically lower than those of ALS+SPF mice (P<0.05). (2) The grip strength, drop latency and drop time of ALS+transplantion mice were significantly lower than those of ALS+non-transplantation mice, the number of Nissl-stained positive cells was significantly smaller than that of ALS+non-transplantation mice, the number of IBA-1 positive cells was significantly larger than that of ALS+non-transplantation mice, the TNF-α and IL-6 protein expressions and BMAA concentration were significantly higher than those of ALS+non-transplantation mice (P<0.05). Conclusion Imbalance of intestinal bacteria homeostasis can decrease the motor ability of ALS mice, which is related to the activation of microglia.
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Objective@#To study the mechanism of interleukin (IL)-17 in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for promoting M1-type macrophage polarization to exacerbate liver inflammation, and to provide references for the mechanism of NAFLD occurrence and development.@*Methods@#A mouse model of NAFLD was constructed by high-fat diet. Mice were divided into control group, model group, IL-17 group, and anti IL-17 group. Histopathological changes of the liver were observed by HE staining. The serum levels of ALT and AST in peripheral blood of mice was detected by chemical colorimetry. Macrophages labeled with F4/80-PE, CD11C-FITC was designated as M1-type macrophages, those labeled with F4/80-PE, and CD206-APC was designated as M2-type macrophages. The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages infiltrated into the liver tissues of mice were measured by flow cytometry. CD168 expression level of liver tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. Protein and mRNA levels of the marker molecules (iNOS, TNF-alpha and IL-6) of M1 macrophages were detected using ELISA and RT-Q PCR. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of JAK-STAT signal pathway and the expression level of MCP-1. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and t-test.@*Results@#High-fat diet NAFLD mice model was successfully constructed. IL-17 had increased the proportion of M1 macrophages in mice liver tissues and decreased the proportion of M2 macrophages (P < 0.05). The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages in the liver tissues of normal mice was 7.9% ± 1.1% and 19.2% ± 1.8%. The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages in the model group was 17.3% ± 2.5% and 15.0% ± 2.1. The proportion of M1 macrophages (33.8% ± 4.2%) in IL-17 group was higher than model group, while the proportion of M2 macrophages (7.8% + 1.0%) in IL-17 group was lower than model group. Protein and mRNA marker levels of M1 macrophage (iNOS, IL-12, TNFα and IL-6) in liver tissues were significantly higher than model group, control group, and anti-IL-17 group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of JAK1, STAT1, MCP-1, and CD168 in mice liver tissues of IL-17 group had increased (P < 0.05). The levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in peripheral blood of mice in IL-17 group were significantly higher than other three groups (P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@#IL-17 can promote M1-type macrophage polarization, and exacerbates the liver inflammatory response to accelerate the progression of NAFLD in mice.
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Objective To investigate the incidence trends,clinical features and prognosis of ischemic colitis (IC) in China,and improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of IC.Methods China National Knowledge Infrastructure and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database were searched.The ending date of search was May 15,2014.Results A total of 324 references were found,which were published from 1982 to 2013.There were 9202 cases reported,3973 cases of males and 5229 cases of females,with the male/female ratio of 1 ∶ 1.32 and mean age of (63.6±7.8)years.The amount of references and cases reported began to rise after 2002.Estimated ratio of cumulative incidence was higher in the north than in other areas of China (x2 =1097.95,P=0.000).The most common IC accompanying diseases were hypertension,heart diseases,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and constipation.There were statistically significant differences in the accompanying diseases between different regions and different times.Drugs,enteroscopy,surgery and low blood volume might be the precipitating factors.Patients commonly complained of abdominal pain,diarrhea/ desiring to defecate and hematochezia.Computed tomography was feasible in detecting lesions.Colonoscopy was the main method for diagnosis.The lesions were most common located in the left half colon including sigmoid colon,descending colon and splenic flexure,with typically in a segmental manner.Pan-colon involvement or rectum involvement rarely occurred.Type of transient lesion was the predominant subtype,which was generally managed non-operatively with good prognosis.Different from the type of transient lesion,pathological changes in gangrenous type were located in the right half colon including hepatic flexure of transverse colon,ascending colon and ileocecal junction.Gangrenous type required prompt surgical intervention but the mortality was much higher.Conclusions Incidence of CI has been increasing year by year.Patients who complain of abdominal pain,diarrhea/desiring to defecate and hematochezia should be considered as IC,particularly in the elderly women and patients with cardiovascular disease.Diseased regions are mainly located in sigmoid colon,descending colon and splenic flexure.Transient colitis is the predominant subtype,which have good prognosis.
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Objective To increase the awareness of the incidence trend of ischemic colitis and improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.Methods From January 2004 to December 2013,the clinical data of 89 in patients with ischemic colitis were retrospectively analyzed.At the same period,100 patients diagnosed as chronic colitis were enrolled as control group.The laboratory findings of patients with ischemic colitis were compared with those of control group.Non normal distribution data were analysed by non parametric test.Results The annual person-times of patients with ischemic colitis and the percentages accounted in the whole hospital annual person-times increased year by year in recent 10 years,which was one person time and 0.01％ in 2004 increased to 41 person-times and 0.11％ in 2013.The average age of the 89 patients was (63.5±12.7) years,and the male to female ratio was 1∶2.18.The most common underlying disease in the 89 patients was hypertension,accounted for 43.8％.Thirty-eight patients had a history of abdominal surgery,and eighteen patients with appendectomy,accounted for 20.2％.Seventy-eight patients had abdominal pain and defecation desire.Seventy-four patients complained of hematochezia.Compared with control group,there was no statistically significant difference in fasting blood glucose,triglyceride,total cholesterol,blood platelet levels and prothrombin time (all P＞0.05).While the levels of C reactive protein and Ddimer were higher than those of control group (89.21 mg/L vs 61.29 mg/L,90.13 μg/L vs 59.39 μg/L; Z=-3.959,-4.377; both P＜0.05).The images of computed tomography (CT) indicated thickened bowel wall in lesion segment.The results of colonoscopy showed that in the left colon and rectum were the predilection sites,accounted for 93.88％ (138/147).The average hospital stay was (10.59 ± 5.97) days and t he recurrence rate was 3.37 ％ (3 / 89).The percentage of chronic cases was 2.25 ％ (2/89),and no death was reported.Conclusions The incidence of ischemic colitis significantly increased in recent years.Patients with abdominal pain and/or hematochezia should be considered,especially those over 60 years old.Receiving colonoscopy as earlier as possible was helpful for the diagnosis.